165 lines
20 KiB
XML
165 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="3E97C3165AA926D23C386C02B14358D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="9199" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6592cf39-be44-44f4-842d-e0126d8640ad" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4387671" ID-ZooBank="0824AFA4-4E8B-419B-972C-0FA0A88538FF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1608710081219" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D. & Sebastian, Pothalil A." docDate="2020" docId="03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4896.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4896 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sphingius sp. Thorell 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="515" masterDocId="FFF9FFF1C5324F6DFFF5D54C8D2CFFB4" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="522" masterPageNumber="505" pageNumber="515" updateTime="1698847914247" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3C2DC8FB81FC02EE15812A87B5157062">
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<mods:title id="04DFEA8C0B61BABBC87E877BFABFDF57">A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="38C0BEB1B777A180CC96E14A2C245F18" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D4EEC139F88D448F47CCD74C82ED2843">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E2D421606894A9E58EC0AEFAC66749A4">Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3FBC0EC4FB76C9AB53F768CAADFD3DBF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AFAE2EB74AB19C28CA57C39E55367ECB">Caleb, John T. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7A91DA543AC2A1FDB7795D2F410A0F17" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9471-9467</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="5F3A95D8A163601B032B82DAA7B74E5B">Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 053, India caleb 87 woodgate @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9471 - 9467</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3039A990994C27BDD08B9B882C223A19" type="email">caleb87woodgate@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="750685A63E5F2723480F7BDD4BCB2DDF">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="48F3E5D58843293ABBF0AA5B5BDEB69F">Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India & drpothalil @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4936 - 4310</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="846C6DD13169E3EEAFA493DA9568E797" type="email">drpothalil@rediffmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="BD5BDFBD479E3530477889878DA154E0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2B872828CED7DDB4F52A53B6F35BDF7B">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DAEFEA143A8550D3D3D1EB787F5D13C6">2020-12-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5146A1FC759CA94D613EC7B0ECB65EE4">4896</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4387711" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176240901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4387711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE" lastPageNumber="515" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<subSubSection id="C3736514C5384F67FF62D6BA8C10FBA5" box="[151,316,1014,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF62D6BA8C10FBA5" blockId="10.[151,316,1014,1077]" box="[151,316,1014,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<heading id="D09E81F3C5384F67FF62D6BA8C10FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,316,1014,1041]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FF62D6BA8C10FBA5" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,316,1014,1041]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sp.">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF62D6BA8C10FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,316,1014,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF62D6BA8C3DFBA5" bold="true" box="[151,273,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Sphingius</emphasis>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3736514C5384F67FF62D1578DD5FB81" box="[151,249,1051,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF62D1578DD5FB81" blockId="10.[151,316,1014,1077]" box="[151,249,1051,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<figureCitation id="13522A1AC5384F67FF62D1578DD5FB81" box="[151,249,1051,1077]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1434,184,1302]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1426,187,1822]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@11.[151,1436,181,1305]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@12.[151,1436,181,1828]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Sphingius sp.. A, C Ƌ: A habitus, dorsal; C eye group, dorsal. B, D ♀: B habitus, dorsal; D eye group, dorsal. E label from specimen bottle. F illustrations of ‘S. caniceps’ adopted from Gravely (1931). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 mm; C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.5 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Sphingius sp.. A–D Ƌ left pedipalp: A prolateral, B ventral; C retrolateral; D enlarged view of retrolateral tibial apophysis, retrolateral. E ♀ epigynum, ventral. Abbreviations: C conductor, E embolus, MA median tegular apophysis, RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis, TA accessory tegular apophysis. Scale bars: A–E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4387695" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4387697" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4387695/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4387697/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3736514C5384F67FF62D1138C72FB22" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF62D1138C72FB22" blockId="10.[151,1436,1119,1174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7911B1C5384F67FF62D1138C72FB22" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC8108EC5384F67FF62D1138F00FBC3" author="Gravely, F. H." box="[151,556,1119,1143]" page="271" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" year="1931">
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FF62D1138F00FBC3" ID-CoL="4YZHK" authority="Gravely, 1931: 271" authorityName="Gravely" authorityPageNumber="271" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,556,1119,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caniceps">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF62D1138C70FBC3" box="[151,348,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Sphingius caniceps</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B6EC5384F67FE91D1138F00FBC3" author="Gravely, F. H." box="[356,556,1119,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="211 - 282" refId="ref7267" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article" year="1931">Gravely, 1931: 271</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 19E–F (misidentification);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC8108EC5384F67FC8FD11389E0FBC3" author="Majumder, S. C. & Tikader, B. K." box="[890,1228,1119,1143]" page="150" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" year="1991">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B6EC5384F67FC8FD11389E0FBC3" author="Majumder, S. C. & Tikader, B. K." box="[890,1228,1119,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref7343" refString="Majumder, S. C. & Tikader, B. K. (1991) Studies on some spiders of the family Clubionidae from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 102, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1991">Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 150</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 315–319 (misidentification).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3736514C5384F67FF62D1888949FAB6" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF62D1888949FAB6" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,1643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF62D1888CABFB6A" bold="true" box="[151,391,1220,1246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B013CC2C5384F67FE61D189894DFAB6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3004062309" collectorName="F. H. Gravely" country="India" elevation="4" latitude="13.082681" location="Chennai" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="80.27072" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">
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Ƌ and
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<specimenCount id="9D6FFD16C5384F67FE19D1898F2DFB6B" box="[492,513,1221,1247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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(NZC-ZSI 5751/H2) from
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FCB8D1888E85FB6A" bold="true" box="[845,937,1220,1246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<collectingCountry id="F37E760FC5384F67FCB8D1888E88FB6A" box="[845,932,1220,1246]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">INDIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FC42D188896CFB6A" box="[951,1088,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<collectingRegion id="49ADF87DC5384F67FC42D188896CFB6A" box="[951,1088,1220,1246]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<location id="8EB66044C5384F67FBA0D188899EFB6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE:8EB66044C5384F67FBA0D188899EFB6A" box="[1109,1202,1220,1246]" country="India" latitude="13.082681" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="80.27072" name="Chennai" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Chennai</location>
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(formerly Madras),
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5058C5384F67FF62D1A48C66FAB7" box="[151,330,1256,1283]" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" precision="1" seconds="57.65" value="13.082681">13°04’57.65’’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5058C5384F67FEA0D1A48F29FAB7" box="[341,517,1256,1283]" degrees="80" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" precision="1" seconds="14.59" value="80.27072">80°16’14.59’’E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<elevation id="0044D1ACC5384F67FDE4D1A48F54FAB6" box="[529,632,1256,1283]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="4.0">
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<quantity id="4C919B7AC5384F67FDE4D1A48F10FAB7" box="[529,572,1256,1283]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
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a.s.l.
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</elevation>
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, date unknown, leg.
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<collectorName id="269C5349C5384F67FC94D1A58EDDFAB6" box="[865,1009,1256,1283]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">F.H. Gravely</collectorName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13522A1AC5384F67FBF4D1A48974FAB6" box="[1025,1112,1256,1282]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,184,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1436,181,1305]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Sphingius sp.. A, C Ƌ: A habitus, dorsal; C eye group, dorsal. B, D ♀: B habitus, dorsal; D eye group, dorsal. E label from specimen bottle. F illustrations of ‘S. caniceps’ adopted from Gravely (1931). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 2 mm; C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4387695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4387695/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3736514C5384F67FF32D0408952F9DE" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF32D040887CF9F2" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,1643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF32D0408C17FA92" bold="true" box="[199,315,1292,1318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B6EC5384F67FEB1D0408CDDFA92" author="Gravely, F. H." box="[324,497,1292,1318]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="211 - 282" refId="ref7267" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article" year="1931">Gravely (1931)</bibRefCitation>
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||
misidentified these specimens as
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FC82D0408EDBFA92" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[887,1015,1292,1318]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caniceps">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FC82D0408EDBFA92" box="[887,1015,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">S. caniceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and they do in fact belong to an undescribed
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FEFFD07C8C54FAFE" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[266,376,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FEFFD07C8C54FAFE" box="[266,376,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Sphingius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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species. The female epigynum seems unique among other known female congeners, as it possesses inverted triangular postero-lateral epigynal margins separated medially from the anterior circular atrium by a transverse M-shaped plate (
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<figureCitation id="13522A1AC5384F67FE3BD0348F0AFA26" box="[462,550,1400,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[158,1426,187,1822]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[151,1436,181,1828]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sphingius sp.. A–D Ƌ left pedipalp: A prolateral, B ventral; C retrolateral; D enlarged view of retrolateral tibial apophysis, retrolateral. E ♀ epigynum, ventral. Abbreviations: C conductor, E embolus, MA median tegular apophysis, RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis, TA accessory tegular apophysis. Scale bars: A–E, 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4387697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4387697/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
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||
). At present, a description of these specimens as a new species is difficult, due to the very poor condition and the genitalia are bleached, losing relevant diagnostic details, particularly those of the male. We therefore treat this species as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FDBFD08C8F94FA6E" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[586,696,1472,1498]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FDBFD08C8F94FA6E" box="[586,696,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Sphingius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. until fresh specimens are available from Chennai. The ZSI collection has two glass bottles for this species named as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FD0BD0A88E57FA4A" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1931" box="[766,891,1508,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caniceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FD0BD0A88E57FA4A" box="[766,891,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">S. caniceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, collected from Chennai. The first bottle (5751/ H2) contains a male and a female specimen in bad condition. The second bottle (5752/H2) is empty; the specimen(s) in this bottle may either be lost or perhaps loaned and not returned or misplaced elsewhere in the collection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD6369FC5384F67FF32D31C8952F9DE" blockId="10.[151,1437,1220,1643]" box="[199,1150,1616,1643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FF32D31C8CA9F9DE" bold="true" box="[199,389,1616,1642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D1CC5384F67FE79D31C8CD6F9DE" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[396,506,1616,1642]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEA8DC5384F67FE79D31C8CD6F9DE" box="[396,506,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="515">Sphingius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. live among leaf litter, stones and soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B6EC5384F67FC26D31C895EF9DE" author="Gravely, F. H." box="[979,1138,1616,1642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="515" pagination="211 - 282" refId="ref7267" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1931) Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 33, 211 - 282." type="journal article" year="1931">Gravely 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |