628 lines
86 KiB
XML
628 lines
86 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="8F22B9480367B58A178E845B8514048E">
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<mods:title id="156FB3960D3CAAF045DB30A03B2D4BC5">Philippine bats of the genus Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): Overview and assessment of variation in K. pellucida and K. whiteheadi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5763C79D4D8746C1004F73E81AF3DA00" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1E19F0334C68DADCC8A244F0EADC73D5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6936D114332A7E0F72872115710ADB81">Sedlock, Jodi L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="38B1428C5056EA94CFDF82F5C69E8CE5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0411A80A83B22BA3DC58C529DB55AA39">Heaney, Lawrence R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="BDA23B310A9680220938AC83A9003F51" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6AD82701F0BC0039FA516635F58FABFB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B39B4027E31C86AFA11BDD4220C5BC69">Balete, Danilo S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7BCE341A3E085D6A2DF9AB796BDF2C0A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="465CDFF8B35D322FFED967B7B03B929C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0EC9B0DAE155FDDC357DFFA1E8AECFD5">Ruedi, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F66CEEE6D05701172C8B1473DFCD4FEB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F1D61FFCB0EA5FEA759A9F23079CB519">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="ED7BDD30E755332F37F0B2C36201A3B1">
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<mods:date id="5705E8BF43D2C262960F160AEE55484D">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="372DB96B22FEC125C2839B0300EDDA3B">2020-03-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="64CB508815A67648B7F989937478FDA4">4755</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="EBF17ADFDD89E267F642EC4C6C271852" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="2D531FB0284B01D5ACCBD79C5D6D863E">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="49CFD59E571575AFAC11602A56EC45B4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="77739ADAE181074B4997108C4722D282" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4755.3.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5316885DF470FFEBFF0CD46CFAC7F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3811834" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163420724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3811834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5316885DF470FFEBFF0CD46CFAC7F84E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5316885DF470FFEBFF0CD46CFAC7F84E" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F470FFE0FF0CD46CFDCBFAE1" box="[151,592,1356,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE0FF0CD46CFDCBFAE1" blockId="19.[151,592,1356,1383]" box="[151,592,1356,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<heading id="80488E27F470FFE0FF0CD46CFDCBFAE1" bold="true" box="[151,592,1356,1383]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F470FFE0FF0CD46CFDCBFAE1" ID-CoL="3R62F" authority="Thomas, 1894" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,592,1356,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
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<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF0CD46CFDCBFAE1" bold="true" box="[151,592,1356,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF0CD46CFE02FAE0" bold="true" box="[151,409,1356,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Kerivoula whiteheadi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF470FFE0FE3AD46DFDCBFAE1" author="Thomas, O." box="[417,592,1356,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" pagination="460 - 462" refId="ref20117" refString="Thomas, O. (1894) Descriptions of two new bats of the genus Kerivoula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 14, 460 - 462. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939408677834" type="journal article" year="1894">Thomas, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F470FFE0FF0CD4B5FD23FA28" box="[151,696,1428,1455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE0FF0CD4B5FD23FA28" blockId="19.[151,1437,1428,2036]" box="[151,696,1428,1455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF0CD4B5FEA2FA28" bold="true" box="[151,313,1428,1455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<typeStatus id="040487E9F470FFE0FF0CD4B5FF49FA28" box="[151,210,1429,1455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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</emphasis>
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Molino,
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FE3AD4B4FDC6FA29" box="[417,605,1428,1454]" country="Philippines" name="Isabela" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Isabela Province</collectingRegion>
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, Luzon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F470FFE0FF0CD498FB85FA54" box="[151,1054,1464,1491]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE0FF0CD498FB85FA54" blockId="19.[151,1437,1428,2036]" box="[151,1054,1464,1491]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF0CD498FE14FA54" bold="true" box="[151,399,1464,1491]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Specimens examined</emphasis>
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. Philippine specimens examined are listed in
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<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FC14D498FB81FA54" box="[911,1050,1464,1491]" captionStart="APPENDIX A" captionStartId="31.[151,289,154,178]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="APPENDIX A. List of all Kerivoula specimens examined. Specimens included in morphological analysis and comparisons are in bold. § Holotypes * Paratype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736846/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Appendix A</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F470FFE0FF5CD4FCFEEEF9E4" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE0FF5CD4FCFEEEF9E4" blockId="19.[151,1437,1428,2036]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF5CD4FCFEC2FA70" bold="true" box="[199,345,1500,1527]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Distribution</emphasis>
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. Endemic to the
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<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF470FFE0FD8CD4FCFD0EFA71" box="[535,661,1500,1526]" name="Philippines" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FD3FD4FCFD76FA71" box="[676,749,1500,1526]" country="Philippines" name="Bohol" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Bohol</collectingRegion>
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, Camguin Norte,
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FC29D4FCFC6BFA71" box="[946,1008,1500,1526]" country="Philippines" name="Cebu" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Cebu</collectingRegion>
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, Lubang, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro,
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FF0CD720FF62F99D" box="[151,249,1536,1562]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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, Sicogon,
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FEF4D720FE52F99D" box="[367,457,1536,1562]" country="Philippines" name="Siquijor" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Siquijor</collectingRegion>
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and Tumaguin;
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<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FD18D720FD53F99C" box="[643,712,1536,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1957,1982]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,181,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[255,1332,181,1931]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of the Philippines indicating the collecting localities of Kerivoula pellucida and K. whiteheadi. The land exposed during the Pleistocene Last Glacial Maximum is shown in light green." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736821/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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||
). The
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<typeStatus id="040487E9F470FFE0FC8BD721FCDBF99C" box="[784,832,1537,1563]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">type</typeStatus>
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locality “Molino” probably refers to a currently nonexistent village on the east bank of the Ilagan River downstream from the city of San Mariano (M. van Weerd, pers. com.,
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<date id="AF011F8BF470FFE0FF47D768FEF2F9E4" box="[220,361,1608,1635]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" value="2019-05-06">6 May 2019</date>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F470FFE7FF5CD74CFE00FE54" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="474" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE0FF5CD74CFBF4F820" blockId="19.[151,1437,1428,2036]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="E9CBE559F470FFE0FF5CD74CFECAF900" bold="true" box="[199,337,1644,1671]" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Description</emphasis>
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. Total length
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<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FE71D74CFDFFF900" box="[490,612,1644,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="76.5" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="67.0">67–86 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FD02D74DFC96F900" box="[665,781,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="29.0">29–41mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FCDBD74DFC21F900" box="[832,954,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="12.0">12–18 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FBBFD74DFB05F900" box="[1060,1182,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="31.0" valueMax="33.0" valueMin="29.0">29–33 mm</quantity>
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, mass
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<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FB7CD74CFAD4F900" box="[1255,1359,1644,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="g" value="4.0" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–5.5 g</quantity>
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(
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<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F470FFE0FAC7D74CFF3FF92C" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,459,485]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of cranial-dental measurements of adult K. whiteheadi and K. pellucida, and comparison groups. Holotypes indicated with an asterisk. n = sample size" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" tableUuid="8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). A clear north-south gradient in size exists from
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<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F470FFE0FD53D7B0FCADF92D" box="[712,822,1680,1706]" country="Philippines" name="Camiguin" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Camiguin</collectingRegion>
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Norte Island (north of Luzon, largest) to southern Mindanao (smallest;
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<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F470FFE0FECCD794FE2DF948" box="[343,438,1716,1743]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,459,485]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of cranial-dental measurements of adult K. whiteheadi and K. pellucida, and comparison groups. Holotypes indicated with an asterisk. n = sample size" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" tableUuid="8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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and
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<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F470FFE0FE74D795FD9BF948" box="[495,512,1717,1743]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,239,487,513]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="TABLE 4. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of external body measurements (in mm) of K. whiteheadi and K. pellucida. n = sample size" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F473FFE3FF0CD0C7F91AFD86" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" tableUuid="8FC069C3F473FFE3FF0CD0C7F91AFD86">4</tableCitation>
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). A small, delicate bat (
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<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FC96D794FCEFF948" box="[781,884,1716,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
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) with funnel-shaped ears, a long, slender tragus, and simple nostrils (
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<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FEE1D7F8FE7BF974" box="[378,480,1752,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
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). The dorsal fur varies from dark brown (on Luzon) to reddish brown (on Mindanao), with the ventral fur somewhat paler (
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<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FDAED7DCFD26F890" box="[565,701,1788,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12A, B</figureCitation>
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). Each hair in the dorsal pelage has three bands (dark gray-brown base, light buff mid-band, and rufus-brown to bright rufus tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FCFAD600FC51F8BC" box="[865,970,1824,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral hairs are also banded with a dark gray-brown base and light brown tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FD1AD664FD7CF8D8" box="[641,743,1860,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The wing and tail membranes are dark. A scattering of a few short hairs is present along the posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane, but there is no definite fringe. Thick hair is present along the dorsal tail membrane, along the legs and on the feet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FC67D6ACFBF9F820" box="[1020,1122,1932,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF470FFE7FF5CD690FE00FE54" blockId="19.[151,1437,1428,2036]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,153,1619]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="474" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">
|
||
Skull as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF470FFE0FE04D690FD8AF84C" box="[415,529,1968,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1990,2015]" captionTargetBox="[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. SEM images of K. whiteheadi cranium (FMNH 214092) from Luzon Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736844/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
. GTL12.16–14.60, CCL
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FCAAD690FC6FF84C" box="[817,1012,1968,1995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.237" metricValueMax="1.366" metricValueMin="1.108" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="12.37" valueMax="13.66" valueMin="11.08">11.08–13.66 mm</quantity>
|
||
, GBB
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FBDDD690FB76F84C" box="[1094,1261,1968,1995]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.779999999999999" metricValueMax="7.14" metricValueMin="6.42" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="6.779999999999999" valueMax="7.14" valueMin="6.42">6.42–7.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, BH
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FAB7D690FF5EF868" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.62" metricValueMax="6.09" metricValueMin="5.15" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="5.62" valueMax="6.09" valueMin="5.15">5.15–6.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
, PC 2.92–3.26, C–M
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F470FFE0FE22D6F3FE5AF866" attach="left" box="[441,449,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">3</superScript>
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FE50D6F4FDE9F868" box="[459,626,2004,2031]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.415" metricValueMax="5.94" metricValueMin="4.89" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="5.415" valueMax="5.94" valueMin="4.89">4.89–5.94 mm</quantity>
|
||
, M
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F470FFE0FD02D6F3FD3AF866" attach="left" box="[665,673,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">2</superScript>
|
||
–M
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F470FFE0FD53D6F3FD7FF866" attach="left" box="[712,740,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">2ext</superScript>
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FD75D6F4FC0FF868" box="[750,916,2004,2031]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.71" metricValueMax="5.11" metricValueMin="4.31" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="4.71" valueMax="5.11" valueMin="4.31">4.31–5.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
, C
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F470FFE0FC2ED6F3FC26F866" attach="left" box="[949,957,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">1</superScript>
|
||
–C
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F470FFE0FC45D6F3FC7DF866" attach="left" box="[990,998,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">1</superScript>
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FC74D6F4FB0CF868" box="[1007,1175,2004,2031]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.645" metricValueMax="1.93" metricValueMin="1.36" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="1.645" valueMax="1.93" valueMin="1.36">1.36–1.93 mm</quantity>
|
||
, C–M
|
||
<subScript id="473B3B0EF470FFE0FB44D6C6FB7CF873" attach="left" box="[1247,1255,2022,2036]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="473">3</subScript>
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF470FFE0FB6BD6F4FA03F868" box="[1264,1432,2004,2031]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.775" metricValueMax="6.32" metricValueMin="5.23" pageId="19" pageNumber="473" unit="mm" value="5.775" valueMax="6.32" valueMin="5.23">5.23–6.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, MDL
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FF47D1B9FE16FF34" box="[220,397,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.023" metricValueMax="1.124" metricValueMin="0.922" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="10.23" valueMax="11.24" valueMin="9.22">9.22–11.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F477FFE7FE07D1B9FE6AFF34" box="[412,497,153,179]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,459,485]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of cranial-dental measurements of adult K. whiteheadi and K. pellucida, and comparison groups. Holotypes indicated with an asterisk. n = sample size" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" tableUuid="8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD00D1BAFCACFF34" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[667,823,153,179]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD00D1BAFCACFF34" box="[667,823,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FCD3D1B9FC02FF34" box="[840,921,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1990,2015]" captionTargetBox="[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. SEM images of K. whiteheadi cranium (FMNH 214092) from Luzon Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736844/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) is small and the braincase is highly inflated, producing a pronounced forehead. The rostrum narrows anteriorly, and the upper toothrows converge moderately. The center of the dorsal surface of the rostrum often has a ventral depression along the midline, above the level of the molars. The cochlea are large, and the basioccipital region is narrow. The height of the second upper incisor is half or slightly more than half of the first incisor. The first and second upper premolars, and all three lower premolars, are of nearly equal crown area, and are strongly laterally compressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FBAFD06DFB16FEE0" box="[1076,1165,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron microscope images of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. pellucida (FMNH 202782, A and B) and K. whiteheadi (FMNH 214092, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736832/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lingual shelves of M
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F477FFE7FF2BD050FF23FEF9" attach="left" box="[176,184,368,382]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">1</superScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<superScript id="2CCA9403F477FFE7FE9CD050FE94FEF9" attach="left" box="[263,271,368,382]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">2</superScript>
|
||
are relatively small, leaving a broad embrasure at their posterior margins. The first lower incisor usually has three cusps, the second has three cusps, and the third usually has three cusps but occasionally two; they overlap substantially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FEAFD099FE15FE54" box="[308,398,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron microscope images of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. pellucida (FMNH 202782, A and B) and K. whiteheadi (FMNH 214092, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736832/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F477FFE7FF5CD0FCFA01FAD0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF477FFE7FF5CD0FCFC7BFBF8" blockId="20.[151,1437,153,1619]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF5CD0FCFEFDFE70" bold="true" box="[199,358,476,503]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FEEDD0FDFDF1FE70" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[374,618,477,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FEEDD0FDFDF1FE70" box="[374,618,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Kerivoula whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FC9ED0FEFC14FE70" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[773,911,477,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FC9ED0FEFC14FE70" box="[773,911,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as noted above.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FBCFD0FDFAD3FE70" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1108,1352,477,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FBCFD0FDFAD3FE70" box="[1108,1352,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Kerivoula whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA18D0FEFE85FD9C" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
K. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF3AD321FE85FD9C" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[161,286,513,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">hardwickii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A” are similar in size (average forearm length 31.1 and 33.0 mm, CCL 11.9 and
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FB0DD321FB61FD9C" box="[1174,1274,513,539]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="11.6">11.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively), but where they overlap geographically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FDC7D306FD6EFDB8" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[604,757,549,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FDC7D306FD6EFDB8" box="[604,757,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are slightly larger.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FC4ED306FBE8FDB8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[981,1139,549,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FC4ED306FBE8FDB8" box="[981,1139,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller overall than
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA18D306FA06FDB8" box="[1411,1437,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K.</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF3FD369FE80FDE4" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[164,283,585,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF3FD369FE80FDE4" box="[164,283,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
B” (forearm length 35.0 mm, CCL
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FD2CD369FCBAFDE4" box="[695,801,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="13.2">13.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The dorsal pelage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FBB3D36AFB5EFDE4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1064,1221,585,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FBB3D36AFB5EFDE4" box="[1064,1221,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a reddish tone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FF3BD34DFEB2FD00" box="[160,297,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 12B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than medium or dark brown in the Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FC14D34EFBBCFD00" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[911,1063,621,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FC14D34EFBBCFD00" box="[911,1063,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both species have hairs that are dark at the base on the dorsum and venter with color bands—three dorsally and two ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FB7BD3B1FAF6FD2C" box="[1248,1389,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 12D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA18D3B2FE89FD48" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA18D3B2FE89FD48" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overall appears more bicolored than Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FCDFD396FC44FD48" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[836,991,693,719]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCDFD396FC44FD48" box="[836,991,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a rufus-brown dorsum and grayish-brown venter, whereas Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FDD1D3FAFD7EFD74" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[586,741,729,755]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FDD1D3FAFD7EFD74" box="[586,741,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears brown overall (although there is some variation). A fringe of short, inconspicuous hairs along the posterior edge of the interfemoral membrane is present on Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF0CD202FEABFCBC" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[151,304,801,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF0CD202FEABFCBC" box="[151,304,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absent on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FE44D202FDE7FCBC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[479,636,801,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE44D202FDE7FCBC" box="[479,636,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FD17D201FD6DFCBC" box="[652,758,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The wing attaches at a similar point below the outside toe of both species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FECBD265FE22FCD8" box="[336,441,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The penis of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD3BD266FCA7FCD8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[672,828,837,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD3BD266FCA7FCD8" box="[672,828,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not widen distally and lacks a characteristic nub that is present on the penis of males in Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD5AD24AFCC2FC04" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[705,857,873,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD5AD24AFCC2FC04" box="[705,857,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J. Sedlock, pers. obs.). The skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA9AD24AFA07FC04" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1281,1436,873,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA9AD24AFA07FC04" box="[1281,1436,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually have a more abrupt forehead than Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD6BD2AEFC12FC20" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[752,905,909,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD6BD2AEFC12FC20" box="[752,905,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter often has a slight sagittal crest posterior to the interorbital region, a structure that is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FCA5D292FC40FC4C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[830,987,945,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCA5D292FC40FC4C" box="[830,987,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FC77D291FBA7FC4C" box="[1004,1084,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1980,2005]" captionTargetBox="[400,1188,181,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[400,1188,181,1955]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Photographs of K. hardwickii cranium and mandible, FMNH 202779 from Bohol Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736834/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FBD1D291FBF2FC4C" box="[1098,1129,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1990,2015]" captionTargetBox="[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. SEM images of K. whiteheadi cranium (FMNH 214092) from Luzon Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736844/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The depression along the midline of the rostrum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FE2DD2F6FDC9FC68" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[438,594,981,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE2DD2F6FDC9FC68" box="[438,594,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent in Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FCC3D2F6FC74FC68" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[856,1007,981,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCC3D2F6FC74FC68" box="[856,1007,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The teeth of Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA9ED2F6FA07FC68" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1285,1436,981,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA9ED2F6FA07FC68" box="[1285,1436,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are proportionately substantially larger and more robust than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FC3FD2DAFBA4FB94" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[932,1087,1017,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FC3FD2DAFBA4FB94" box="[932,1087,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FBD5D2D9FB4EFB94" box="[1102,1237,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,906,931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. hardwickii (FMNH 202779, A and B) and K. papillosa (FMNH 205342, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736838/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA18D2DAFE95FBB0" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA18D2DAFE95FBB0" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the second upper incisor is about one-third the height of the second incisor; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FBE5D53EFA82FBB0" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1150,1305,1053,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FBE5D53EFA82FBB0" box="[1150,1305,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the second incisor is half or more the height of the first incisor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FD46D561FCFAFBDC" box="[733,865,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron microscope images of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. pellucida (FMNH 202782, A and B) and K. whiteheadi (FMNH 214092, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736832/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Figs. 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FCF7D561FC25FBDC" box="[876,958,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,906,931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. hardwickii (FMNH 202779, A and B) and K. papillosa (FMNH 205342, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736838/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FB33D562FAA4FBDC" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1192,1343,1089,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FB33D562FAA4FBDC" box="[1192,1343,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the conspicuous lateral compression of the premolars present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FCA6D546FC42FBF8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[829,985,1125,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCA6D546FC42FBF8" box="[829,985,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF477FFE7FF5CD5A9FA01FAD0" blockId="20.[151,1437,153,1619]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF5CD5A9FE20FB24" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[199,443,1161,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF5CD5A9FE20FB24" box="[199,443,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Kerivoula whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FDC8D5AAFD46FB24" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[595,733,1161,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FDC8D5AAFD46FB24" box="[595,733,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. papillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in being much smaller overall in size (mean total length
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FAF0D5A9FF58FB40" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.99" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="79.9">79.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
and forearm length
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FE3AD58DFD9DFB40" box="[417,518,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.11" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="31.1">31.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, rather than
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FD16D58DFD65FB40" box="[653,766,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="101.6">101.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FCAAD58CFC0DFB40" box="[817,918,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="42.5">42.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, mean CCL
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FB2BD58DFABBFB40" box="[1200,1312,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.199" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="11.99">11.99 mm</quantity>
|
||
rather than
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF477FFE7FF0CD5F0FE97FB6C" box="[151,268,1232,1259]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5779999999999998" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" unit="mm" value="15.78">15.78 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F477FFE7FE8DD5F1FEF2FB6C" box="[278,361,1233,1259]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,459,485]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of cranial-dental measurements of adult K. whiteheadi and K. pellucida, and comparison groups. Holotypes indicated with an asterisk. n = sample size" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" tableUuid="8FC069C3F466FFF6FF0CD0EBFE00FD8E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F477FFE7FEEDD5F1FE1DFB6C" box="[374,390,1233,1259]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="12.[151,239,869,893]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean (± standard deviation) and range of condylo-canine length (CCL) and braincase height (BH) for those specimens not included in Table 1. n = sample size." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F46FFFFFFF0CD245FD27FC26" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" tableUuid="8FC069C3F46FFFFFFF0CD245FD27FC26">3</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF477FFE7FE08D5F1FDF2FB6C" author="Heaney, L. R. & Dolar, M. L. & Balete, D. S. & Esselstyn, J. A. & Rickart, E. A. & Sedlock, J. L." box="[403,617,1233,1259]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" refId="ref17091" refString="Heaney, L. R., Dolar, M. L., Balete, D. S., Esselstyn, J. A., Rickart, E. A. & Sedlock, J. L. (2010) Synopsis of Philippine Mammals. Available from: http: // www. fieldmuseum. org / philippine _ mammals / (accessed 8 May 2019)" type="url" year="2010">
|
||
Heaney
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE74D5F2FDBDFB6C" box="[495,550,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; unpublished data). The dorsal pelage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FBA9D5F2FB55FB6C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1074,1230,1233,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FBA9D5F2FB55FB6C" box="[1074,1230,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a reddish tone with a distinct banding patterns on hairs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FDFDD5D5FD23FA88" box="[614,696,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[153,1433,181,1474]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Photo composite of K. whiteheadi venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than medium or dark brown with no clear banding pattern (but darker at base).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FE1AD43AFD85FAB4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[385,542,1305,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE1AD43AFD85FAB4" box="[385,542,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s skull is small and delicate lacking a sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FBEAD439FB5FFAB4" box="[1137,1220,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1990,2015]" captionTargetBox="[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[335,1253,181,1964]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 13. SEM images of K. whiteheadi cranium (FMNH 214092) from Luzon Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736844/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than larger and more robust with a sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FDA7D41DFD1AFAD0" box="[572,641,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1983,2008]" captionTargetBox="[394,1193,181,1957]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[394,1193,181,1957]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Photographs of K. papillosa cranium and mandible, FMNH 205342 from Luzon Island, Philippines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736836/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Premolars are elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FC3DD41DFBBBFAD0" box="[934,1056,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1435,489,1189]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Scanning electron microscope images of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. pellucida (FMNH 202782, A and B) and K. whiteheadi (FMNH 214092, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736832/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than round (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FA9ED41DFA15FAD0" box="[1285,1422,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,906,931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,181,881]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Photographs of upper toothrow and lower incisors of K. hardwickii (FMNH 202779, A and B) and K. papillosa (FMNH 205342, C and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736838/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 10C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93A56AC0F477FFEBFF5CD440FAC7F84E" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF477FFE7FF5CD440FE60F9D4" blockId="20.[151,1437,153,1619]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF5CD440FEF8FAFC" bold="true" box="[199,355,1376,1403]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Echolocation</emphasis>
|
||
. The echolocation calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD02D442FCACFAFC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[665,823,1377,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD02D442FCACFAFC" box="[665,823,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF477FFE7FC13D441FB9DFAFC" box="[904,1030,1377,1403]" name="Philippines" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA89D442FA07FAFC" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[1298,1436,1377,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA89D442FA07FAFC" box="[1298,1436,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that they are broadband, high frequency, and short duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="438425CEF477FFE7FCFAD4A5FC28FA18" box="[865,947,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1900,1925]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,997,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[157,1430,989,1875]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Power spectra, waveform and spectrograms of representative K. pellucida and K. whiteheadi calls (frequency in kilohertz on y-axis, time in milliseconds on x-axis; FFT 512)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736840/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F477FFE7FC5BD4A5FB8EFA18" box="[960,1045,1412,1439]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="20.[151,239,1666,1690]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean ± standard deviation and range of five call parameter measurements of Philippine Kerivoula pellucida and K. whiteheadi. Descriptions of measurements given in methods. p-values represent results of Welch’s t-test comparing species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" tableUuid="8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Peak frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FA9BD4A6FA07FA18" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1280,1436,1413,1439]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FA9BD4A6FA07FA18" box="[1280,1436,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls is 138 kHz. However, as stated above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FD18D48AFC84FA44" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[643,799,1449,1475]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FD18D48AFC84FA44" box="[643,799,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls are significantly shorter in duration and have a narrower bandwidth than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FE6AD4EEFDE2FA60" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[497,633,1485,1511]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE6AD4EEFDE2FA60" box="[497,633,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="963D0CF0F477FFE7FD1CD4EDFD46FA60" box="[647,733,1484,1511]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="20.[151,239,1666,1690]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean ± standard deviation and range of five call parameter measurements of Philippine Kerivoula pellucida and K. whiteheadi. Descriptions of measurements given in methods. p-values represent results of Welch’s t-test comparing species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" tableUuid="8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). There were no significant differences in call attributes among populations from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F477FFE7FEF9D4D1FE32F98C" box="[354,425,1521,1547]" country="Philippines" name="Bohol" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Bohol</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F477FFE7FE2DD4D1FE6AF98C" box="[438,497,1521,1547]" country="Philippines" name="Cebu" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Cebu</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F477FFE7FDB0D4D1FD1EF98C" box="[555,645,1521,1547]" country="Philippines" name="Siquijor" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Siquijor</collectingRegion>
|
||
islands; however, we had sufficient recordings from only those three central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF477FFE7FF70D735FE2FF9A8" box="[235,436,1557,1583]" name="Philippines" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Philippine islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and not from Luzon and Mindanao, which represent the largest and smallest individuals within the species, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" ID-Table-UUID="8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8FC069C3F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" targetBox="[172,1410,1778,2032]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE8FF964" blockId="20.[151,1436,1666,1763]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF0CD7A2FE91F91C" bold="true" box="[151,266,1666,1691]" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Mean ± standard deviation and range of five call parameter measurements of Philippine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FB5CD7A3FA07F91C" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[1223,1436,1667,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FB5CD7A3FA07F91C" box="[1223,1436,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Kerivoula pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF5ED787FEC2F938" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[197,345,1703,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF5ED787FEC2F938" box="[197,345,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Descriptions of measurements given in methods.
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCE3D787FC1EF939" box="[888,901,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">p</emphasis>
|
||
-values represent results of Welch’s t-test comparing species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF477FFE7FF57D7D2FADDF868" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<table id="A9BFCBEBF477000CFF37D7D2FA19F877" box="[172,1410,1778,2032]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<tr id="658F3B09F477000CFF37D7D2FA19F8A8" box="[172,1410,1778,1839]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFF37D7D2FEA2F8A8" box="[172,313,1778,1839]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Species</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFEC4D7D2FEE3F8A8" box="[351,376,1778,1839]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">n</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFE23D7D2FDB0F8A8" box="[440,555,1778,1839]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Duration (ms)</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFDEED7D2FC8BF8A8" box="[629,784,1778,1839]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Start frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFCD6D7D2FC42F8A8" box="[845,985,1778,1839]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Terminal fre- quency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFB8CD7D2FB2BF8A8" box="[1047,1200,1778,1839]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Bandwidth (kHz)</th>
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFB7DD7D2FA19F8A8" box="[1254,1410,1778,1839]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">Peak frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="658F3B09F477000CFF37D61EFA19F8D0" box="[172,1410,1854,1879]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFF37D61EFEA2F8D0" box="[172,313,1854,1879]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF2ED660FEABF8D0" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[181,304,1855,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF2ED660FEABF8D0" box="[181,304,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFEC4D61EFEE3F8D0" box="[351,376,1854,1879]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">5</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFE23D61EFDB0F8D0" box="[440,555,1854,1879]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">2.17 ± 1.12</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFDEED61EFC8BF8D0" box="[629,784,1854,1879]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">194.19 ± 20.14</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFCD6D61EFC42F8D0" box="[845,985,1854,1879]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">55.53 ± 17.28</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB8CD61EFB2BF8D0" box="[1047,1200,1854,1879]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">132.39 ± 4.90</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB7DD61EFA19F8D0" box="[1254,1410,1854,1879]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">138.92 ± 11.92</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="658F3B09F477000CFF37D642FA19F8FC" box="[172,1410,1890,1915]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFE23D642FDB0F8FC" box="[440,555,1890,1915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">4.17-1.47</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFDEED642FC8BF8FC" box="[629,784,1890,1915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">221.08-169.5</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFCD6D642FC42F8FC" box="[845,985,1890,1915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">80.49-33.92</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB8CD642FB2BF8FC" box="[1047,1200,1890,1915]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">139.14-126.65</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB7DD642FA19F8FC" box="[1254,1410,1890,1915]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">147.43-118.14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="658F3B09F477000CFF37D6ABFA19F84F" box="[172,1410,1931,1992]" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFF37D6ABFEA2F84F" box="[172,313,1931,1992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F477FFE7FF37D6ACFEA2F824" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[172,313,1931,1955]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF37D6ACFEA2F824" box="[172,313,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFEC4D6ABFEE3F84F" box="[351,376,1931,1992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">16</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFE23D6ABFDB0F84F" box="[440,555,1931,1992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">1.77 ± 0.56 2.73-0.84</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFDEED6ABFC8BF84F" box="[629,784,1931,1992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">194.38 ± 18.75 223.06-160.4</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFCD6D6ABFC42F84F" box="[845,985,1931,1992]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">75.77 ± 15.55 107.51-48.24</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB8CD6ABFB2BF84F" box="[1047,1200,1931,1992]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">112.19 ± 25.85 152.02-66.03</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB7DD6ABFA19F84F" box="[1254,1410,1931,1992]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">138.09 ± 5.69 144.74-125.06</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="658F3B09F477000CFF37D6F7FA19F877" box="[172,1410,2007,2032]" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="265E5275F477000CFF37D6F7FEA2F877" box="[172,313,2007,2032]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FF56D6F8FF41F868" box="[205,218,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">p</emphasis>
|
||
-value
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFE23D6F7FDB0F877" box="[440,555,2007,2032]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FE59D6F8FE54F868" box="[450,463,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.028
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFDEED6F7FC8BF877" box="[629,784,2007,2032]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">n.s.</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFCD6D6F7FC42F877" box="[845,985,2007,2032]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FCF8D6F8FCEBF868" box="[867,880,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB8CD6F7FB2BF877" box="[1047,1200,2007,2032]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F477FFE7FBA8D6F8FBDBF868" box="[1075,1088,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="265E5275F477000CFB7DD6F7FA19F877" box="[1254,1410,2007,2032]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="474">n.s.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F476FFE6FF0CD69CFA81F852" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3736834" box="[151,1306,1980,2005]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736834/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="475" startId="21.[151,250,1980,2005]" targetBox="[400,1188,181,1955]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF476FFE6FF0CD69CFA81F852" blockId="21.[151,1306,1980,2005]" box="[151,1306,1980,2005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F476FFE6FF0CD69CFE88F852" bold="true" box="[151,275,1980,2005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="475">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F476FFE6FE21D69DFDD9F852" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[442,578,1981,2005]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="475" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F476FFE6FE21D69DFDD9F852" box="[442,578,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="475">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cranium and mandible, FMNH 202779 from Bohol Island, Philippines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F475FFE5FF0CD69FFA8BF85F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736836" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3736836" box="[151,1296,1983,2008]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736836/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="476" startId="22.[151,250,1983,2008]" targetBox="[394,1193,181,1957]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF475FFE5FF0CD69FFA8BF85F" blockId="22.[151,1296,1983,2008]" box="[151,1296,1983,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F475FFE5FF0CD69FFE88F85F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1983,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="476">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F475FFE5FE21D6E0FDAEF85F" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[442,565,1984,2008]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="476" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F475FFE5FE21D6E0FDAEF85F" box="[442,565,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="476">K. papillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cranium and mandible, FMNH 205342 from Luzon Island, Philippines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F474FFE4FF0CD2AAFE30FC40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3736838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736838/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" startId="23.[151,250,906,931]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,881]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF474FFE4FF0CD2AAFE30FC40" blockId="23.[151,1436,906,967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FF0CD2AAFEBAFC24" bold="true" box="[151,289,906,931]" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of upper toothrow and lower incisors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F474FFE4FCD6D2ABFC4DFC24" baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[845,982,907,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FCD6D2ABFC4DFC24" box="[845,982,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">K. hardwickii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH 202779, A and B) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F474FFE4FA84D2ABFA07FC24" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1311,1436,907,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FA84D2ABFA07FC24" box="[1311,1436,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">K. papillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH 205342, C and D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F474FFE4FF0CD64CFC93F82E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3736840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736840/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" startId="23.[151,250,1900,1925]" targetBox="[162,1422,997,1869]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF474FFE4FF0CD64CFC93F82E" blockId="23.[151,1437,1900,1961]" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FF0CD64CFE84F802" bold="true" box="[151,287,1900,1925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Power spectra, waveform and spectrograms of representative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F474FFE4FC00D64DFB8CF802" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1854" box="[923,1047,1901,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FC00D64DFB8CF802" box="[923,1047,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">K. pellucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F474FFE4FBD1D64DFB4CF802" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[1098,1239,1901,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F474FFE4FBD1D64DFB4CF802" box="[1098,1239,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="477">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls (frequency in kilohertz on y-axis, time in milliseconds on x-axis; FFT 512).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8FC069C3F47BFFEBFF0CD4FCFB4AF9BB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736842" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3736842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3736842/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" startId="24.[151,250,1500,1525]" targetBox="[153,1432,182,1474]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF47BFFEBFF0CD4FCFB4AF9BB" blockId="24.[151,1437,1500,1597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFF0CD4FCFEBBFA72" bold="true" box="[151,288,1500,1525]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Photo composite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F47BFFEBFE6AD4FDFDE6FA73" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[497,637,1500,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFE6AD4FDFDE6FA73" box="[497,637,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venter with membrane attachment to foot and bicolor pelage (A), dorsum with fur-lined legs and feet (B), head with pointed tragus and high forehead (C), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) pelage with three distinct color bands. A and C: FMNH 205818, Cebu I.; B: FMNH 191330, Luzon I.; D–E: FMNH 205819, Cebu I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB00394BF47BFFEBFF5CD74BFAC7F84E" blockId="24.[151,1436,1643,1993]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFF5CD74BFEBDF902" bold="true" box="[199,294,1643,1669]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F47BFFEBFEAFD74BFDBEF902" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[308,549,1643,1669]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFEAFD74BFDBEF902" box="[308,549,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Kerivoula whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a broad tolerance of vegetation
|
||
<typeStatus id="040487E9F47BFFEBFC71D74BFBBEF902" box="[1002,1061,1643,1669]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and elevations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF47BFFEBFA8CD74BFA03F902" box="[1303,1432,1643,1669]" name="Philippines" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from highly disturbed and fragmented lowland forest near sea level, to pristine montane forest at
|
||
<quantity id="1C4794AEF47BFFEBFB62D7AEFACBF92E" box="[1273,1360,1678,1705]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.465" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" unit="m" value="1465.0">1465 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFE91D793FE30F94A" author="Sedlock, J. L." box="[266,427,1715,1741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="163 - 201" refId="ref19520" refString="Sedlock, J. L. (2002) Autecology and the conservation of insectivorous bats on Mt. Makiling, Philippines. Silliman Journal, 42 (1), 163 - 201." type="journal article" year="2002">Sedlock 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFE23D793FD03F94A" author="Sedlock, J. L. & Weyandt, S. E. & Cororan, L. & Damerow, M. & Hwa, S. & Pauli, B." box="[440,664,1715,1741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="349 - 358" refId="ref19754" refString="Sedlock, J. L., Weyandt, S. E., Cororan, L., Damerow, M., Hwa, S. & Pauli, B. (2008) Bat diversity in tropical forest and agropastoral habitats within a protected area in the Philippines. Acta Chiropterologica, 10 (2), 349 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 150811008 X 414926" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Sedlock
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFD80D794FDD5F94A" box="[539,590,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFD3ED793FD44F94A" author="Sedlock, J. L. & Ingle, N. R. & Balete, D. S." box="[677,735,1715,1741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref19555" refString="Sedlock, J. L., Ingle, N. R. & Balete, D. S. (2011) Enhanced sampling of bat assemblages: a field test on Mount Banahaw, Luzon. Fieldiana: Life and Earth Sciences, 2, 96 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.3158 / 2158 - 5520 - 2.1.96" type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFCAFD793FB89F949" author="Heaney, L. R. & Balete, D. S. & Rickart, E. A." box="[820,1042,1715,1742]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" refId="ref17242" refString="Heaney, L. R., Balete, D. S. & Rickart, E. A. (2016) The Mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. xi + 287 pp." type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Heaney
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFC09D794FC5EF94A" box="[914,965,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has also been reported in karst areas within disturbed forest on limestone in the central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF47BFFEBFC8FD7F7FC09F976" box="[788,914,1751,1777]" name="Philippines" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="197BF7A9F47BFFEBFC75D7F7FBD6F976" box="[1006,1101,1751,1777]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFB33D7F7FA03F976" author="Esselstyn, J. A. & Widmann, P. & Heaney, L. R." box="[1192,1432,1751,1777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="271 - 302" refId="ref16343" refString="Esselstyn, J. A., Widmann, P. & Heaney, L. R. (2004) The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 117, 271 - 302." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Esselstyn
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFA87D7F8FAD5F976" box="[1308,1358,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sedlock
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFF62D7DCFEB0F892" box="[249,299,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014). Pregnant females have been captured in April, June and August, suggesting an asynchronous reproductive period as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F47BFFEBFE2CD63FFDBCF8BE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[439,551,1823,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFE2CD63FFDBCF8BE" box="[439,551,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Kerivoula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF47BFFEBFCBAD63FFC13F8BE" box="[801,904,1823,1849]" name="Malaysia" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFC0DD63FFB0AF8BE" author="Nurul-Ain, E. & Rosli, H. & Kingston, T." box="[918,1169,1823,1849]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="382 - 394" refId="ref18568" refString="Nurul-Ain, E., Rosli, H. & Kingston, T. (2017) Resource availability and roosting ecology shape reproductive phenology of rain forest insectivorous bats. Biotropica, 49, 382 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12430" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Nurul-Ain
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFB8FD600FBD6F8BE" box="[1044,1101,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No reports of roosting behavior exist from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A3A879DBF47BFFEBFE39D663FDBFF8DA" box="[418,548,1859,1885]" name="Philippines" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The authors have observed its slow and maneuverable flight, and its keen ability to quickly find and retreat into hollows or holes when released within a flight tent or room. For example, one individual flew up the leg of a pair of pants hanging over a line within minutes of release. When perching on the net wall of the flight tent,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CBF42C8F47BFFEBFE09D690FDB6F84E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[402,557,1967,1993]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whiteheadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CBE559F47BFFEBFE09D690FDB6F84E" box="[402,557,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="478">K. whiteheadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
curls up with its head upright rather than hanging down (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BF2E44BAF47BFFEBFB2BD68FFACBF84E" author="Sedlock, J. L." box="[1200,1360,1967,1993]" pageId="24" pageNumber="478" pagination="163 - 201" refId="ref19520" refString="Sedlock, J. L. (2002) Autecology and the conservation of insectivorous bats on Mt. Makiling, Philippines. Silliman Journal, 42 (1), 163 - 201." type="journal article" year="2002">Sedlock 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |