519 lines
70 KiB
XML
519 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5ADBB8B315C04A3F121C7B98BABDF8E1">The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A480459D2A9F60102CF410373440E19">Huber, Bernhard A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D0190D39753572F4658F3B2488246E5">Eberle, Jonas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95B2B93D16DA8FFE11A15D5B4407E381">Dimitrov, Dimitar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="01B51DE29FDE67E6E398EDDACBBCA0E7">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7AB56F5503062F09D60E66D3FABAD4F6">789</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BA9BE32660655553C408A9707825CABC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148671560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" scope_family="Pholcidae" scope_order="Araneae" scope_subFamily="Arteminae">
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<subSubSection id="19F8E54EE6AE9B3019F0A003C854FF6B" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C123179B8FFE9926FB4E4E65831F8D96" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<pageBreakToken id="4E127E6B2D55F7604C233ACDCEDCABA2" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="start">Subfamily</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName id="CABCA51A9A0E681E3A9DCE71CC56F6F1" authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae Simon, 1893</taxonomicName>
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Figs 3, 4, 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C4C41A069AC123DACC0B1F9A44C88FB8" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B28AFAA0491577C7ECB961E03C9CB146" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="CF4E18111AEF13FE37FA3A86E4D24E9E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimeae" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisimeae">Modisimeae</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893: 484. Type genus
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<taxonomicName id="C98B6EAB8E9B9A417D01EAE635DF12DC" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893, by subsequent designation (
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<bibRefCitation id="DC2E3F10F718D7D5B4E09038372D41D5" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="966EE8F8F083B7B74D194B92EDC95590" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="B5F6BC24B93FA7A4CECE5750171532B6" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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Simon;
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<bibRefCitation id="A23FCD0F529F90892D47D636A3796DF6" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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: 216.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="7C5BE79DF2E3E0508D8E508CDEDB21B8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="AC8304D8EBA75C89F0D49CFF372A31CD" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="41423CAC8C0826F306A36AB8665A5D90" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="50ED6EFE46CCD5106FD53BA5A454BBAE" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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are the typical pholcids of the humid Neotropics, where they occupy a wide variety of microhabitats from leaf litter to high among the vegetation. This ecological variability is paralleled by a wide range of body forms, from tiny ground-dwelling forms (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="39DDB1128CB5242A5B4C3CE49BE8D6C3" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Gertsch 1982</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4BCC0475E30247F2DE3188383C4523AE" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="42" pageNumber="93" pagination="275 - 301" title="Diversity and endemism of pholcid spiders in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, with descriptions of four new species of the Atlantic Forest endemic genus Tupigea (Araneae: Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.524319" volume="45" year="2011">Huber and Rheims 2011</bibRefCitation>
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) to some of the largest pholcids with leg spans of over 15 cm (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="8A75015175675AB910A7961212062F65" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="281 - 300" title="Increased sampling blurs morphological and molecular species limits: revision of the Hispaniolan endemic spider genus Tainonia (Araneae: Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09017" volume="23" year="2009">Huber and Astrin 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="0396BC90086B34E4CD38156FE14AD2C6" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 60" title="Small scale endemism in Brazil's Atlantic Forest: 14 new species of Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae), each known from a single locality." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3942.1.1" volume="3942" year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="3621723E4E6B9BB598870BFA1F67EB99" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 178" title="The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1" volume="4395" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
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). With currently 480 species in 24 genera,
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<taxonomicName id="AEAE279276DACEA75BB7879345C72815" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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is one of the two large subfamilies of
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<taxonomicName id="108609196220BC4B024D9EA6F86EC3F1" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
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, with several species-rich genera (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="789139EAB1DFFCE7FEA4FE1FEAF6736B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Anopsicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anopsicus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anopsicus</taxonomicName>
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Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938;
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<taxonomicName id="F74FCD083D33044D5FC21B48B9006A4B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psilochorus</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893;
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<taxonomicName id="E05CC9D52358BCCAFF4E608FAC040205" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893;
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<taxonomicName id="1971FB25C15AEDDDE7DB05EBFC387DB8" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="BEDD2D81636F8B4E2DE9C7DCFC8D1D30" originalValue="González-Sponga">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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, 1998;
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<taxonomicName id="B676535CC4BB87F0A8331E2DCE7E5324" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="614D0A1D38EAA059182173512D88FA8D" originalValue="González-Sponga">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
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, 1998) and many undescribed species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6289658ADB1F551413A1595F6F4978A8" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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All previous analyses have supported this group (
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<bibRefCitation id="F4B2DA596FF38B4D167BB70BD6EAB17C" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1607737C7EF48EBCEF39FC1C4A8C3838" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 144" title="The pholcids of Australia (Araneae; Pholcidae): taxonomy, biogeography, and relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)260%3C0001:TPOAAP%3E2.0.CO;2" volume="260" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="FD46AD6032E48E3AC6B4B1C3EB673DB8" author="Bruvo-Mađaric, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="661 - 673" title="Phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): combined analysis using morphology and molecules." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.016" volume="37" year="2005">
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Bruvo
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<normalizedToken id="6AD673F1B1EBE65CFFCBA4CD7572427E" originalValue="Mađarić">Mađaric</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="999790E3611ED8720C248BEB20A00759" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), even though with minor differences in composition. The equivalent 'New World
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<normalizedToken id="01CF32E1BC95A7B2002E69A019938A41" originalValue="clade’">clade'</normalizedToken>
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in
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<bibRefCitation id="2CDD0C9A987AD83E8CE2FD8341418CFA" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 144" title="The pholcids of Australia (Araneae; Pholcidae): taxonomy, biogeography, and relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)260%3C0001:TPOAAP%3E2.0.CO;2" volume="260" year="2001">Huber (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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still included the Australian
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<taxonomicName id="56345B61EFA11F964EEAB099F831E41B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Wugigarra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wugigarra" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Wugigarra</taxonomicName>
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, a genus that has since been moved to
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<taxonomicName id="F238C7AD7949E01823BCCA914D25B715" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B6383A76E544E2EDFBCBE3AFC8B3A59" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). As a result,
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<taxonomicName id="7841F7CF8B1E3683CC72FD37D14E9AEE" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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is now considered to be restricted to the New World.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="896A570752672274BD47FE21936B6A21" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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Our analyses all recover
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<taxonomicName id="68779F9D51D3DAB7B1488F2F77165E67" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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, but with very low support values. This is possibly due to the mysterious Andean genus
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<taxonomicName id="1D44921DA3FEF88A5F70D551834AEF9D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893 (Figure 3) that is either included in
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<taxonomicName id="1015D085755459286391D0816EE582E9" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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(IQ-TREE) or not (RAxML). The position of
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<taxonomicName id="1147C5139E4A8B17B9DF224BA664A180" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
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has always been considered problematic.
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<bibRefCitation id="E5DE18CEFDC59881003F0D51FFE9F8F0" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Simon (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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created a separate taxon
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<normalizedToken id="DCB0F86C5A620468A335399D76393F4F" originalValue="“Prisculeae”">"Prisculeae"</normalizedToken>
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for this genus;
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<bibRefCitation id="399FA96B93B469E03C6C093AF78E45B2" author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="90 - 100" title="Studies on the Pholcidae, I. Notes on the genera Artema and Physocyclus (Araneae)." volume="170" year="1981">Brignoli (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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synonymized it with
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<taxonomicName id="4C8B289A84C273F0528CB3A3D221E51E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Physocyclus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Physocyclus</taxonomicName>
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; the first morphological cladistic analysis (
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<bibRefCitation id="4FB70F5B5F024A0413E58A1BC82E7F3B" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) supported the position of
|
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<taxonomicName id="64D02D5954F62637BFFAFFF4F9D12D67" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
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near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54150E98DF2507F1946B9C109043308B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Physocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Physocyclus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Physocyclus</taxonomicName>
|
||
but this result was explicitly doubted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B7D24F71F51AB042A47861626D8192BD" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 129). In the molecular analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02DE1BF98A4792226D56DB2031C53B4B" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8338972AA2C63E8A281FF1CC8CC58E4" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
was excluded because the positions of the included species varied dramatically among different types of analyses. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B28FD775252AB60EED1562B3259FE7A" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from (other)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DF001477A4FC01FA86F4018A6B79009" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of ALS piriform gland spigots and by the absence of a retrolateral apophysis on the male palpal coxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BBA4422F3CD71ECAEAE6CADD9F3F8AA2" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), i.e., it has retained plesiomorphic characters. A sister-group relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05019221107AE5502C8564F67A095EAB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9F603685AA5E4716F02A3D21A6A7699" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears thus plausible from a morphological point of view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3BE0C0759EC19E0DA2FC0FF3445BB83B" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA3C1BBCA892CF69C405839CB38D4C40" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A8D527130B3112DF6C067F8DB992A841" originalValue="‘Basal’">'Basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||
Modisiminae a Gen. n., sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9B185D10FAA89844001FFB5CD8B5DC66" originalValue="“Br16-50”">"Br16-50"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Brazil) b
|
||
<taxonomicName id="767B078C7CB35EB05F0D2E6662DBA58D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula andinensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andinensis">Priscula andinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
? (Venezuela) c Gen. n., sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="288B76E738F2467C5E083DDCDBD2F82A" originalValue="“Br16-196”">"Br16-196"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Brazil) d
|
||
<taxonomicName id="937A3C38C3FD098D5F1D9D378BC10D9E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tupigea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tupigea" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tupigea</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ED53C610D2E380B1C730DBF7EEFDDCC6" originalValue="“Br14-47”">"Br14-47"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Brazil) e
|
||
<taxonomicName id="270DBB83DACB74A30B232CF1FD0C488E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pisaboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pisaboa silvae" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvae">Pisaboa silvae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) f
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDC4A16800433D9AB2FC24060CCD86C1" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus imitatus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitatus">Psilochorus imitatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USA) g
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E231C5B85AB5CAF52B13996E4A5E856" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus incertus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incertus">Modisimus incertus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cuba).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="51AEAFA2713132AF0AC4800B56FD9BB3" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Despite the low support values, we thus consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA1AC5E7834EF1BEA86AE8E487A3036B" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA7D8FB567ED4B340A0644576A6EEC2B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
or not) a likely monophyletic group. Several morphological characters support
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BD692B1541C71699DB3CC7882DDA55EB" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(incl.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE6F4FB44D266710CEA0DB2049957E33" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
): an exposed tarsal organ; the reduction of epiandrous spigots (shared with 'other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D10DCBCBE9BF7C504A2075FF404B833A" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
'; see above); and a large distance between ALE and PME (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="473916B6BFDAA4E574CCA919800F935E" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As indicated above (section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="27729E798C59B0DDC7747888E3379FB2" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="section" section="Arteminae" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) our data weakly support a sister-group relationship between 'other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEF734AF481C9FE2EB417D8F88EAF6C7" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
' and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2FD73AFC432776564EEA84859E0CC41" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1654D780814654842CCDBA6C3F067818" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F790BF860E8BD2A834A0470F3D5B1E83" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many support values are extremely low, and the suggested relationships are thus unreliable (Figure 3). In addition, taxon sampling is very uneven, with some genera well represented (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F74D1F0CBC3B0E7C6843D5BB6F824484" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA80E136707B1EC03794B38D6BC437CA" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="638A0A36643A9C1057B257D39F996D22" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and others poorly represented or entirely missing (see below). However, several results are consistent among analyses and noteworthy for various reasons: they suggest groups that appear feasible in terms of biogeography; they suggest interesting evolutionary scenarios; and they suggest formal taxonomic changes, some of which have been suggested before based on morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2B90D031564B73A8013326BDFB33994F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Apart from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B1C1C2AFE781043ED4C15FBF0EBFDF9" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="333614FA5F231C85C5D0519001269579" originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||
branches within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF36551844B80370B7153B18C46AADB4" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lead to small South American unnamed taxa (Figure 3). In particular, the two species
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F922D2C3E66BA0A7FBFA8CF68DBCD0A" originalValue="“Br16-44”">"Br16-44"</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="CC157EF93F3152BAC15AD936B7AA873C" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
|
||
MACN270" are both tiny, with body lengths of 0.9 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Other
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E8548B54125F3268F4CC4D0D7E18C15A" originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||
branches lead to an unnamed Amazonian genus (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4D45C19EDBB5A4F5CC903CE52570037B" originalValue="“Br16-178”">"Br16-178"</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="420739B4117BAEC4D7CDDEEE3AE6A9C9" originalValue="“Br16-50”">"Br16-50"</normalizedToken>
|
||
; body lengths: 1.5-1.8 mm) and the Atlantic Forest genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2CF563AF7434BDB52D6B5C23DF6F0E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tupigea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tupigea" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tupigea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 (body lengths: 1.3-1.9 mm;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="883BCEDAA998D464F1ACFF38752E934A" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="398C85C1BBFC26D9B5740DC0676DD20F" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="42" pageNumber="93" pagination="275 - 301" title="Diversity and endemism of pholcid spiders in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, with descriptions of four new species of the Atlantic Forest endemic genus Tupigea (Araneae: Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.524319" volume="45" year="2011">Huber and Rheims 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This suggests a similar evolutionary scenario as proposed for 'other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="01AF82616F48E9E7EED8A8BEDC64C966" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
' above, i.e., that ancestral
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3B5D8764F214D0E7B8C324F22AD8AF8" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have been small ground-dwelling species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E20BB1C3A5CD7DD60E9E8A25BACE81E2" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
is once again the disturbing factor in this scenario: all known representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F89E9B6D326D6B0A4A49E2C719607D1" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
are medium-size to large spiders (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C1A78E1B0C6763B64AC72CDF9B44EAB0" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possibly surpassed (as far as body mass is concerned) by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="805EA43961DC8AA8FF434180C4FD7359" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Artema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artema" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Artema</taxonomicName>
|
||
only. In both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E87CD5229CD9107D3729DC9C1642D73B" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC7BBEB7B12F90DBD3D01BCFFF0B28FE" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the emerging picture is one of medium-sized forms missing or disappearing early, large forms experiencing little subsequent changes in body shape and poor subsequent speciation (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD9E3F18E39BE1CD59F4E46226F54BE5" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Artema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artema" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Artema</taxonomicName>
|
||
: currently eight species;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9897E4DCD6D8B56EB44937E1DC48C97B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
: currently 17 species), and small forms diversifying dramatically in size, shape, and numbers ('other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4093AA244D46ACA725CD7874A0E6C18B" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
': currently 91 species;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="374344B807924EDF2906E23674315F1E" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81E58B23406566C2BC57B99659F9526E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Priscula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Priscula" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Priscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
: currently 463 species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B4F6ECB450943EF9B45AEA89E61CFE5" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The next branch (Figure 3;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF29CC168777E8250E46344392CD6845" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Chibchea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chibchea" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chibchea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D2471AAC99AC0F86E5D7D6698C8EDC9" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pisaboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pisaboa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pisaboa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000) includes several South American genera, some of them diverse but poorly represented in our analyses (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="732812BED35D4119B65505359CD26FB2" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Chibchea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chibchea" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chibchea</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="365E66739F3178587F7FCF2C5EBFA82E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pisaboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pisaboa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pisaboa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B95E01AB8073D217F00E1676334C6E0" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Waunana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waunana" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Waunana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 was already suggested in the original descriptions of these genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0C80CCEA17B89B70694FB7877137B59" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), even though based on highly homoplastic characters (vertical hairs on male leg tibiae in high density; shape of apophysis on male palpal femur). A close relationship of these two genera with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1CAC837CB1C78AC3F4AD19B2E6CA04E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Chibchea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chibchea" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chibchea</taxonomicName>
|
||
either receives very low support (IQ-TREE, RAxML) or is not recovered (RogueNaRok); it is neither supported nor contradicted by morphology. Clearly, this clade needs a much denser sampling and the addition of missing taxa that are possibly related (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A343ECC85AB429375EC5271E5402EEA" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pomboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pomboa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pomboa</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2828F2C5070602E9C9D379B2FF9578C5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The next clade (Figure 3) includes all North and Central American and Caribbean taxa, suggesting that the ancestor of this clade arrived in the region from South America. This scenario was explicitly rejected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A42C4B9AF013052A8A99E6BBF49DE06" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on the supposed age of the group (~120-170 Ma). However, our upcoming analysis has not been able to confirm this age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F59746CE4B175CBDEFB9E03D95B262E2" author="Eberle, J" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8" year="2018">Eberle et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; we were not able to calculate convincing absolute ages from the data). The clade is recovered in most analyses (it is paraphyletic in the 4+ genes tree) but always with low support (only SH values are reasonable to high). The only geographic outlier in this clade is South American '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E8D3A88302050684317C68D405E74A83" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psilochorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
'. North American (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F0E9DE3DA35A82F9B38AB49A11A3383D" originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92F08DC6F5653E63F1ABD4D4BD678638" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psilochorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and South American '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E02E1F9C42D67004F1C92B383CB3449" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psilochorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
' each receive high to full support but are never resolved as sister taxa. Whether South American '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7660797A737CBD9BDD7D82983364D20" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Psilochorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilochorus" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psilochorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
' are ancestral within this large clade or represent a case of back-colonization is currently impossible to say; the internal nodes in this clade have partly too low support to favour a particular scenario. The inclusion of the Central American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="55F95BB42557FA15A8CABF36DD5850E5" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Ixchela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ixchela" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ixchela</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 in this clade fits the geographic pattern and contradicts a previous speculation (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48A01096C0876ABC879919FD13D83EF7" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92A84E3D3C36155667E2DBE26D11B1DB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Ixchela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ixchela" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ixchela</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be close to the South American genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E485F6033D7607C30E7730032D650AB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Aymaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aymaria" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aymaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000. In much the same way, the only Central American representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9983FD071467D1484FCD24A2A97B5F7" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1893 included in our analyses is placed in this group, far away from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A20AAB9D046500D63D7A09361309FBD1" originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4CED7B92ED63F7394811CE137CD7674" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the polyphyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9271500C941AD7B57373973DD6A24D91" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has long been suspected:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D6CB0A29293F775D6BC2E8723E48075" author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Association for Mexican Cave Studies, Bulletin" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="47 - 111" title="A report on some Mexican cave spiders." volume="4" year="1971">Gertsch 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2AA8C3001B996B10D666021764BCA802" author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="90 - 100" title="Studies on the Pholcidae, I. Notes on the genera Artema and Physocyclus (Araneae)." volume="170" year="1981">Brignoli 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C11934E5F545C8A3E7AB4F421E245F8" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology, London" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="587 - 599" title="Genital mechanics in some neotropical pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae), with implications for systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00063.x" volume="244" year="1998">Huber 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E11B4A8A03CCB8FBB6ADDCE989ED32F6" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Cuban endemic
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="F0296BFB09B040BD0D485320BA61B39B" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" start="start">genus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C1CA99779EBA6E49D7C1972B127A38" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Platnicknia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platnicknia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platnicknia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C6927E1EA54419F76883488EA1AAAA7" originalValue="Özdikmen">Oezdikmen</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Demir, 2009 is deeply nested within the large genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2122A5BAEB1788FCF5821CD1521EF90" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is resolved as sister to a distinctive group of Hispaniolan leaf-dwelling representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DF373379A6D81A7183C90DCE42981C2" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the "leaf-dwelling species group" in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="773FD265922F2A628BF09E994ABE0B06" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="42" pageNumber="93" pagination="244 - 299" title="High level of endemism in Haiti's last remaining forests: a revision of Modisimus (Araneae: Pholcidae) on Hispaniola, using morphology and molecules." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00559.x" volume="158" year="2010">Huber et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and synonymized below. Finally, the large genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1A0F3E9DD88D3A6D6CEE4E67C6B95B4" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Anopsicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anopsicus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anopsicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(63 described species) is poorly represented in our analyses. The three species included are all undescribed, do not group together, and are nested among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="053943A210EFCB926B983F58FC6E425A" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Modisimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since neither the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11A54072A045EF1609A99D2FFF0BA8E4" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Anopsicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anopsicus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anopsicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included nor is a potential close relative (or at least another species from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6CAD42155AC2036CF47D5AD317BA6067" originalValue="Yucatán">Yucatan</normalizedToken>
|
||
), the monophyly and position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDED1BBD912F3802952B4DA2FBBB84D8" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Anopsicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anopsicus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anopsicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
both remain dubious.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B0E115CF8CE3CDECE315F523F4B78C37" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Sister to the previous North and Central American and Caribbean clade is another large, entirely South American clade (Figure 3, bottom). The sister-group relationship is very poorly supported, but the monophyly of the South American clade has modest (4+ genes) to reasonable (RogueNaRok) support. It is divided into three subclades with reasonable to full support plus the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E957B10F5A91672D8B195B96FB86587" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Aymaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aymaria" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aymaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is represented by a single species and whose position within this clade is not convincingly resolved. The first subclade included is here informally called the '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA66618DF5AF5A5A55FD474029006DBE" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7243F9454608479FDCAEFC2395FC5D34" originalValue="clade’">clade'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 4); the second subclade is largely Venezuelan and thus called 'Venezuelan
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A0EA136E1BA157CC694CDFC26946BB94" originalValue="clade’">clade'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 5); the third subclade is the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFF1C668537F0201C108EDD0CB31FF82" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1B33071463EE1934F8B19BEB5FEC31E4" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="4592AB0AB579D5A6DE95A85C07C60D73" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCF7243E483E3E2A8656A33903128AB4" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A659568BC45D4BDE498816B8C2C9EFA" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Otavaloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otavaloa lisei" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lisei">Otavaloa lisei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) b
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8919B750908038A6D60E75F839ED97D3" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar maraba" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maraba">Mesabolivar maraba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) c
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FDF2A38F150FCEF8B06DC4B872CAD58" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Litoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoporus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Litoporus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D6248795357631466CB238447DED0A8B" originalValue="“Br16-153”">"Br16-153"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Brazil) d
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E7B654D9619CA22551B69053E24BB0A" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyaneotaeniatus">Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) e
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F8846C8B5E3804EAFFF069ED288470E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar kathrinae" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kathrinae">Mesabolivar kathrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) f
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49A93C39CE3641D89E3E2C1C0575BA95" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar saci" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saci">Mesabolivar saci</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="881E26134E4F2D010063FC52C79E8DE6" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="FC5185BB722A29ED30B7688013D3758A" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Figure 5. Venezuelan clade +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C43B79C9F5129C62A766EBDEE37D9F9D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Aymaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aymaria" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aymaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07EE22A1EFE2F73D5DD9A0C40405DEF3" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
|
||
a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9045AC8BD106A5B9EA3ABCC14271A79" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mecolaesthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecolaesthus yawaperi" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yawaperi">Mecolaesthus yawaperi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) b
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E1C176CE9B4BB6E6406F83DFB6C0597" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Aymaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aymaria" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aymaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FC96E454B465BDB2D2230CCD61CF0FD1" originalValue="“Br16-188”">"Br16-188"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Brazil) c
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1FE2D74B4226944752940439DCC0FF1" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia rubra" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubra">Carapoia rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) d
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B603ECEF9B733EA6BA6460BB4FB6F85" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia kaxinawa" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kaxinawa">Carapoia kaxinawa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) e
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4D6F00B25CEF39CBAB3E2F7951B564C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia pulchra" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Carapoia pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil) f
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6A236AF0B56A1CA0C6351C66519EF10" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia agilis" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">Carapoia agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brazil).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="54D4024997B1692DB013C3FD37A34DA9" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Within the '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35998BE8FE63561170BAEC641BF6A6CB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="13AFBA768EAE85E7ED04F1ECA7034C42" originalValue="clade’">clade'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 4), our analyses suggest two specific relationships that are likely to have drastic taxonomic consequences. First,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72D4FD12BB37E26CA7CA73FB4C53D700" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Litoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoporus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Litoporus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1893 is nested among
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1862E8DE4C9F668B642E026F34C2EFE2" originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
northern South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BDB1189ED45C45425B5E1F868D1363" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This has been suggested before (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2654CF9F4786D67D0A85A53C906E61AF" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but that previous analysis included a single species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC0ADC55F868A044EF3C087B4EFE5B6D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Litoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoporus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Litoporus</taxonomicName>
|
||
whose generic identity was uncertain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4CBE422C41F2C47B7ECA0C63D00979E" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="42" pageNumber="93" pagination="511 - 521" title="Litoporusiguassuensis Mello-Leitao, 1918 (Araneae, Pholcidae): camouflaged retreat, sexual dimorphism, female color polymorphism, intra-specific genital variation, and description of the male." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.12.001" volume="252" year="2013">Huber et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The present analyses include several unambiguous (Amazonian) representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="414318A92D6CFF1738B896463D1192BF" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Litoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoporus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Litoporus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our data support the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F67346A0954897F4A37E5940A1F3DDC0" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Litoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoporus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Litoporus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(full support) but also its position within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC121B37F1DDDA99F0EDD305AB8A7A16" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
(reasonable to high support). Second,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B43511D85E831BFC5E66995048A81721" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
is composed of two sub-clades:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7E225E28F4045695C40BEDAA286F3548" originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
northern South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58113663495F2B45BF367C600BDF8AE7" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and southern South American (largely Atlantic Forest) '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94060945060D1D8A4FE21450A9689B15" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
'. The southern sub-clade includes the monotypic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0AE7897FD4A7E86F66E0374B212CAF2" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Teuia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teuia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Teuia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 (synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88DD6E32F9A166546FA86DB20B2AAE5D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CB772CF110DF42AE97424DBA36241C4" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 178" title="The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1" volume="4395" year="2018">Huber 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E2FC81824A9015612728B36262EDC09" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Teuia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teuia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Teuia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not included but a putatively closely related species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4A32A2DFEED8294CE2348987674C264" lsidName="M. sepitus" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="sepitus">M. sepitus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Potential formal taxonomic changes are discussed in the Taxonomy section below. The close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AB32DEE989441C05968EA2E4A1DDC42" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Otavaloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Otavaloa" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Otavaloa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Huber, 2000 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AA6138F27AB0D4C661345E001F75677" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
is neither supported nor contradicted by morphological data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE9C0D4A8BEBEAE5DF11C6AC9986F481" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
|
||
The 'Venezuelan
|
||
<normalizedToken id="718E1E52AAD5F537553477BED73313A1" originalValue="clade’">clade'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 5) receives high to full support and is composed of several genera that are either known from Venezuela only (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C8ED9D443116739F1AEC65D6E18D84E" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Systenita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Systenita" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Systenita</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1893,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D196B84104344D535FA26C7E747C7728" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stenosfemuraia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenosfemuraia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenosfemuraia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FDEFBCAE59964724E810AF5CC9890AB4" originalValue="González-Sponga">Gonzalez-Sponga</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1998), from Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE167E96AF6A1733BB8872072A2FA1BB" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or from Venezuela plus neighboring countries (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49E773AA5F56F31553ED6E5E114FA6E4" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mecolaesthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecolaesthus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecolaesthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1893). A close relationship among these genera had been suspected before based on morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A76BFA0A143E29969690478BC670D337" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and molecular data have always supported this (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="14041DBF40193687ADE16C2BF3C19186" author="Bruvo-Mađaric, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="661 - 673" title="Phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): combined analysis using morphology and molecules." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.016" volume="37" year="2005">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0743CA85703B61E367A723C81A7C05AB" originalValue="Bruvo-Mađarić">Bruvo-Mađaric</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 28S data and combined analysis;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF19FF927E36ACEE13303B112607ED79" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our data suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A739964D29B8A4441BC795E449142DF" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDDBD5F8E4892E0C0343D00560411606" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mecolaesthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecolaesthus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecolaesthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but our taxon sampling is weak, the topology is unstable (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12ACBAAD7B41C08A71B18DE669F67FA5" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Systenita" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Systenita" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Systenita</taxonomicName>
|
||
is either nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="622D55FA13E50AACA262289D780A399F" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mecolaesthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecolaesthus" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecolaesthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
or not), and several internal nodes in the clade have low support. Formally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E085BBBBC00065643E1D34FBDBF3E611" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Coryssocnemis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryssocnemis" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coryssocnemis</taxonomicName>
|
||
still includes several obviously misplaced species: several Central American species (see
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5FC3F849DF34845EEB5BE358A731B748" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" start="start">above</pageBreakToken>
|
||
), and several Atlantic Forest (Brazilian) species whose identity is probably impossible to resolve (poor descriptions, lost types; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB6A68CBB79E4864E1C07A697392BD9A" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 348" title="New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2" volume="254" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7FED9894F5E025B8A595B0F4ED359CBB" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 178" title="The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1" volume="4395" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="427D943FB35C4E4653E7FE8FD5C8D17C" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
|
||
The third subclade in the South American clade is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C04473C20CF26C0818ECE4F424B7506" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 5). Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0414FEAFA5DD7DAB5E98BA82F785C4E5" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is monophyletic and apparently less problematic, but just as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0437503D21A4985404E5939993A5732B" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genus has become very difficult to diagnose, mainly because of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C258A43370939192D2F148AAB009A260" originalValue="‘untypical’">'untypical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
species added to the genus based in large part on the present molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="38A74036D2259FED30CB9BEE090709C0" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 178" title="The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1" volume="4395" year="2018">Huber 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9537E7D80A971543EC20A0F4DD0D725" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Mesabolivar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesabolivar" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesabolivar</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C87E659CC8B684E8427DDF98F80F6E4A" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Carapoia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapoia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carapoia</taxonomicName>
|
||
our analyses suggest several species groups that are also supported by morphological data. For a detailed discussion of these groups, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B6CC0B74B1CC1878C2F68FF05EF243F6" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 178" title="The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1" volume="4395" year="2018">Huber (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |