225 lines
24 KiB
XML
225 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="35F3CE2B2864318E18DE12B5712EA470" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE25F991" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parnara monasi Trimen 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8ECDC289CB1441494FF13F886F3632A3">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CADE816896E565A8F0BC962C6E082E95">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="431B40A87AE53631E38F55DEBA1DA7B6">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E3DA61499299EF23D252A5095B49D7BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0102219C6CA6CE8B6007B1C7B025C815">
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<mods:date id="910734631D3AD4CD95AF26A58B955C7D">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BAE989A603C97C10BC856770E8206557">3438</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="19184E3DBF00F4BFDB0467ED0336EB69" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE25F991" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680684" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680684" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE25F991" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE25F991" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE25F991" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFE07FDCEFE3A" blockId="30.[151,1437,403,606]" box="[151,519,403,430]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B7AD20BFF6FFE07FDCEFE3A" bold="true" box="[151,519,403,430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFF6FFE07FDCEFE3A" ID-CoL="9BWQJ" authority="Trimen, 1889" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,519,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monasi">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FFE07FDCEFE3A" bold="true" box="[151,519,403,430]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FFE07FE92FE39" bold="true" box="[151,347,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parnara monasi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFE9AFE00FDCEFE3A" author="Trimen" box="[354,519,403,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Trimen, R. (1889) South - African Butterflies: a Monograph of the Extra - Tropical Species. Vol. III. Papilionidae and Hesperidae. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 438 pp, plates 10 - 12." type="book chapter" year="1889">Trimen, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFE24FDF6FDC9" blockId="30.[151,1437,403,606]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFF6FFE24FEF1FE59" author="Larsen" box="[151,312,438,462]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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reported this species from
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFD82FE24FD0FFE58" box="[634,710,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, based on a female (now in the National Museums of
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFAB1FE25FA5DFE59" box="[1353,1428,438,462]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) which I captured in Kakamega Forest,
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<date id="FFBCDABE7B7AD20BFDB2FE49FD29FE65" box="[586,736,474,499]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1988-08-19">19 Aug 1988</date>
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, at the D267 crossing of the Ikuywa River. I have since found a male further north, by a patch of swampy grass where a stream crosses the track,
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<date id="FFBCDABE7B7AD20BFBA2FE6DFB39FD81" box="[1114,1264,510,535]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1995-08-31">31 Aug 1995</date>
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and ABRI has specimens from Busia and Endebess, western
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFD59FDB0FD27FDAC" box="[673,750,547,571]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFCF8FDB1FBD4FDAD" author="Dickson" box="[768,1053,546,570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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associate this species with grassy banks of streams, or the edge of bush.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFD1DFED7FD31" blockId="30.[151,1436,654,1182]" box="[151,286,654,678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FFD1DFED7FD31" box="[151,286,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFD20FD80FCE9" blockId="30.[151,1436,654,1182]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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A water-side grass has been observed to be the food plant in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFCC0FD21FCBCFD5D" box="[824,885,690,714]" name="South Africa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Natal</collectingCountry>
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(G.C. Clark in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFBE5FD21FAEFFD5D" author="Dickson" box="[1053,1318,690,714]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFAC8FD21FF3EFD79" author="Pringle" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFA70FD27FF64FD79" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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). I have found it common in a wet meadow of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFCF1FD44FC07FD79" box="[777,974,726,750]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFCF1FD44FC07FD79" box="[777,974,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFC0AFD45FB80FD79" box="[1010,1097,726,750]" name="Nigeria" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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, and suspect this will prove to be a food plant. It is recorded as a pest of rice (
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFD39FD68FC99FC84" box="[705,848,763,787]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFD39FD68FC99FC84" box="[705,848,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Oryza sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFC79FD69FC3FFC85" box="[897,1014,762,786]" name="Cameroon" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
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under the name
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFB4EFD6FFAC1FC84" box="[1206,1288,764,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naso">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB4EFD6FFAC1FC84" box="[1206,1288,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. naso</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(of which
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFA7FFD6FFF21FCA1" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monasi">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFA7FFD6FFF21FCA1" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. monasi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was considered a subspecies until 1991) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFD3DFC8DFC38FCA1" author="Heinrichs" box="[709,1009,798,822]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Heinrichs, E. A. & Barrion, A. T. (2004) Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: Biology, ecology, identification. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines; and WARDA - The Africa Rice Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 243 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heinrichs & Barrion 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) but we have not traced the source of this information.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFE9BFCD0FDE0FCCD" author="Descamps" box="[355,553,834,858]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Descamps, M. (1956) Insectes nuisibles au riz dans le Nord Cameroun. Agronomie tropicale, 11 (6), 732 - 755." type="journal article" year="1956">Descamps (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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mentions two other skippers as rice pests in his account of the insect pests of rice in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFF1CFCF5FE95FCE9" box="[228,348,870,894]" name="Cameroon" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
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, but no
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFE4DFCFBFDDDFCE8" box="[437,532,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFE4DFCFBFDDDFCE8" box="[437,532,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parnara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF3FFC18FA5DFC51" blockId="30.[151,1436,654,1182]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFF1FFC19FE4BFC35" box="[231,386,906,930]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFE77FC18FD80FC35" author="Vuattoux" box="[399,585,906,930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reared it on three grasses:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFC78FC18FB62FC34" box="[896,1195,907,931]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFC78FC18FB62FC34" box="[896,1195,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Andropogon canaliculatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFB43FC1FFA55FC34" box="[1211,1436,907,931]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB43FC1FFA55FC34" box="[1211,1436,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFF3EFC3DFE9FFC51" box="[198,342,942,966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hyparrhenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF3EFC3DFE9FFC51" box="[198,342,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hyparrhenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., which he characterises as grasses
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFCFEFC3DFC0DFC51" box="[774,964,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">de savane brûlée</emphasis>
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([regularly or annually] burnt savannah).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF3FFC41FC2FFB09" blockId="30.[151,1436,654,1182]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Williams’ (1989) and Davis & Barnes’ (1993) records of sugar cane and other
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFBA0FC40FB7DFC7D" box="[1112,1204,979,1002]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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as food plants of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFA7FFC47FECEFB98" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="naso" subSpecies="naso">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFA7FFC47FECEFB98" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. naso naso</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7AD20BFED4FC65FE50FB99" box="[300,409,1014,1038]" name="Mauritius" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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are probably the origin of the food plant record of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFC2DFC65FB9AFB99" box="[981,1107,1014,1038]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFC2DFC65FB9AFB99" box="[981,1107,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Saccharum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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listed in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFB43FC64FA91FB99" author="Larsen" box="[1211,1368,1014,1038]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
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for
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFA7FFC6BFEEAFBA4" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="naso" subSpecies="monasi">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFA7FFC6BFEEAFBA4" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. naso monasi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFEA0FB89FDF3FBA5" box="[344,570,1050,1075]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
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||
Ackery
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFE49FB8FFE2BFBA4" box="[433,482,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFD90FB8FFD77FBA4" box="[616,702,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFD90FB8FFD72FBA4" box="[616,699,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naso">P. naso</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFCCDFB8FFC14FBA4" box="[821,989,1052,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="naso" subSpecies="monasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFCCDFB8FFC14FBA4" box="[821,989,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. naso monasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since both these works followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFAA0FB88FF28FBC1" author="Evans" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648." type="journal article" year="1947">Evans (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in treating
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFE92FBD3FE1CFBC0" box="[362,469,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. m o n a s i</emphasis>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFD43FBD3FCC3FBC0" box="[699,778,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. n a s o</emphasis>
|
||
. However, when
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFC1CFBADFB09FBC1" box="[996,1216,1086,1111]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFBC9FBD3FBACFBC1" box="[1073,1125,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFB03FBACFA55FBC1" author="Larsen" box="[1275,1436,1086,1110]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFF14FBF7FE93FBEC" box="[236,346,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF14FBF7FE93FBEC" box="[236,346,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. monasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate species, they continued to list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFCAFFBF0FC1CFBEC" box="[855,981,1123,1147]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFCAFFBF0FC1CFBEC" box="[855,981,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Saccharum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a food plant. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFAEAFBF7FA48FBEC" box="[1298,1409,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFAEAFBF7FA48FBEC" box="[1298,1409,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. monasi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite likely to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFE6CFB15FDDBFB09" box="[404,530,1158,1182]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFE6CFB15FDDBFB09" box="[404,530,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Saccharum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have traced no records of it doing so.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFB5DFEDEFB71" blockId="30.[151,1436,1230,1542]" box="[151,279,1230,1254]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FFB5DFEDEFB71" box="[151,279,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FFB60FE25F991" blockId="30.[151,1436,1230,1542]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
We have not reared this species, but G.C. Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFD2CFB61FC17FA9D" author="Dickson" box="[724,990,1266,1290]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 37) illustrates it in detail, and the following notes are taken from this source. Ovum yellow and hemispherical, turning blue-green, and developing red maculae before hatching. Leaf shelters a grass tube. The yellowish caterpillar has a dark head for the first three instars. The fourth instar has a pale brown head, dark posteriorly, with an inverted dark
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB79FACCFB54FAE0" bold="true" box="[1153,1181,1375,1399]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">W</emphasis>
|
||
on the face. The fifth instar has a brown head, with the posterior margin dark, a dark stripe down the median suture, running into a more or less rectangular dark area extending slightly wider than the clypeus, and interrupted by pale adfrontal plates. The pupa differs significantly from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFD71FA58FD30FA74" box="[649,761,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFD71FA58FD30FA74" box="[649,761,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pelopidas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFCFFFA58FC84FA74" box="[775,845,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFCFFFA58FC84FA74" box="[775,845,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Borbo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFC7CFA58FC2DFA75" box="[900,996,1483,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFC7CFA58FC2DFA75" box="[900,996,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Gegenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it is dark, with no frontal spike and covered with thick white fluff.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |