233 lines
27 KiB
XML
233 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F9856925C0906BDE7D110E3D03FC8D14">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9044CBCB42D9CF4EFA3E8F7F98C25862">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C035884978991B89D0134128888F1C42">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="216905DACA4A22D33824207FCECD12C9">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="F32B65AAFA107C739CDE81240148AE18">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="AA65782EEE6B4847DDE4DA9163072091">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFE5F60B896135EFFAACF41C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794946" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379313" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFE5F60B896135EFFAACF41C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFE5F60B896135EFFAACF41C" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B896135EFFF1CFDBA" blockId="33.[125,1324,499,628]" box="[127,185,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B896135EFFF1CFDBA" box="[127,185,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFE5F60B896135EFFF1CFDBA" box="[127,185,499,545]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">50.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89D935EFFCEEFDBA" box="[199,843,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89D935EFFCEEFDBA" blockId="33.[125,1324,499,628]" box="[199,843,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B89D935EFFCEEFDBA" box="[199,843,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B89D935EFFCEEFDBA" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[199,843,499,545]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8A6035EFFA83FDBA" box="[894,1318,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8A6035EFFA83FDBA" blockId="33.[125,1324,499,628]" box="[894,1318,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B8A6035EFFA83FDBA" box="[894,1318,499,545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8A6035EFFA83FDBA" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[894,1318,499,545]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8A6035EFFA83FDBA" box="[894,1318,499,545]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Megaloglossus azagnyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8961362FFD81FDF4" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8961362FFA8EFDD3" blockId="33.[125,1324,499,628]" box="[127,1323,563,584]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B8961362FFA8EFDD3" box="[127,1323,563,584]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8961362FFF6EFDD3" bold="true" box="[127,203,563,584]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B89CA362FFE1BFDD3" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[212,446,563,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Mégaloglosse dAzagny</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B88CC362FFD88FDD3" bold="true" box="[466,557,563,584]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8B2D362FFC12FDD3" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[563,951,563,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Westlicher Afrika-Langzungenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8AD2362FFB8DFDD3" bold="true" box="[972,1064,563,584]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8D2C362FFA8EFDD3" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[1074,1323,563,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Megaloglosus de Azagny</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89603646FD81FDF4" blockId="33.[125,1324,499,628]" box="[126,548,602,623]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B89603646FD81FDF4" box="[126,548,602,623]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89603646FED3FDF4" bold="true" box="[126,374,602,623]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B88633646FD81FDF4" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[381,548,602,623]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Azagnyi Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8BFD3681FA94FD7C" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8BFD3681FA94FD7C" blockId="33.[739,1333,669,1096]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8BFD3681FCDAFD25" bold="true" box="[739,895,669,702]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8ABE3681FC56FD7C" ID-CoL="7383J" authority="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">Megaloglossus azagnyi Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA510FDFFE5F60B8D2836DAFA94FD7C" box="[1078,1329,710,743]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Nesi et al, 2012,</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8BFB36ECFA94FCC7" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8BFB36ECFA94FCC7" blockId="33.[739,1333,669,1096]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFE5F60B8BFB36ECFA94FCC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391411" latitude="6.2186112" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8BF136ECFC02FC96" box="[751,935,752,781]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Cote d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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[=
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8AC936ECFBDCFC96" box="[983,1145,752,781]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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],
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE5F60B8D8F36ECFC81FCAE" country="Ivory Coast" name="Lagunes" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Lagunes region</collectingRegion>
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, Azagny National Park, 06°13’007"N [sic], 0 5°01'532"W [sic], elevation
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8DD43723FA84FCC7" box="[1226,1313,831,860]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="125.0">125 m</quantity>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8BFB377BFC24FBD3" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8BFB377BFC24FBD3" blockId="33.[739,1333,669,1096]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8BFB377BFBAEFC1F" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[741,1035,871,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagny">Megaloglossus azagny</taxonomicName>
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: and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8D72377BFA90FC1F" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[1132,1333,871,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">M. woermanni</taxonomicName>
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differ by 4.9-5-7% in their cytochrome-b mtDNA sequences and 0-3-0-4% in their nDNA sequences, leading to an estimated divergence time of c.1-6 million years ago. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8963304FFD6BFB25" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFE5F60B8963304FFD6BFB25" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803686" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803686" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803686/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" startId="33.[125,297,1107,1136]" targetBox="[125,717,679,1095]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8963304FFD6BFB25" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8963304FFE88FBEB" bold="true" box="[125,301,1107,1136]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W Africa from
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8B10304FFDD1FBEB" box="[526,628,1107,1136]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8BBA304FFD48FBEB" box="[676,749,1107,1136]" name="Togo" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Togo</collectingCountry>
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, E border ofits distribution area formed by
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B89B8306AFE88FB0C" box="[166,301,1142,1175]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
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Gap or
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B88B8306AFD9EFB0C" box="[422,571,1142,1175]" name="Cameroon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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Mts. Specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8A65306AFC6BFB0C" box="[891,974,1142,1175]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Benin</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8D07306AFB24FB0C" box="[1049,1153,1142,1175]" name="Nigeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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still need to be reinvestigated to confirm their identity.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B896330D5FB03F8C5" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B896330D5FB03F8C5" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B896330D5FED1FB7D" bold="true" box="[125,372,1225,1254]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8B3630D5FD1DFB7D" box="[552,696,1225,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="73.0" valueMax="82.0" valueMin="64.0">64-82 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8A6130D5FBAAFB7D" box="[895,1039,1225,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="13.0">13-15 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8D8630D5FA8EFB7D" box="[1176,1323,1225,1254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="40.0" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="38.0">38-42 mm</quantity>
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; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B89F830F0FEECFA96" box="[230,329,1260,1293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="g" value="11.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="9.0">9-14 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat has long pointed muzzle; large brown eyes; pointed ears at tips without any basal ear patches; and long (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8D983108FA85FAAE" box="[1158,1312,1300,1333]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20-40 mm</quantity>
|
||
), narrow (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B89E53127FEF0FAC7" box="[251,341,1339,1372]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), brush-tipped tongue adapted for lapping nectar. General external dimensions are similar to those of the Eastern Woermann'’s Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8D40317BFA86FA1F" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[1118,1315,1383,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">M. woermanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but cranial dimensions are smaller. Adult males lack epaulettes; dorsum is generally uniformly dark brown; hairs are pale brown at bases and dark brown toward tips; and pelage is soft, moderately dense, and mid-dorsally
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8A2931C5FC0CFA61" box="[823,937,1497,1530]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Venterisslightly paler than dorsum. Adult males have collar of long, white, cream-colored hair running from sides of neck across throat; hairs are very thin at bases and thicker throughout their full lengths and grow in small clusters. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes are dark brown, attaching to second or third toe or between them; third finger is longer than fifth; and toes are rarely weakly webbed. Skull is delicate, with strong basicranial deflection, long and thin rostrum, and very rounded braincase. Mandible is weak, with salient symphysis. Dental formula for all species of Megaloglossusis 12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Teeth are generally very weak except for long canines; C, is slanted outward; and cheekteeth are low and narrow, with only cusp on labial ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89653378FBB7F837" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89653378FBB7F837" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89653378FF4EF81E" bold="true" box="[123,235,1892,1925]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Old growth or secondary lowland tropical moist forests, swamp forests, and forest-grassland mosaic from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8AAC3397FBABF837" box="[946,1038,1931,1964]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="760.0">760 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B896533AFFABFF702" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B896533AFFABFF702" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B896533AFFE26F84F" bold="true" box="[123,387,1971,2004]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat is nectarivorous, but pollen is also eaten. It lands on or near flowers to feed, and tongue moves in and out of flower corolla ¢.7 times/second, scooping up nectar. It will also hover in front of flowers for fractions of a second to drink nectar. Flowers visited for food (nectar and pollen) include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B89EE3C4DFED4F7E9" box="[240,369,2129,2162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Spathodea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Spathodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
campanulata (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8B293C4DFD58F7E9" box="[567,765,2129,2162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8A093C4DFB56F7E9" box="[791,1267,2129,2162]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Maranthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Maranthes sp. (Chrysobalanaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8C1A3C4DFD92F702" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Hymenocardia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Hymenocardia sp. (Phyllanthaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8B563C60FD3BF702" box="[584,670,2172,2201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Parkia</taxonomicName>
|
||
bicolor (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8A153C60FC31F702" box="[779,916,2172,2201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8AF23C60FAB0F702" box="[1004,1301,2172,2201]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Musa sp. (Musaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89653CBCFDBAF77C" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89653CBCFDBAF77C" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89653CBCFEA4F75A" bold="true" box="[123,257,2208,2241]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Western Woermann’s Fruit Bats collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8D1C3CBCFB05F75A" box="[1026,1184,2208,2241]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
were possibly lactating in May and July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89673CF2FABAF61D" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89673CF2FABAF61D" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89673CF2FEFAF694" bold="true" box="[121,351,2286,2319]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In Tai National Park (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8B863CF2FC9CF694" box="[664,825,2286,2319]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat was mainly captured in understory and reported flying between feeding bouts within
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B89623D22FF0AF6C4" box="[124,175,2366,2399]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground. Roosting intervals varied from less than one minute to more than 30 minutes. When ambient temperature drops to less than 28°C, individuals enter torpor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89643D90FB48F501" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89643D90FB48F501" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89643D90FC96F636" bold="true" box="[122,819,2444,2477]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat roosts in foliage during the day and can be found hanging freely from banana and plantain leaves and among foliage of bushes and sometimes in houses. On Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFE5F60B8D843DC7FB5DF667" box="[1178,1272,2523,2556]" country="Liberia" name="Nimba" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Nimba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8C143DC7FF60F5BF" name="Liberia" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), only males were captured, suggesting that they were roosting communally close by or that an all-male group was foraging in the area forat least several nights in a row. In [Lama Forest Reserve (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B88AE3E4DFDACF5E9" box="[432,521,2641,2674]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
), mean home ranges were 139 ha for females and 99-8 ha for males; foraging areas were also larger for females (39 ha) than males (12-3 ha).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89643EBCFD00F4AC" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89643EBCFD00F4AC" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89643EBCFE7DF55A" bold="true" box="[122,472,2720,2753]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population, suggesting it is not declining fast enough to warrant a threatened category. Habitat loss and degradation might be local threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89643F5BFAACF41C" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89643F5BFAACF41C" blockId="33.[121,1330,1107,2951]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89643F5BFEB1F4FB" bold="true" box="[122,276,2887,2912]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (1997), Bergmans et al. (1974), Happold, D.C.D. (2013), Monadjem (2016b), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Nesi et al. (2013), Rosevear (1965), Weber et al. (2009), Wolton et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |