296 lines
33 KiB
XML
296 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="4E41CD236D76D6C8CC5506B998692FC4" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3609[1:IORBWN]2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389278" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630310183808" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G. & ÖZbek, Hikme T." docDate="2008" docId="216487AB287BD45EE174A4352E21FAB4" docLanguage="en" docName="N3609.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3609 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2008)3609%5B1%3AIORBWN%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Systropha planidens Giraud 1861" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="DD5DFFD32874D44CE248A5612C59FFB4" masterDocTitle="Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1699222430877" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E98C8E8AD50D45705E51482708992A54">
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<mods:title id="4F6FCDDB44BC538F662CBA99F95A742A">Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BC17D5259F9D9A3800F2463982EEC176">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6AC78BF2C2F00647EC3F94D215CAC344">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C498A39D790997B2217E091BE3AEE159">ÖZbek, Hikme T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="01D58D9D3B77CB08DAEFDCB195B17BE6">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D735005E1616F7424AE505DE05422BF3">
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<mods:date id="11AF6DFD1D8B1E122A2235EB8D334FAA">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1EAB403107F180A055CDF66D4C4F84F9">2008-04-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5F34949073BCC2AB8A147F8605426E51">3609</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="59644B2D6ACACF835F10795BE77B7C8C">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2008)3609%5B1%3AIORBWN%5D2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="D04A9172B24C58DED62E17FD2CDFF9DB" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3609[1:IORBWN]2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="216487AB287BD45EE174A4352E21FAB4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:216487AB287BD45EE174A4352E21FAB4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/216487AB287BD45EE174A4352E21FAB4" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="E1D76536287BD443E174A4352FB4FE39" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E174A4352FA4FED8" blockId="15.[828,1021,340,364]" box="[828,1021,340,364]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="F23A81D1287BD443E174A4352FA4FED8" box="[828,1021,340,364]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E174A4352FA4FED8" ID-CoL="5458D" authority="Giraud" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1861" box="[828,1021,340,364]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planidens">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E174A4352FFAFED8" box="[828,931,340,364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">planidens</emphasis>
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Giraud
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E104A4142FB4FE39" blockId="15.[844,1005,373,397]" box="[844,1005,373,397]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="F23A81D1287BD443E104A4142FB4FE39" box="[844,1005,373,397]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="31F62A38287BD443E104A4142FB4FE39" box="[844,1005,373,397]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="16.[151,198,962,984]" captionStartId-1="17.[112,159,1481,1503]" captionTargetBox-0="[288,1066,210,928]" captionTargetBox-1="[90,1186,210,1447]" captionTargetId-0="figure-349@16.[288,1066,210,928]" captionTargetId-1="figure-64@17.[90,1187,209,1447]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="Figs. 38–41. Systropha planidens. 38. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 39. Head, frontal view. 40, 41. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to fig. 38." captionText-1="Figs. 42–46. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of Systropha planidens. 42. Head, frontal view. 43. Left antenna. 44. Close-up of left mandible, outer view, showing outer, apical tubercle cluster and sinuate shape of apex. 45. Apex of labiomaxillary region. 46. Close-up of salivary opening identified by rectangle in fig. 45." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389306" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389308" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5389306/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5389308/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 38–46</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E1D76536287BD45CE0F8A4CF2895FB7E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E0F8A4CF2FFDFD20" blockId="15.[662,1188,430,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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DIAGNOSIS: Because of its projecting labiomaxillary regions, this species can easily be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E133A4882878FDB5" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1901" box="[891,1057,489,513]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Conanthalictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E133A4882878FDB5" box="[891,1057,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Conanthalictus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The clear presence of the articulating arm of the stipes separates it from all known
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E648A7452831FD88" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[1024,1128,548,572]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E648A7452831FD88" box="[1024,1128,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E0DEA7202F60FDED" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1907" box="[662,825,577,601]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E0DEA7202F60FDED" box="[662,825,577,601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and characters presented in the key will enable it to be separated from the other taxa treated here.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E0F8A7FB2F41FCBF" blockId="15.[662,1188,430,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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HEAD (figs. 39, 42): Integument of head capsule as described for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E1E7A7D928C4FD64" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[943,1181,696,720]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E1E7A7D928C4FD64" box="[943,1181,696,720]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Integument unpigmented except for mandibular apices.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E0F8A6702F78FBE4" blockId="15.[662,1188,430,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Other head features as described for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E0DEA64E2FD4FCF3" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[662,909,815,839]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E0DEA64E2FD4FCF3" box="[662,909,815,839]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except for following: median longitudinal thickening of head capsule absent; antennal disc moderate in size, its diameter about 0.8 times distance between its lower margin and center of anterior tentorial pit; antennal papilla projecting less than onehalf basal diameter; labrum with low labral tubercles (rather than merely bilobed as in
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E6C0A69C2F4BFB87" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E6C0A69C2F4BFB87" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) though not surpassing clypeus in lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD443E0F8A1372FD3F9BF" blockId="15.[662,1188,430,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Mandible (figs. 40, 41) as described for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E0DEA1152FDEFB38" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[662,903,1140,1164]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E0DEA1152FDEFB38" box="[662,903,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except more sinuate in aboral and adoral views (figs. 40, 44) and tubercle cluster less projecting on outer surface (fig. 41). Labiomaxillary region projecting in lateral view but not as strongly as in
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E0DEA0662EA7FAAB" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[662,766,1287,1311]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E0DEA0662EA7FAAB" box="[662,766,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E172A0662F84FAAB" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1907" box="[826,989,1287,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E172A0662F84FAAB" box="[826,989,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sphecodosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Inner surface of lower lip with parallel ridges (figs. 45, 46) similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E139A023284BFAEE" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[881,1042,1346,1370]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E139A023284BFAEE" box="[881,1042,1346,1370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; microstructure of inner surface of upper lip uncertain. Other feature of maxilla and labium as described for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E175A0FA2FBAFA07" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[829,995,1435,1459]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E175A0FA2FBAFA07" box="[829,995,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, except for following: articulating arm of stipital sclerite evident. Hypopharynx as described for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E0DEA0922FDAF9BF" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[662,899,1523,1547]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E0DEA0922FDAF9BF" box="[662,899,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A97236BD287BD45CE0F8A3702895FB7E" blockId="15.[662,1188,430,1754]" lastBlockId="16.[701,1228,1056,1754]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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BODY: Integument as described for predefecating
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E287BD443E15CA34E285BF9F3" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[788,1026,1583,1607]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF287BD443E15CA34E285BF9F3" box="[788,1026,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dufourea holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Body shape- [?or change ‘‘form’’ 3X in this same clause to ‘‘larva’’?] of postdefecating form unknown; intersegmental lines moderately weakly incised on predefecating form, unknown on postdefecating form; paired prothoracic dorsal tubercles present, more sharply defined but apparently smaller than those of mesothorax, metathorax, and most abdominal segments (fig. 38); all tubercles conical (not transverse); midbody tubercles appearing apically rounded but with apical surfaces thicker and finely wrinkled, so that those of postdefecating larva possibly truncate; abdominal segment 9 strongly produced ventrally; abdominal segment 10 positioned dorsally on 9 as seen in lateral view (fig. 38); on predefecating larva, ventral integument of segments 9 extended, causing segment 10 to be partly tilted and making anus appear somewhat dorsally on 10; ventral integument of segment 9 on postdefecating larva unknown. Spiracles small; those of thorax slightly larger than those of abdomen, those of predefecating larva without sclerites; those of postdefecating larva unknown; other spiracular features as describe for
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2864D45CE2E1A30B2D10F936" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[169,329,1642,1666]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Teloschistaceae" genus="Dufourea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Teloschistales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="holocyanea">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE2E1A30B2D10F936" box="[169,329,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D. holocyanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except subatrium consisting of about 10 chambers. Male with median, transverse, integumental scar ventrally near apex of protrusion of segment 9 of predefecating larva, unknown on postdefecating larva; female sexual characters visible on predefecating larva as small, paired, ventral, pale, subcutaneous imaginal discs arranged sublaterally on abdominal segments 7, 8, and 9, with those of 7 farthest apart and those of 9 closest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="FDB266352864D45CE2DFA6A32FCCFC46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389306/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,198,962,984]" targetBox="[288,1066,210,928]" targetPageId="16">
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<paragraph id="A97236BD2864D45CE2DFA6A32892FC6C" blockId="16.[128,1227,962,1010]" box="[151,1227,962,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Figs. 38–41.
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<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2864D45CE365A6A32DAFFC63" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1861" box="[301,502,962,983]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planidens">
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE365A6A32DAFFC63" box="[301,502,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Systropha planidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE04EA6A32E47FC6C" bold="true" box="[518,542,962,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">38</emphasis>
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. Predefecating larva, lateral view.
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<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE1C3A6A32FFAFC6C" bold="true" box="[907,931,962,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">39</emphasis>
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. Head, frontal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE6CEA6A3289CFC6C" bold="true" box="[1158,1221,962,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">40, 41</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2864D45CE2C8A6BD2FCCFC46" blockId="16.[128,1227,962,1010]" box="[128,917,988,1010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to fig. 38.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E1D765362864D45CE090A1B128E5FAE9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2864D45CE090A1B128E5FAE9" blockId="16.[701,1228,1056,1754]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="19A53CE02864D45CE090A1B128E1FAE9" collectingDate="2001-07-01" collectingDateMax="2001-07-04" collectingDateMin="2001-07-01" collectorName="J. G. Rozen & H. Ozbek" country="Turkey" latitude="39.9025" location="Ataturk University" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="41.235832" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Erzurum">
|
||
MATERIAL STUDIED: 4 predefecating larva,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D1DA762D2864D45CE0F5A18F2F4AFAB2" box="[701,787,1262,1286]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6B09F85F2864D45CE16FA18F2FC9FAB2" box="[807,912,1262,1286]" country="Turkey" name="Erzurum" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Erzurum</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="AC1260662864D45CE1EAA18F28DDFAB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:216487AB287BD45EE174A4352E21FAB4:AC1260662864D45CE1EAA18F28DDFAB2" box="[930,1156,1262,1286]" country="Turkey" latitude="39.9025" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="41.235832" name="Ataturk University" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Erzurum">Atatürk University</location>
|
||
campus,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CCF9507A2864D45CE0B2A06A2F3FFA96" box="[762,870,1290,1315]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="15" seconds="9" value="39.9025">
|
||
N 39
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE170A06A2F1BFA97" bold="true" box="[824,834,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">°</emphasis>
|
||
54
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE115A06B2F3FFA96" bold="true" box="[861,870,1290,1314]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
09
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE1C8A06B2FD0FA96" bold="true" box="[896,905,1290,1314]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">0</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CCF9507A2864D45CE1DFA06A2FA6FA96" box="[919,1023,1290,1315]" degrees="41" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="15" seconds="9" value="41.235832">
|
||
E 41
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE199A06A2F82FA97" bold="true" box="[977,987,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">°</emphasis>
|
||
14
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE1BEA06B2FA6FA96" bold="true" box="[1014,1023,1290,1314]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">9</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
06
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2864D45CE651A06B287BFA96" bold="true" box="[1049,1058,1290,1314]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">0</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="DD73107D2864D45CE67FA06A2892FA97" box="[1079,1227,1291,1315]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="CD37E9952864D45CE67FA06A2892FA97" box="[1079,1227,1291,1315]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-04">July 4, 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="0438536B2864D45CE08FA0492F0AFAF4" box="[711,851,1320,1344]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J.G. Rozen</collectorName>
|
||
); 2 predefecating larvae, same except
|
||
<date id="DD73107D2864D45CE146A0242FC1FAE9" box="[782,920,1349,1373]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="CD37E9952864D45CE146A0242FC1FAE9" box="[782,920,1349,1373]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-01">July 1, 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="0438536B2864D45CE1E3A0242876FAE9" box="[939,1071,1349,1373]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J.G. Rozen</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="0438536B2864D45CE674A02428E9FAE9" box="[1084,1200,1345,1373]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. Özbek</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E1D765362864D45EE090A0022E21FAB4" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2864D45EE090A0022D11FBF7" blockId="16.[701,1228,1056,1754]" lastBlockId="18.[128,654,211,1210]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
REMARKS: We studied two nests of this species
|
||
<date id="DD73107D2864D45CE159A0E12FC2FA2C" box="[785,923,1408,1432]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-01">July 1, 2001</date>
|
||
, on the campus of Atatürk University (see fig. 63). Main burrows were open, with diameters of 5.0 and 5.5 mm, and descended more or less vertically. Cells were arranged singly and occurred between the depths of 8 and
|
||
<quantity id="6E359B582864D45CE13EA3722FE6F99F" box="[886,959,1555,1579]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Because the nests were still early in construction, other cells would likely have been added at lower depths. Cells, symmetrical around their long axis, were nearly horizontal, their rears tilted slightly downward. They appeared ovoid (fig. 47), like the cells of other rophitines, in that their length ranged from 9.5 to 12.0 mm (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CCF9507A2865D45DE044A3062E04F9CB" box="[524,605,1639,1663]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="5.05">
|
||
N
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE066A3062E1DF9CB" bold="true" box="[558,580,1639,1663]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5</emphasis>
|
||
3
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and their maximum diameter was 8.0 mm (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CCF9507A2865D45DE007A3E42CD3F90F" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="2" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="5.0333333">
|
||
N
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE210A3C22C37F90F" bold="true" box="[88,110,1699,1723]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">5</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). Cell walls were dull, smooth, without any evidence of a shiny lining, but the fine- grained surface was presumably smoothed by some activity of the female. When a water droplet was applied to the wall, the droplet was absorbed almost immediately. A number of cell walls had irregular gouges (fig. 47), very possibly created by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE382A5902E63FEBD" baseAuthorityName="Warnke" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[458,570,241,265]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE382A5902E63FEBD" box="[458,570,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Systropha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female removing cleptoparasite eggs with her mandibles.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE28FA44D2E4EFEF7" authority="(Panzer)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[199,535,299,324]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Biastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE28FA44D2DFAFEF0" box="[199,419,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Biastes brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(Panzer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE07BA44A2ED3FEF7" box="[563,650,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Nomadinae: Biastini), a confirmed parasite of this and another species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE055A4062D62FE28" authority="(Warnke, 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Warnke" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE055A4062ED4FECB" box="[541,653,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Systropha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5C4B4C2866D45EE2CFA4E52D6AFE28" author="Warnke, K." box="[135,307,388,412]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="97 - 126" refId="ref20441" refString="Warnke, K. 1982. Zur Systematik der Bienen - die Unterfamilie Nomadinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Entomofauna 3: 97 - 126." type="journal article" year="1982">Warnke, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was collected in the area. One cell closure (fig. 48) was shallowly concave on the inner surface and had 3–4 coils to the radius. Laterals, backfilled after cell closure, were
|
||
<quantity id="6E359B582866D45EE2F7A49B2D71FDA6" box="[191,296,506,530]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CCF9507A2866D45EE3E5A49B2E59FDA6" box="[429,512,506,530]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="2" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="925" value="5.0333333">
|
||
N
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE387A49B2DBCFDA6" bold="true" box="[463,485,506,530]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">5</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). Provisions were spherical, and two were 5.0 mm in diameter. The above information is consistent with that presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5C4B4C2866D45EE3F0A7322ED7FDDF" author="Malyshev, S. I." box="[440,654,595,619]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="21 - 26" refId="ref19574" refString="Malyshev, S. I. 1925 a. The nesting of bees of the genus Systropha Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 19: 21 - 26. [in Russian, English summary]" type="journal article" year="1925">Malyshev (1925a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concerning the nesting biology of this species, the larva of which, as he points out, ‘‘spins a cocoon and ejects excrements’’ and ‘‘hibernates curled up and lying freely in the cocoon.’’
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5C4B4C2866D45EE2C8A7872DE4FD4A" author="Grozdanic, S. & Z. Vasic" box="[128,445,742,767]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="169 - 173" refId="ref19533" refString="Grozdanic, S., and Z. Vasic. 1968. Biologische Beobachtungen an Systropha planidens Gir. (Apoidea, Hymenoptera) [abstract]. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgrade 23: 169 - 173." type="journal article" year="1968">Grozdanić and Vasić (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described nests of this species and reported that one nest was
|
||
<quantity id="6E359B582866D45EE2C8A6402C9DFC8D" box="[128,196,801,825]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="48.0">48 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep, far deeper than ours. In most other respects the nest construction was similar to that of our nests including burrow diameter and cell size. However, they reported that inner surface of the cells were shiny (‘‘glänzed’’); we think this is unlikely since all other rophitines about which we have information characteristically have dull inner surfaces, including those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE2E9A16F2D7EFB92" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1861" box="[161,295,1038,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE2E9A16F2D7EFB92" box="[161,295,1038,1062]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. planidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preserved in the AMNH from the current study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FDB266352865D45DE238A0A82CF9F99B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389308" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389308" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389308/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[112,159,1481,1503]" targetBox="[90,1186,210,1447]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2865D45DE238A0A82CF9F99B" blockId="17.[88,1188,1481,1583]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Figs. 42–46. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2865D45DE08AA0A82FD0FA6A" authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1861" box="[706,905,1481,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE08AA0A82FD0FA6A" box="[706,905,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Systropha planidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE1DEA0A82FF7FA6B" bold="true" box="[918,942,1481,1503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">42</emphasis>
|
||
. Head, frontal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE6CDA0A828C4FA6B" bold="true" box="[1157,1181,1481,1503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">43</emphasis>
|
||
. Left antenna.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE2A3A0852D5AFA4E" bold="true" box="[235,259,1508,1530]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">44</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up of left mandible, outer view, showing outer, apical tubercle cluster and sinuate shape of apex.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE2B9A09F2D50F9A0" bold="true" box="[241,265,1534,1556]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45</emphasis>
|
||
. Apex of labiomaxillary region.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2865D45DE01EA09F2E37F9A0" bold="true" box="[598,622,1534,1556]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">46</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up of salivary opening identified by rectangle in fig. 45.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2866D45EE2D2A12B2CADFB0E" blockId="18.[128,654,211,1210]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5C4B4C2866D45EE2D2A12B2D89FBD6" author="Batra, S. W. T. & C. D. Michener" box="[154,464,1098,1122]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="650 - 658" refId="ref18964" refString="Batra, S. W. T., and C. D. Michener. 1966. The nest and description of a new bee, Systropha punjabensis from India (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39: 650 - 658." type="journal article" year="1966">Batra and Michener (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a nest and an immature larva of the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE2C8A1E42CADFB0E" authority="Batra and Michener." class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Systropha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punjabensis" subGenus="Systropha">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE2C8A1E42CA9FB29" box="[128,240,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Systropha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE34DA1E42D2CFB29" box="[261,373,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Systropha</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE3C3A1E42E50FB29" box="[395,521,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">punjabensis</emphasis>
|
||
Batra and Michener.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97236BD2866D45EE2DDA1892E21FAB4" blockId="18.[149,632,1256,1281]" box="[149,632,1256,1281]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Mature Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECD4D3E2866D45EE324A1882E21FAB4" box="[364,632,1256,1281]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE324A1882D94FAB5" box="[364,461,1257,1281]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rophites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="9BB9EAAF2866D45EE397A1882E36FAB5" box="[479,623,1257,1281]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhophitoides</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |