362 lines
50 KiB
XML
362 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="85CF2D572A72CFD9257866E628FBA1E4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.185409" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1e8adb1d-85ac-48e8-98ba-42355c1d777a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="185409" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459985649705" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Penz, Carla M." docDate="2009" docId="03D24409FFD4784479DE127DFC282809" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01985p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1985" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Opoptera aorsa Godart 1824" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFEB3C71FFDE784F79491612FFC02E23" masterDocTitle="The phylogeny of Opoptera butterflies, and an assessment of the systematic position of O. staudingeri (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698232223456" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="C1C9F9C72281F470092DFF964A0AEFE5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A7A9A6969F1834DC45C763BBF79D4AA1">
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<mods:title id="0B842B7342EDC822EDA177396E053A6B">The phylogeny of Opoptera butterflies, and an assessment of the systematic position of O. staudingeri (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CCFD3B1327237FEDD82884CD458C1D61" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="24D6D3D646D3DE15DDFF3633AC249882">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D70CB86A5C43B2F6B29C223D2D920FE4">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DDB2D72B3F3AB54092DA0C1CED482105">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0FC96D69DFBE073BC7AE7C611C545504">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5D5032292F5E62AA691B1E3573C297D2">
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<mods:date id="452C448416F13A4F288EA0AAD26919A9">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6EAE20F7B62E054BACBA66C57A580B1E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F6664480A73AD0451738D6D436D9CE72">1985</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="70521863B79B583AA65B24463284F32F">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C9ACD55E4AD14063F457E9D6B1AF0696">20</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="DFC998ECC19956422D9A787389213F23">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="917EF5C2C64CDF75976C70CF607BE7C2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.185409</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="417343581605D149739FBDA4A3051004" type="GBIF-Dataset">1e8adb1d-85ac-48e8-98ba-42355c1d777a</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7395E65BBB2996815214D7E1583B8F4A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2770336F5DB35FDAB734DD379E26E221" type="Zenodo-Dep">185409</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D24409FFD4784479DE127DFC282809" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221772" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119379197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221772" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D24409FFD4784479DE127DFC282809" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D24409FFD4784479DE127DFC282809" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD4784579DE127DFE0E2A8F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD4784579DE127DFDD02AAA" blockId="10.[151,528,1135,1196]" box="[151,528,1135,1161]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D08C4273FFD4784579DE127DFDD02AAA" bold="true" box="[151,528,1135,1161]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD4784579DE127DFDD02AAA" ID-CoL="6T46M" authority="Godart, 1824" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,528,1135,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD4784579DE127DFDD02AAA" bold="true" box="[151,528,1135,1161]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD4784579DE127DFE912AAA" bold="true" box="[151,337,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Opoptera aorsa</emphasis>
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(Godart, 1824)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD4784579DE1280FE0E2A8F" blockId="10.[151,528,1135,1196]" box="[151,462,1170,1196]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD4784579D61280FF212A8F" box="[159,225,1170,1196]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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D, 2D, 4D, 5D, 6D)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD4784579DE12F0FD1E2ADF" box="[151,734,1250,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD4784579DE12F0FD1E2ADF" blockId="10.[151,1436,1250,2036]" box="[151,734,1250,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD4784579DE12F0FEFC2ADF" bold="true" box="[151,316,1250,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<typeStatus id="54C04BBDFFD4784579DE12F0FF142ADF" box="[151,212,1250,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD47845780D12F0FE4C2ADF" box="[324,396,1250,1276]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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[presumably Atlantic forest]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD47845798E1318FE022927" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD47845798E1318FE022927" blockId="10.[151,1436,1250,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845798E1318FE872B07" bold="true" box="[199,327,1290,1316]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Male FW length range 38.1–41.6 mm (based on specimens in Appendix 1). Although very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD47845785B1321FE442B6F" box="[274,388,1331,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845785B1321FE442B6F" box="[274,388,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">O. hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it can be distinguished by the following characters. FW with a thin orange postmedial band that is disjointed at cell M3, and a reduced distal arm that forms a very thin line that usually reaches the white crescent spot in cell M1. Posterior portion of this band usually forming a smooth curve, in contrast to a ‘coarser’ shape in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD47845782713B9FE7A2BE7" box="[366,442,1451,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845782713B9FE7A2BE7" box="[366,442,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A continuous transverse band is present across the center of the FW discal cell. HW submarginal band faded but noticeable. Similarly to
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457BB513C1FC882BCF" box="[764,840,1491,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457BB513C1FC882BCF" box="[764,840,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457A1113C1FC5B2BCF" box="[856,923,1491,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457A1113C1FC5B2BCF" box="[856,923,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aorsa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males lack a thin hairpencil inside HW discal cell, but have a conspicuously long, dark hairbrush adjacent to vein 1A+2A, plus a smaller hairbrush inside cell Cu2 below the scent-pocket. Females are paler than males, and have brighter and thicker orange bands. The male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD4784578B81059FDF42847" box="[497,564,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD4784578B81059FDF42847" box="[497,564,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aorsa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457B261059FD7B2847" box="[623,699,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457B261059FD7B2847" box="[623,699,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are similar, being highly divergent from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457DA21059FA9B2847" box="[1259,1371,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457DA21059FA9B2847" box="[1259,1371,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Opoptera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD478457C241058FF0728AF" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,255,1733,1757]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1421,220,1664]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1418,205,1661]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1697]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1694]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Opoptera male genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the valva apex in lateral view, localities same as in F, G and H. Setae omitted. Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. I, staudingeri. J, arsippe. K, bracteolata." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Opoptera male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen + uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of arsippe drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4 F). Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. (I) staudingeri. (J) arsippe." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185413/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4–5</figureCitation>
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). The valvae are markedly thin, narrowed at base to produce a midline gap, and the sclerotized carena is elongated to form a solid, curved prong. In dorsal view, the uncus wings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457D521089FB9E2897" box="[1051,1118,1691,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457D521089FB9E2897" box="[1051,1118,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aorsa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are conspicuously broader than those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD47845787A10D1FE4028FF" box="[307,384,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845787A10D1FE4028FF" box="[307,384,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(compare
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<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD4784578B510D0FDFF28FF" box="[508,575,1730,1756]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1418,205,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1694]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opoptera male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen + uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of arsippe drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4 F). Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. (I) staudingeri. (J) arsippe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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D and E). The female sterigma of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457A8210D1FBCE28FF" box="[971,1038,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457A8210D1FBCE28FF" box="[971,1038,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aorsa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457D0C10D1FB5128FF" box="[1093,1169,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457D0C10D1FB5128FF" box="[1093,1169,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are markedly different (compare
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<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD47845784410F8FE902927" box="[269,336,1770,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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D and E).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD47845798E1100FAD8290F" box="[199,1304,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD47845798E1100FAD8290F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1250,2036]" box="[199,1304,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845798E1100FEA7290F" bold="true" box="[199,359,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD4784578271100FE79290F" box="[366,441,1810,1836]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Atlantic forest (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD478457B351100FC59290F" author="Teston" box="[636,921,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Teston, J. A. & Corseuil, E. (2002) Ninfalideos (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Parte II. Brassolinae e Morphinae. Biociencias, 10, 75 - 84." type="journal article" year="2002">Testón & Corseuil 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD478457AEC1100FBB3290F" author="Casagrande" box="[933,1139,1810,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. p. 201 - 205. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Part 4 A Checklist (ed. by G. Lamas). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific publishers, Gainesville. 439 p." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD47845798E1128FE0C29D7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD47845798E1128FE0C29D7" blockId="10.[151,1436,1250,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD47845798E1128FE802977" bold="true" box="[199,320,1850,1876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD4784578001128FDE82977" author="Casagrande" box="[329,552,1850,1876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. p. 201 - 205. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Part 4 A Checklist (ed. by G. Lamas). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific publishers, Gainesville. 439 p." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed four subspecies; the nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457A9E1129FBDA2977" box="[983,1050,1851,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457A9E1129FBDA2977" box="[983,1050,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD478457D2D1128FB6F2977" box="[1124,1199,1850,1876]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457DF51129FA862977" box="[1212,1350,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">colombiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Rothschild) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD47845787B1170FE69295F" box="[306,425,1890,1916]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD4784578FF1171FDCB295F" box="[438,523,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
Stichel from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD478457BF91170FD38295F" box="[688,760,1890,1916]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazonas), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD478457A9D1171FBBB295F" authority="Stichel" authorityName="Stichel" box="[980,1147,1890,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD478457A9D1171FBE0295F" box="[980,1056,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
Stichel
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD478457D8F1170FAEA295F" box="[1222,1322,1890,1916]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is treated below. I dissected males and females from Espírito Santo and Paraná,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD478457D0B1198FB4A2987" box="[1090,1162,1930,1956]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Appendix 1), and the genitalia and wing pattern were consistent among the specimen series, but differed from specimens collected in other areas (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD5784479DE168AFE252EF9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD5784479DE168AFE252EF9" blockId="11.[151,702,152,218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479DE168AFE3F2E91" authority="Stichel, 1901" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,511,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris" status="stat. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE168AFE9C2E92" box="[151,348,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Opoptera hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD57844782B168AFE3F2E91" author="Stichel" box="[354,511,152,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Stichel, H. (1901) [A note with no title]. Insekten-Borse, 18 (52), 413." type="journal article" year="1901">Stichel, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C9476FFD578447B42168AFD7E2E91" box="[523,702,152,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">NEW STATUS</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD5784479D616D2FF212EF9" box="[159,225,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E, 1J, 2E, 4E, 5E, 6E)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD5784479DE171DFE6C2F09" box="[151,428,271,298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD5784479DE171DFE6C2F09" blockId="11.[151,1436,271,1578]" box="[151,428,271,298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE171DFEFC2F0A" bold="true" box="[151,316,271,297]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C04BBDFFD5784479DE171DFF142F0A" box="[151,212,271,297]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD57844780D1702FE682F09" box="[324,424,272,298]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD57844798E1725FC5E2DA1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD57844798E1725FC5E2DA1" blockId="11.[151,1436,271,1578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844798E1725FE872F72" bold="true" box="[199,327,311,337]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Male FW length range 38.3–42.5 mm (based on specimens in Appendix 1). Although very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD57844785A1772FEBC2F5A" box="[275,380,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844785A1772FEBC2F5A" box="[275,380,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be distinguished by the following characters. FW with a thin orange postmedial band that is disjointed at cell M3, and a reduced distal arm that forms a very thin line that usually does not reach the white crescent spot in cell M1. Posterior portion of this band usually ‘coarse’, in contrast to a somewhat smooth curve in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784478D417CAFE202FD2" box="[413,480,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784478D417CAFE202FD2" box="[413,480,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The transverse band present across the center of the FW discal cell is composed of a series of contiguous small rounded segments (i.e., ‘broken’). HW submarginal band barely visible, contrasting the faded, but noticeable band seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447B8F143AFCC92C62" box="[710,777,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447B8F143AFCC92C62" box="[710,777,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447AF9143AFC332C62" box="[944,1011,552,577]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447AF9143AFC332C62" box="[944,1011,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, males lack a thin hairpencil inside HW discal cell, but have a conspicuously long, dark hairbrush adjacent to vein 1A+2A, plus a smaller hairbrush inside cell Cu2 below the scent-pocket. Females are paler than males, have brighter and thicker orange bands, and faint blue iridescence. The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447A7814B2FCBD2C9A" box="[817,893,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447A7814B2FCBD2C9A" box="[817,893,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447AF014B2FC3C2C9A" box="[953,1020,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447AF014B2FC3C2C9A" box="[953,1020,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar, being highly divergent from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD57844785014DAFE492CC2" box="[281,393,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844785014DAFE492CC2" box="[281,393,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Opoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD5784478D014DAFE3F2CC1" box="[409,511,712,738]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,255,1733,1757]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1421,220,1664]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1418,205,1661]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1697]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1694]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Opoptera male genitalia in lateral view. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the valva apex in lateral view, localities same as in F, G and H. Setae omitted. Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. I, staudingeri. J, arsippe. K, bracteolata." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Opoptera male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen + uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of arsippe drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4 F). Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. (I) staudingeri. (J) arsippe." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/185413/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4–5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The valvae are markedly thin, narrowed at base to produce a midline gap, and the sclerotized carena is elongated to form a solid, curved prong. This prong is slightly wider in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447DB114E2FA852D2A" box="[1272,1349,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447DB114E2FA852D2A" box="[1272,1349,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479DE150AFF1A2D12" box="[151,218,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE150AFF1A2D12" box="[151,218,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the serrations are slightly larger and therefore more noticeable. In dorsal view, the uncus wings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479DE1552FF242D7A" box="[151,228,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE1552FF242D7A" box="[151,228,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are conspicuously narower than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447BA11552FCEB2D7A" box="[744,811,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447BA11552FCEB2D7A" box="[744,811,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD578447AF81552FC382D79" box="[945,1016,832,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1418,205,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1694]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Opoptera male genitalia in ventral view (setae omitted from right side of figure), with separate drawings of the juxta and dorsal view of tegumen + uncus. Scale bar next to A = 1 mm. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 43 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, São Paulo, Pinhal, 06 - 12 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, South Brazil, 01 - 60 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo, 08 - 17 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Oriente, 08 - 34 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 57 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras, 06 - 22 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia, 01 - 59 Dissected by C. M. Penz. Detail of the gnathos in lateral view, localities same as in F and G. Gnathos of arsippe drawn in ventrolateral view (different angle from that in Fig. 4 F). Scale bar next to H = 1 mm. (I) staudingeri. (J) arsippe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185414/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E and D). The female sterigma of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479DE157AFF242DA2" box="[151,228,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE157AFF242DA2" box="[151,228,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447855157AFE9F2DA2" box="[284,351,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447855157AFE9F2DA2" box="[284,351,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are markedly different (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD578447BA0157AFCEC2DA1" box="[745,812,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E and D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD57844798E159DFEB02BA9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD57844798E159DFB492DF1" blockId="11.[151,1436,271,1578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844798E159DFEA72D8A" bold="true" box="[199,359,911,937]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD5784478261582FE2B2D89" box="[367,491,912,938]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD5784478B11582FDAF2D89" box="[504,623,912,938]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447B321582FD1E2D89" box="[635,734,912,938]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447BA21582FCE42D89" box="[747,804,912,938]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447A781582FC4A2D89" box="[817,906,912,938]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447ADE1582FBC52D89" box="[919,1029,912,938]" name="Paraguay" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447D3C1582FB7C2D89" box="[1141,1212,912,938]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazon forest to Mato Grosso) (D’Abrera 1987,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD578447B4315AAFD182DF1" author="Casagrande" box="[522,728,952,978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. p. 201 - 205. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Part 4 A Checklist (ed. by G. Lamas). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific publishers, Gainesville. 439 p." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, A. Neild pers. comm., Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD57844798E15CDFEB02BA9" blockId="11.[151,1436,271,1578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844798E15CDFDE22DDA" bold="true" box="[199,546,991,1017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Justification for new status.</emphasis>
|
||
In his original description
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD578447A2A15F2FBCA2DD9" author="Stichel" box="[867,1034,992,1018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Stichel, H. (1901) [A note with no title]. Insekten-Borse, 18 (52), 413." type="journal article" year="1901">Stichel (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified two key characters that separated Ecuadorean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784478D7121AFD992A02" box="[414,601,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="aorsa" subSpecies="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784478D7121AFD992A02" box="[414,601,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. aorsa hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447A41121AFC8A2A02" box="[776,842,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447A41121AFC8A2A02" box="[776,842,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447ABA121AFBFF2A01" box="[1011,1087,1032,1058]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
: ventral FW discal cell with a broken transverse band, and dorsal HW solid brown (i.e., lacking the orange submarginal band present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479DE124AFF1A2A52" box="[151,218,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479DE124AFF1A2A52" box="[151,218,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Neither the original nor subsequent descriptions (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD578447AC9124AFBD72A51" author="Stichel" box="[896,1047,1112,1138]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Stichel, H. (1902) Aufteilung der Gattung Opsiphanes Westw., Beschreibung neuer Brassoliden und synonymische Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 46, 487 - 524, pls. 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="1902">Stichel 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) mentioned genitalia, and I thus assume that Stichel did not dissect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447B731292FD462ABA" box="[570,646,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447B731292FD462ABA" box="[570,646,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I examined and dissected males from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447D121292FB7F2AB9" box="[1115,1215,1152,1178]" name="Ecuador" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447D841292FAC62AB9" box="[1229,1286,1152,1178]" name="Peru" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447C5B1292FAA82AB9" box="[1298,1384,1152,1178]" name="Bolivia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD5784479DE12BAFF1F2AE1" box="[151,223,1192,1218]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazonas; Appendix 1). Although there is slight variation among these specimens, they can be consistently recognized as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784478F812C2FE3E2ACA" box="[433,510,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784478F812C2FE3E2ACA" box="[433,510,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the characters given here, including genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD578447D2912C2FB652AC9" box="[1120,1189,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1348,1372]" captionTargetBox="[158,1434,278,1330]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,221,1334]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Opoptera adult males, dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to A = 1 cm. (A) syme, Brazil, São Paulo. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Paraná, Toledo. (E) hilaris, Middle Ecuador. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo. (G) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras. (H) bracteolata, Bolivia. Schematic representation and photographic detail of the HW discal cell region showing male sent organs. Venation terminology is given in I. Dashed lines represent the scent-pocket next to vein Cu 2. (I) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Taió; note thin hairpencil inserted into scent-pocket. (J) hilaris, Bolivia; note the three hairbrushes. (K) staudingeri, note the broad hairbrush inside discal cell. (L) arsippe, Peru, Chuchurras; note the open scent organ and long HW discal cell hairbrush." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185410/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E, 2E, 5E, 6E). The remarkable divergence in the female sterigma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340E99AFFD578447BF212EAFD3F2B31" box="[699,767,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,754,778]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,184,727]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,176,749]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Opoptera female sterigma and corpus bursa (schematic). Line below sterigma indicates the shape of the intersegmental sac. Scale bars next to A = 1 mm, note that sterigma and corpus bursa are in different magnifications. (A) syme, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, 06 - 28 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (B) sulcius, Brazil, Santa Catarina, 01 - 44 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (C) fruhstorferi, Brazil, São Paulo, Itaporanga, 06 - 07 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (D) aorsa, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 01 - 42 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (E) hilaris, Ecuador, Sucumbios, 08 - 37 Dissected by C. M. Penz. (F) staudingeri, Costa Rica, Heredia, Puerto Viejo, 01 - 58 Dissected by C. M. Penz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185415/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E) provides strong support for the separation of these two taxa.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784479901332FE562B1A" box="[217,406,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aorsa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784479901332FE562B1A" box="[217,406,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Opoptera aorsa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ocurrs in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447AF51332FBEF2B1A" box="[956,1071,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447AF51332FBEF2B1A" box="[956,1071,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be more widespread across the Amazonian region and western side of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447A78135AFC5A2B41" box="[817,922,1352,1378]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is unknown to me whether these species occur in sympatry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361A694FFD57844798E1385FC282809" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4F51FFFD57844798E1385FC282809" blockId="11.[151,1436,271,1578]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844798E1385FE762B92" bold="true" box="[199,438,1431,1457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">New combinations.</emphasis>
|
||
The descriptions of the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447A28138AFC762B92" box="[865,950,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD578447A8E138AFEC52BF9" author="Stichel" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Stichel, H. (1908) Brassoliden-Studien. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 52 (3), 160 - 179." type="journal article" year="1908">
|
||
Stichel 1908;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447D26138AFB792B91" box="[1135,1209,1432,1458]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Amazonas, examined here
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844780E13D2FE112BFA" box="[327,465,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">colombiana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA88EEFFD5784478A913D2FB442BF9" author="Rothshild" box="[480,1156,1472,1498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="17" refString="Rothshild, L. W. (1916) Notes on Amathusiidae, Brassolidae, Morphidae, etc., with descriptions of new forms. Novitates zoologicae, 23 (3), 299 - 318, pls. 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="1916">
|
||
Rothshild 1916;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CB58FFFD578447BEF13D2FCDD2BF9" box="[678,797,1472,1498]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, not available for examination
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are consistent with the diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD57844788913FAFDCC2822" box="[448,524,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD57844788913FAFDCC2822" box="[448,524,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hilaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, two new combinations are proposed:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD578447D2613FAFA842822" box="[1135,1348,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hilaris" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447D2613FAFA842822" box="[1135,1348,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. hilaris fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447C1F13F5FEB1280A" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C9476FFD578447C1F13F5FEB1280A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">NEW COMBINATION</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8E9CFFD5784478E01002FD6B280A" box="[425,683,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Opoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hilaris" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="colombiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD5784478E01002FD6B280A" box="[425,683,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. hilaris colombiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F290DFFD578447BF3101DFC20280A" bold="true" box="[698,992,1551,1577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C9476FFD578447BF3101DFC20280A" box="[698,992,1551,1577]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">NEW COMBINATION</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |