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<document id="FD1ED2FDFA297596DFA7CF5D529F04E9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bd3a8c00-de22-4566-ae08-b0d123f817f5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="215933" ID-ZooBank="69B9A846-616F-4774-B3F0-B796D2B90431" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460643303308" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wielstra, B., Litvinchuk, S. N., Naumov, B., Tzankov, N. &amp; Arntzen, J. W." docDate="2013" docId="EB5087CAFF93530F00DB4EC2F0CCF489" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03682p453.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3682 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Triturus arntzeni" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="448" masterDocId="1769FFB2FF915308004C482EF310F50D" masterDocTitle="A revised taxonomy of crested newts in the Triturus karelinii group (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae), with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="453" masterPageNumber="441" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1698336351025" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="AAAB7AD5C53271B982008B676E18F35E">A revised taxonomy of crested newts in the Triturus karelinii group (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae), with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8EB60F02311EDC5B795E6A77C1CBB642">Wielstra, B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="23F0450C905635CEFEC216CC39CE8EED">Litvinchuk, S. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86F9CF11B83144054B513AA10CAAD0ED">Naumov, B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49A9339C386CA0344145315015843384">Tzankov, N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E0279DB31EC8C23050A98684E86CF122">Arntzen, J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="69F0B1DD831C737AD2C81D2E71D12F1B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E661DC82AC19C36B60446EF04DE49341">3682</mods:number>
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<treatment id="EB5087CAFF93530F00DB4EC2F0CCF489" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658359" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119571667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658359" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB5087CAFF93530F00DB4EC2F0CCF489" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB5087CAFF93530F00DB4EC2F0CCF489" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
<subSubSection id="2BE36557FF93530A00DB4EC2F06CF20B" box="[151,892,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="634636DCFF93530A00DB4EC2F06CF20B" blockId="2.[151,892,1772,1798]" box="[151,892,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
<heading id="380E81B0FF93530A00DB4EC2F06CF20B" bold="true" box="[151,892,1772,1798]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" reason="1">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A00DB4EC2F06CF20B" bold="true" box="[151,892,1772,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
The name
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A01574EC2F28AF20B" box="[283,410,1772,1798]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A01574EC2F28AF20B" bold="true" box="[283,410,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A028D4EC2F06CF20B" box="[705,892,1772,1798]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A028D4EC2F06CF20B" bold="true" box="[705,892,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BE36557FF93530F00DB4F1DF0CCF489" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="description">
<paragraph id="634636DCFF93530B00DB4F1DF2E8F411" blockId="2.[151,1436,1843,2011]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF93530A00DB4F1DF2B6F246" box="[151,422,1843,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A01564F1AF244F246" box="[282,340,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
described the subspecies
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A02814F1AF0E1F246" box="[717,1009,1843,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="karelinii" subSpecies="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A02814F1AF0E1F246" box="[717,1009,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Triturus karelinii arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on differences in genome size, protein variation and morphological characteristics. Subsequently,
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF93530A03CD4F79F619F262" box="[897,1289,1879,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Espregueira Themudo, G., Wielstra, B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2009) Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genes resolve the branching order of a rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus, Salamandridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 321 - 328. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.024" type="journal article">
Espregueira Themudo
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A04334F76F7A7F262" box="[1151,1207,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
elevated this subspecies to species level, i.e.
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A01B34F52F7C4F29E" authority="Litvinchuk, Borkin, Dzukic and Kalezic, 1999" authorityName="Litvinchuk, Borkin, Dzukic and Kalezic" authorityYear="1999" box="[511,1236,1915,1939]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A01B34F52F1AEF29E" box="[511,702,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Triturus arntzeni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF93530A028A4F55F7C4F29E" author="Litvinchuk" box="[710,1236,1915,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article" year="1999">Litvinchuk, Borkin, Džukiċ and Kaleziċ, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF93530A05494F55F3EDF2BA" author="Litvinchuk" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article" year="1999">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A05C44F52F3A4F2BA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). However, concern has been expressed that the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF93530A035A4F8EF056F2B5" box="[790,838,1952,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A03884F8EF72BF2BA" box="[964,1083,1952,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A03884F8EF72BF2BA" box="[964,1083,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Vrtovaċ, near Pirot in eastern
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF93530A00DB4FEDF3CFF2D6" box="[151,223,1987,2011]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Serbia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF93530A00A24FEDF23DF2D6" box="[238,301,1987,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. The distribution of Triturus karelinii s. l. The inset shows the distribution of Triturus (the red / green interdigitating shades refer to an area where T. marmoratus and T. cristatus are distributed sympatrically) and the cut-out shows the distribution of the three nuclear gene pools comprising T. karelinii s. l. in detail. The interdigitating shades of blue represent the area in which the central T. karelinii s. l. nuclear gene pool carries western T. karelinii s. l. mitochondrial DNA. The three white dots in the cut-out show type localities with, from left to right, Vrtovać, Serbia for T. arntzeni, Ostar Kamak, Bulgaria for T. ivanbureschi sp. nov. and the coast of the Gulf of Gorgan, Iran for T. karelinii sensu stricto. The black squares show six of the seven populations (a-b and d-g) representing locality 14 of T. arntzeni in Litvinchuk et al. (1999 )); the left white dot corresponds to the seventh locality (c; see text for details)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215934/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)—in fact represents the species
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A02EE4FEAF041F2D6" box="[674,849,1987,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A02EE4FEAF041F2D6" box="[674,849,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF93530A03F84FEAF73FF2D6" box="[948,1071,1987,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF93530A03F84FEAF73FF2D6" box="[948,1071,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF93530A047A4FEAF74FF2D6" box="[1078,1119,1987,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Arntzen &amp; Wielstra, 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B00DB48B9F29EF5A2" author="Stoyanov" box="[151,398,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Stoyanov, A., Tzankov, N. &amp; Naumov, B. (2011) Die Amphiben und Reptilien Bulgariens. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 582 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Stoyanov
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B014548B7F253F5BD" box="[265,323,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). We review the species identity of crested newts from Vrtovaċ below. Because the bulk of evidence points towards
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B01E04893F14AF5D9" box="[428,602,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B01E04893F14AF5D9" box="[428,602,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being the crested newt species occurring at Vrtovaċ, we identify the name
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B00DB48CFF205F5F5" box="[151,277,225,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B00DB48CFF205F5F5" box="[151,277,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B020748CFF1EFF5F5" box="[587,767,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B020748CFF1EFF5F5" box="[587,767,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and conclude that it does not represent a taxon newly distinguished in
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B011C492BF2DAF411" box="[336,458,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B011C492BF2DAF411" box="[336,458,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B019C492BF2E8F411" box="[464,504,260,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B008B4909F137F4C2" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4909F242F44D" bold="true" box="[199,338,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Geography.</emphasis>
The population in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B027B4909F05EF432" box="[567,846,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B02F14907F1E9F44D" box="[701,761,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
representing
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B03A34907F779F44D" box="[1007,1129,297,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03A34907F779F44D" box="[1007,1129,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises seven different localities (14a-g; see
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF92530B01CB4962F2D8F469" box="[391,456,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. The distribution of Triturus karelinii s. l. The inset shows the distribution of Triturus (the red / green interdigitating shades refer to an area where T. marmoratus and T. cristatus are distributed sympatrically) and the cut-out shows the distribution of the three nuclear gene pools comprising T. karelinii s. l. in detail. The interdigitating shades of blue represent the area in which the central T. karelinii s. l. nuclear gene pool carries western T. karelinii s. l. mitochondrial DNA. The three white dots in the cut-out show type localities with, from left to right, Vrtovać, Serbia for T. arntzeni, Ostar Kamak, Bulgaria for T. ivanbureschi sp. nov. and the coast of the Gulf of Gorgan, Iran for T. karelinii sensu stricto. The black squares show six of the seven populations (a-b and d-g) representing locality 14 of T. arntzeni in Litvinchuk et al. (1999 )); the left white dot corresponds to the seventh locality (c; see text for details)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), all of which are situated at, or close to, various crested newt contact zones. Note that locality 14c concerns the actual
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF92530B0256495EF15AF485" box="[538,586,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B0297495FF048F485" box="[731,856,369,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B0297495FF048F485" box="[731,856,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For the latest overview of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B04E1495FF617F485" box="[1197,1287,369,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B04E1495FF617F485" box="[1197,1287,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distribution, including a database of locality data, see
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B022449BAF07AF4A1" box="[616,874,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Wielstra, B., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Litvinchuk, S. N., Reijnen, B. T., Skidmore, A. K., Sotiropoulis, K., et al. (2013 b) Tracing glacial refugia of Triturus newts based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and species distribution modeling. Frontiers in Zoology, 10, 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 10 - 13" type="journal article">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B028149BBF016F4A1" box="[717,774,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
(2013b)
</bibRefCitation>
. The species composition of the seven
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B056849BBF68CF4A1" box="[1316,1436,405,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B056849BBF68CF4A1" box="[1316,1436,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations we evaluate as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB49D1F2D2F752" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14a, Trbusaċ,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B018549D1F101F71A" box="[457,529,511,535]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Serbia</collectingCountry>
is
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B027D4A2FF1D9F715" box="[561,713,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B027D4A2FF1D9F715" box="[561,713,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B029449D1F0DFF71A" author="Wielstra" box="[728,975,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Wielstra, B., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Litvinchuk, S. N., Reijnen, B. T., Skidmore, A. K., Sotiropoulis, K., et al. (2013 b) Tracing glacial refugia of Triturus newts based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and species distribution modeling. Frontiers in Zoology, 10, 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 10 - 13" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03724A2FF066F715" box="[830,886,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013b
</bibRefCitation>
). Species identification is based upon the phenotype of material deposited at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade (JWA, BW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4A42F173F7C1" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14b, Trešnja,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01834A42F107F789" box="[463,535,620,644]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Serbia</collectingCountry>
represents the western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B03604A43F0BAF789" box="[812,938,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03604A43F0BAF789" box="[812,938,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B03F84A43F0CFF789" box="[948,991,620,644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool with
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B054C4A43F68CF789" box="[1280,1436,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B054C4A43F68CF789" box="[1280,1436,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mitochondrial DNA and some limited presence of, or genetic admixture with,
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B04004ABFF7F6F7A5" box="[1100,1254,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B04004ABFF7F6F7A5" box="[1100,1254,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Arntzen
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B05174ABFF685F7A5" box="[1371,1429,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
, submitted;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B01044A9AF147F7C1" author="Wallis" box="[328,599,692,716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Wallis, G. P. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (1989) Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: Limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species. Evolution, 43, 88 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2409166" type="journal article" year="1989">
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01044A9AF29FF7C1" box="[328,399,692,716]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Wallis</collectingCountry>
&amp; Arntzen, 1989
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4AF9F1B3F63A" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14c, Vrtovaċ,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B019A4AF9F130F7E2" box="[470,544,727,751]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Serbia</collectingCountry>
, is positioned inside the
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B03074AF7F0EDF7FD" box="[843,1021,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03074AF7F0EDF7FD" box="[843,1021,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
range (Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012). Neighboring crested newt species are, in order of increasing distance,
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B03AB4AD3F773F619" box="[999,1123,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03AB4AD3F773F619" box="[999,1123,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B043F4AD3F61CF619" box="[1139,1292,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B043F4AD3F61CF619" box="[1139,1292,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B00874B0FF252F635" box="[203,322,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B00874B0FF252F635" box="[203,322,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B01074B0EF263F63A" box="[331,371,799,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool (
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF92530B021C4B31F181F63A" box="[592,657,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. The distribution of Triturus karelinii s. l. The inset shows the distribution of Triturus (the red / green interdigitating shades refer to an area where T. marmoratus and T. cristatus are distributed sympatrically) and the cut-out shows the distribution of the three nuclear gene pools comprising T. karelinii s. l. in detail. The interdigitating shades of blue represent the area in which the central T. karelinii s. l. nuclear gene pool carries western T. karelinii s. l. mitochondrial DNA. The three white dots in the cut-out show type localities with, from left to right, Vrtovać, Serbia for T. arntzeni, Ostar Kamak, Bulgaria for T. ivanbureschi sp. nov. and the coast of the Gulf of Gorgan, Iran for T. karelinii sensu stricto. The black squares show six of the seven populations (a-b and d-g) representing locality 14 of T. arntzeni in Litvinchuk et al. (1999 )); the left white dot corresponds to the seventh locality (c; see text for details)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4B6AF246F6A9" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14d, Vlasi,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01FA4B6AF110F651" box="[438,512,836,860]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Serbia</collectingCountry>
, has western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B02EC4B6BF00DF651" box="[672,797,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B02EC4B6BF00DF651" box="[672,797,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B036B4B6BF043F651" box="[807,851,836,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B04244B6BF608F651" box="[1128,1304,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B04244B6BF608F651" box="[1128,1304,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in syntopy (Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012). Species identification is based on examination of animals observed in the field (JWA, BW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4B81F1CEF15A" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14e, Vlasina,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01854B81F101F6CA" box="[457,529,943,967]" name="Serbia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Serbia</collectingCountry>
has
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B020A4B9FF72AF6CA" authority="Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012" authorityName="Wielstra &amp; Arntzen" authorityYear="2012" box="[582,1082,943,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B020A4B9FF1E5F6C5" box="[582,757,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
(Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012)
</taxonomicName>
. Species identification is based upon the phenotype of material deposited at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade and of animals observed in the field (JWA, BW). The number of rib-bearing vertebrae (details below) reported in this population (n=7 with NRBV = 13, n=25 with NRBV = 14) is typical for
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B05CB4C33F1C9F15A" authority="Crnobrnja-Isailovic et al., 1997" authorityName="Crnobrnja-Isailovic et al." authorityYear="1997" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B05CB4C33F24DF155" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B01274C11F1C1F15A" author="Crnobrnja-Isailovic" box="[363,721,1087,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dzukic, G., Krstic, N. &amp; Kalezic, M. L. (1997) Evolutionary and paleogeographical effects on the distribution of the Triturus cristatus superspecies in the central Balkans. Amphibia-Reptilia, 18, 321 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853897 x 00378" type="journal article" year="1997">
Crnobrnja-Isailoviċ
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B02034C6FF197F155" box="[591,647,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4C4AF26CF001" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality 14f, Stracin,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01884C4AF150F171" box="[452,576,1124,1148]" name="Macedonia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
has the western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B034B4C4BF093F171" box="[775,899,1124,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B034B4C4BF093F171" box="[775,899,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B03C14C4BF0A8F171" box="[909,952,1124,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B04804C4BF66CF171" box="[1228,1404,1124,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B04804C4BF66CF171" box="[1228,1404,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in syntopy (Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012). Species identification is based upon the phenotype of material deposited at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade (JWA, BW). Note that a population of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B013E4CFFF135F1E5" box="[370,549,1232,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B013E4CFFF135F1E5" box="[370,549,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is located c. 4 kilometers to the west (Rugince,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B043E4CE1F7FEF1EA" box="[1138,1262,1231,1255]" name="Macedonia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
in Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4D39F7A4F0B2" blockId="3.[151,1436,511,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
Locality
<quantity id="A4019B39FF92530B01634D39F24BF022" box="[303,347,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" unit="g" value="14.0">14g</quantity>
, Berovo,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B01824D39F15AF022" box="[462,586,1303,1327]" name="Macedonia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
is western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B02984D37F041F03D" box="[724,849,1304,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B02984D37F041F03D" box="[724,849,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B03174D36F097F022" box="[859,903,1303,1327]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool. Species identification was confirmed based upon the phenotype of material deposited at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade and of animals observed in the field (JWA, BW) and conforms to species identification by
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B01C54DAAF1F7F091" author="Kalezic" box="[393,743,1412,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Kalezic, M. L. &amp; Hedgecock, D. (1980) Genetic variation and differentiation of three common European newts (Triturus) in Yugoslavia. British Journal of Herpetology, 6, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="1980">Kaleziċ and Hedgecock (1980)</bibRefCitation>
. Another confirmed
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B03814DABF757F091" box="[973,1095,1412,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B03814DABF757F091" box="[973,1095,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B04014DABF765F091" box="[1101,1141,1412,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool locality is located 9 kilometers to the northwest (Mitrašinci,
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B03584D89F080F0B2" box="[788,912,1447,1471]" name="Macedonia" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B03F84D89F7B8F0B2" author="Wielstra" box="[948,1192,1447,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Wielstra, B., Baird, A. B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2013 a) A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 167 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.01.009" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="a">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B04554D87F742F0CD" box="[1049,1106,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B008B4DDEF71FF321" blockId="3.[151,1436,1519,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4DDEF2E7F305" bold="true" box="[199,503,1520,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Throat and belly pattern.</emphasis>
In the field crested newts are best identified by morphotype (see introduction) and by their coloration pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B01854E3AF17EF321" author="Arntzen" box="[457,622,1556,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Arntzen, J. W. (2003) Triturus cristatus Superspecies - Kammolch-Artenkreis (Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) - Nordlicher Kammolch, Triturus carnifex (Laurenti, 1768) - Italienischer Kammolch, Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) - Donau- Kammolch, Triturus karelinii (Strauch, 1870) - Sudlicher Kammolch). In: Grossenbacher, K. &amp; Thiesmeier, B. (Eds.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Schwanzlurche IIA. Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim, pp. 421 - 514." type="book chapter" year="2003">Arntzen, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF92530B02354E3AF095F321" author="Arntzen" box="[633,901,1556,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1999) Geographic variation and taxonomy of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): Morphological and mitochondrial data. Contributions to Zoology, 68, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1999">
Arntzen &amp;
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF92530B02BB4E3AF051F321" box="[759,833,1556,1580]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Wallis</collectingCountry>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
) as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4E72F762F39A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1628,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B008B4E73F299F379" box="[199,393,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4E73F299F379" box="[199,393,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF92530B01DE4E73F2ACF379" box="[402,444,1628,1652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: Stocky build. Heavily white-stippled sides. Ventral surface yellow-orange with many small to medium-sized, frequently angular black spots and continuous on the throat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4E8AF637F3D2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1628,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B008B4E8BF2E2F3B1" authority="Medium" authorityName="Medium" box="[199,498,1700,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnifex">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4E8BF294F3B1" box="[199,388,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus carnifex</emphasis>
: Medium
</taxonomicName>
stocky build. Little or no white stippling on sides. Throat color variable with white stipples. Ventral surface yellow with few large, roundish, ill-defined and muddy-gray to black spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4EC2F195F241" blockId="3.[151,1436,1628,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B008B4EC3F13EF209" authority="Medium" authorityName="Medium" box="[199,558,1772,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4EC3F2ADF209" box="[199,445,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus macedonicus</emphasis>
: Medium
</taxonomicName>
stocky build. Sides densely white-stippled. Throat dark black or a muddied mix of black and yellow with many, medium sized white stipples. Ventral surface yellow to orange-yellow with a dense pattern of small, irregular spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4F79F73AF299" blockId="3.[151,1436,1628,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B008B4F77F2FDF262" authority="Slender" authorityName="Slender" box="[199,493,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4F77F299F27D" box="[199,393,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus cristatus</emphasis>
: Slender
</taxonomicName>
build. Heavily white-stippled sides. Throat a muddied mix of black and yellow with fine white stippling. Ventral surface yellow-orange with irregular black spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF92530B00DB4F8EF7FDF2D1" blockId="3.[151,1436,1628,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF92530B008B4F8FF2FEF2B4" authority="Very" authorityName="Very" box="[199,494,1952,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF92530B008B4F8FF2B8F2B5" box="[199,424,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="444">Triturus dobrogicus</emphasis>
: Very
</taxonomicName>
slender build. Heavily white-stippled sides. Black throat with large angular white spots (especially in males), ventral surface deep orange with many sharp, roundish black spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530C008B48B6F22FF4C2" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
For a picture overview of throat and belly patterns of the different crested newt species, see
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C048A48B6F3F4F5D9" author="Arntzen" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1999) Geographic variation and taxonomy of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): Morphological and mitochondrial data. Contributions to Zoology, 68, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1999">
Arntzen and
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF95530C051948B9F68CF5A2" box="[1365,1436,151,175]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Wallis</collectingCountry>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
. Pictures of the throat and belly pattern of the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C02B04892F04EF5D9" box="[764,862,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C03D54893F714F5D8" box="[921,1028,189,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04604893F7B6F5D9" box="[1068,1190,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04604893F7B6F5D9" box="[1068,1190,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(online Appendix 1), preserved material stored at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade, and live newts from the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C013A492BF2B6F410" box="[374,422,261,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">type</typeStatus>
locality as observed by several of us (JWA, BW) most resemble
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C0436492BF637F411" box="[1146,1319,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C0436492BF637F411" box="[1146,1319,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C05CB492BF3E5F44D" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C05CB492BF3E5F44D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C00B34906F23BF432" box="[255,299,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
In particular we point to the absence of the distinctive
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03F64907F727F44D" box="[954,1079,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03F64907F727F44D" box="[954,1079,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C040E4906F77DF432" box="[1090,1133,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
throat pattern, with small angular dark spots surrounded by yellow, similar to the pattern on the belly. These spots are also absent in the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C00DB4941F3E9F48A" box="[151,249,367,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C0167495FF2B8F485" box="[299,424,369,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C0167495FF2B8F485" box="[299,424,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. To ascribe the Vrtovaċ newts to
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C0306495FF0EEF485" box="[842,1022,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C0306495FF0EEF485" box="[842,1022,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by coloration pattern alone is not straightforward: as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C019249BBF199F4A1" author="Freytag" box="[478,649,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Freytag, G. E. (1988) Erinnerungen an Willy Wolterstorff. Wie kompliziert ist die Rassengliederung des Kammolches (Triturus cristatus [LAURENTI, 1768])? (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae). Ein blick in die Geschichte der Salamanderkunde. Zoologische Abhandlungen fur Tierkunde Dresden, 44, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1988">Freytag (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02DA49BBF055F4A1" box="[662,837,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02DA49BBF055F4A1" box="[662,837,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlaps considerably with
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04CA49BBF614F4A1" box="[1158,1284,405,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04CA49BBF614F4A1" box="[1158,1284,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in patterning and coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530C008B49F2F744F7E2" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C008B49F2F1C8F4F9" bold="true" box="[199,728,475,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Number of rib-bearing pre-sacral vertebrae.</emphasis>
The
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C035D49F3F07BF4F9" box="[785,875,477,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C035D49F3F07BF4F9" box="[785,875,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphotypes were initially distinguished with the help of the ‘Wolterstorff index’, a measure of overall shape, defined as ‘forelimb length divided by inter-limb distance’ (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C01424A0AF2F5F731" author="Wolterstorff" box="[270,485,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Wolterstorff, W. (1923) Ubersicht den Unterarten und Formen des Triton cristatus Laur. Blatter fur Aquarien-und Terrarienkunde, 34, 120 - 126." type="journal article" year="1923">Wolterstorff, 1923</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C01B74A0AF03FF731" author="Arntzen" box="[507,815,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1994) The ' Wolterstorff Index'and its value to the taxonomy of the Crested Newt superspecies. Abhandlungen und Berichte fur Naturkunde, 17, 57 - 66." type="journal article" year="1994">
Arntzen and
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF95530C02DF4A0AF1CAF731" box="[659,730,548,572]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Wallis</collectingCountry>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
found the number of rib-bearing pre-sacral vertebrae (NRBV) in
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01534A67F269F76D" box="[287,377,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01534A67F269F76D" box="[287,377,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to represent a taxonomically discriminating character superior to the Wolterstorff-Index (the two are strongly negatively correlated across species). Accordingly, the
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03F34A43F709F789" box="[959,1049,621,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03F34A43F709F789" box="[959,1049,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphotypes are characterized by a
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C00FC4ABEF3E6F7A5" box="[176,246,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">modal</emphasis>
number of rib-bearing pre-sacral vertebrae (NRBV) (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C03384AA1F785F7AA" author="Arntzen" box="[884,1173,655,679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1999) Geographic variation and taxonomy of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): Morphological and mitochondrial data. Contributions to Zoology, 68, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1999">
Arntzen &amp;
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF95530C03B34AA1F759F7AA" box="[1023,1097,655,679]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Wallis</collectingCountry>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). Modal NRBV count increases from
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C010D4A9AF269F7C1" box="[321,377,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01334A9BF1D8F7C1" box="[383,712,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01334A9BF133F7C1" box="[383,547,693,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">T. marmoratus</taxonomicName>
–
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02714A9BF1D8F7C1" box="[573,712,693,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">T. pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, via
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C02B24A9AF027F7C1" box="[766,823,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03714A9BF0A4F7C1" box="[829,948,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03714A9BF0A4F7C1" box="[829,948,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C03F04A9BF0F4F7C1" box="[956,996,692,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C03BC4A9AF739F7C1" box="[1008,1065,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04634A9BF67DF7C1" box="[1071,1389,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04634A9BF7B6F7C1" box="[1071,1190,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnifex">T. carnifex</taxonomicName>
–
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C048C4A9BF67DF7C1" box="[1216,1389,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">T. macedonicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C00DB4AF9F3C0F7E2" box="[151,208,727,751]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C009A4AF7F243F7FD" box="[214,339,729,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C009A4AF7F243F7FD" box="[214,339,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to 16/
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<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01AD4AF7F169F7FD" box="[481,633,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01AD4AF7F169F7FD" box="[481,633,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C02C44AF9F03DF7E2" author="Arntzen" box="[648,813,727,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. (2003) Triturus cristatus Superspecies - Kammolch-Artenkreis (Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) - Nordlicher Kammolch, Triturus carnifex (Laurenti, 1768) - Italienischer Kammolch, Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) - Donau- Kammolch, Triturus karelinii (Strauch, 1870) - Sudlicher Kammolch). In: Grossenbacher, K. &amp; Thiesmeier, B. (Eds.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Schwanzlurche IIA. Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim, pp. 421 - 514." type="book chapter" year="2003">Arntzen, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C03744AF6F758F7E2" author="Arntzen" box="[824,1096,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1999) Geographic variation and taxonomy of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): Morphological and mitochondrial data. Contributions to Zoology, 68, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1999">
Arntzen &amp;
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF95530C03FA4AF9F710F7E2" box="[950,1024,727,751]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Wallis</collectingCountry>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530C008B4AD2F706F192" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
A disadvantage of NRBV (similarly applying to the Wolterstorff index) is that, although informative at the population level, it is not unambiguous at the individual level, due to intraspecific variation. Moreover, intermediate scores due to interspecific hybridization may point to a third species not involved (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C04814B6AF3C3F672" author="Arntzen" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. &amp; Wallis, G. P. (1994) The ' Wolterstorff Index'and its value to the taxonomy of the Crested Newt superspecies. Abhandlungen und Berichte fur Naturkunde, 17, 57 - 66." type="journal article" year="1994">
Arntzen &amp;
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF95530C05024B6AF688F651" box="[1358,1432,836,860]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Wallis</collectingCountry>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
). We determined NRBV for 63 individuals from the
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C036A4B47F08DF68D" box="[806,925,873,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C036A4B47F08DF68D" box="[806,925,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C03E94B47F0C5F68C" box="[933,981,873,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">type</typeStatus>
locality (the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C04204B49F7DEF672" box="[1132,1230,871,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 12
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C05664B47F688F68C" box="[1322,1432,873,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, deposited at the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg;
<specimenCount id="75FFFD55FF95530C04074BA2F7F3F6A9" box="[1099,1251,908,932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="generic">46 specimens</specimenCount>
deposited at the Institute of Biological Research, “Siniša Stankoviċ”, University of Belgrade and four specimens deposited at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, see online Appendix 2). Three specimens with different NRBV (13 versus 14) on either sides of the body were ignored. Eleven individuals (18.3%) have an NRBV count of 13, NRBV is
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C05334BD9F3BDF139" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
n=44 (73.3%) and NRBV is
<quantity id="A4019B39FF95530C01BA4C32F13FF139" box="[502,559,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
n=5 (8.3%). The distribution of modal versus non-modal NRBV scores in the Vrtovaċ population is not significantly different from that of
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03084C6FF790F155" box="[836,1152,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03084C6FF0ABF155" box="[836,955,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnifex">T. carnifex</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C039E4C6FF790F155" box="[978,1152,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">T. macedonicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(G-test of independence, d. f. = 1, P&gt;0.05; reference data in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C02534C4AF1D5F171" author="Arntzen" box="[543,709,1124,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Arntzen, J. W. (2003) Triturus cristatus Superspecies - Kammolch-Artenkreis (Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) - Nordlicher Kammolch, Triturus carnifex (Laurenti, 1768) - Italienischer Kammolch, Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) - Donau- Kammolch, Triturus karelinii (Strauch, 1870) - Sudlicher Kammolch). In: Grossenbacher, K. &amp; Thiesmeier, B. (Eds.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Schwanzlurche IIA. Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim, pp. 421 - 514." type="book chapter" year="2003">Arntzen, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The NRBV count of 15 shown by the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C04CF4C4AF7F5F171" box="[1155,1253,1124,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C05474C4BF692F171" box="[1291,1410,1125,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C05474C4BF692F171" box="[1291,1410,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indicative since this value fits
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01A74CA7F188F1AD" box="[491,664,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01A74CA7F188F1AD" box="[491,664,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
better than it does
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03224CA7F0F8F1AD" box="[878,1000,1160,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03224CA7F0F8F1AD" box="[878,1000,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C03A24CA6F706F192" box="[1006,1046,1159,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530C008B4C85F02EF321" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C008B4C85F274F1C9" bold="true" box="[199,356,1195,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Genome size.</emphasis>
The size of the genome may be a source of relevant taxonomic information (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C04854C82F3C3F1EA" author="Green" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Green, D. M. &amp; Sessions, S. K. (2007) Chapter 6 - Karyology and cytogenetics. In: Heatwole, H. (Ed), Amphibian Biology Volume 7. Surrey Beatty &amp; Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia, pp. 2757 - 2842." type="book" year="2007">Green &amp; Sessions, 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C00924CFFF2B3F1EA" author="Kron" box="[222,419,1231,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Kron, P., Suda, J. &amp; Husband, B. C. (2007) Applications of flow cytometry to evolutionary and population biology. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 38, 847 - 876. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 38.091206.095504" type="journal article" year="2007">
Kron
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01534CFFF248F1E5" box="[287,344,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C01F94CE1F1D3F1EA" box="[437,707,1231,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02744CFFF161F1E5" box="[568,625,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
observed a difference in genome size between
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04944CFFF640F1E5" box="[1240,1360,1233,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04944CFFF640F1E5" box="[1240,1360,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C05CB4CFFF3E5F001" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C05CB4CFFF3E5F001" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C00B24CDBF239F001" box="[254,297,1268,1292]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with non-overlapping confidence intervals. We here interpret the genome size of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04AE4CDBF64CF001" box="[1250,1372,1269,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04AE4CDBF64CF001" box="[1250,1372,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Vrtovaċ (n=13) not as ‘different from other
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02CD4D37F013F03D" box="[641,771,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii’</emphasis>
(as in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C03034D39F743F022" author="Litvinchuk" box="[847,1107,1303,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article" year="1999">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C039D4D37F719F03D" box="[977,1033,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999
</bibRefCitation>
), but as ‘not different from
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C05CB4D37F222F059" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus’</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF95530C010F4D12F29AF059" box="[323,394,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1725]" captionTargetBox="[153,1422,313,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[137,1422,313,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. A comparison of the genome size (pg) of Triturus arntzeni with that of other groups of Triturus newts. From left to right, the groups are T. pygmaeus (n = 1), T. marmoratus (n = 2), T. dobrogicus (n = 115), T. cristatus (n = 183), T. carnifex (n = 3), T. macedonicus (n = 6), T. arntzeni (white; n = 13), and western (n = 2), central (n = 2) and eastern (n = 58) T. karelinii s. l. nuclear gene pool (colors correspond to those in Fig. 1). Shown are median, quartiles and range. Data are taken from (Litvinchuk et al., 1999; Litvinchuk et al., 2007) and provided in online Appendix 3. Note that the genome size of T. arntzeni is dissimilar to T. karelinii s. l. and is not different from that of T. macedonicus and T. carnifex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215935/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; constituent data in online Appendix 3). It is important to note that these genome sizes also differ from those of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01C04D4FF11DF075" box="[396,525,1377,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01C04D4FF11DF075" box="[396,525,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02014D4FF1FAF075" box="[589,746,1376,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02014D4FF1FAF075" box="[589,746,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast to
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C03EA4D71F7D0F07A" box="[934,1216,1375,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04614D4FF77AF075" box="[1069,1130,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
we do not invoke convergent evolution or introgressive hybridization to explain the data but conclude that newts from Vrtovaċ actually are
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01534D87F2DCF0CD" box="[287,460,1448,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01534D87F2DCF0CD" box="[287,460,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genome size of the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C02A84D89F056F0B2" box="[740,838,1447,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03274D87F0F2F0CD" box="[875,994,1449,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03274D87F0F2F0CD" box="[875,994,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in particular falls within the range of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C05CB4D87F239F0E9" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C05CB4D87F239F0E9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but outside of the range of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02CA4DE3F015F0E9" box="[646,773,1484,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02CA4DE3F015F0E9" box="[646,773,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C035E4DE3F050F0E9" box="[786,832,1484,1508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The fourteenth specimen labeled as
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04B04DE3F669F0E9" box="[1276,1401,1485,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04B04DE3F669F0E9" box="[1276,1401,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C00DB4DC1F2B4F30A" box="[151,420,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01554DDFF243F305" box="[281,339,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
is from Tresnja (population 14b, see above) and has a genome size that is intermediate of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C00DB4E3BF200F321" box="[151,272,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C00DB4E3BF200F321" box="[151,272,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C015B4E3BF22FF321" box="[279,319,1556,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01394E3BF11EF321" box="[373,526,1556,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01394E3BF11EF321" box="[373,526,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it is excluded from
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF95530C02BA4E3AF029F321" box="[758,825,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1725]" captionTargetBox="[153,1422,313,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[137,1422,313,1715]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. A comparison of the genome size (pg) of Triturus arntzeni with that of other groups of Triturus newts. From left to right, the groups are T. pygmaeus (n = 1), T. marmoratus (n = 2), T. dobrogicus (n = 115), T. cristatus (n = 183), T. carnifex (n = 3), T. macedonicus (n = 6), T. arntzeni (white; n = 13), and western (n = 2), central (n = 2) and eastern (n = 58) T. karelinii s. l. nuclear gene pool (colors correspond to those in Fig. 1). Shown are median, quartiles and range. Data are taken from (Litvinchuk et al., 1999; Litvinchuk et al., 2007) and provided in online Appendix 3. Note that the genome size of T. arntzeni is dissimilar to T. karelinii s. l. and is not different from that of T. macedonicus and T. carnifex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215935/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530C008B4E19F773F225" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C008B4E19F26EF35D" bold="true" box="[199,382,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Allozyme data.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C01C64E19F1B4F342" box="[394,676,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C025D4E17F15EF35D" box="[529,590,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
presented data for nine allozyme loci and analyzed these at the population level. We here re-analyze the data at the level of the individual and in a phylogenetic framework for 42 individuals with a complete dataset and 48 individuals with data missing at one locus (online Appendix 4). Unfortunately the dataset for the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C024B4E8AF179F3B1" box="[519,617,1700,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02C14E8BF014F3B1" box="[653,772,1701,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02C14E8BF014F3B1" box="[653,772,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly incomplete, but several
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF95530C04304E8BF7F7F3B0" box="[1148,1255,1701,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
can be included in the analysis. We first determine the number of distinctive gene pools that is best supported by the data probabilistically using BAPS v.5.3 (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C02664EC2F00FF209" author="Corander" box="[554,799,1772,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Corander, J., Marttinen, P., Siren, J. &amp; Tang, J. (2008) Enhanced Bayesian modelling in BAPS software for learning genetic structures of populations. BMC Bioinformatics, 9, 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 9 - 539" type="journal article" year="2008">
Corander
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02D04EC3F1C4F209" box="[668,724,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). The recognized groups were clustered in a dendrogram on the basis of Rogers’ genetic distance with BIOSYS-1 (
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF95530C03504F3EF746F225" author="Swofford" box="[796,1110,1808,1832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" refString="Swofford, D. L. &amp; Selander, R. B. (1981) BIOSYS- 1: A FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics. Journal of Heredity, 72, 281 - 283." type="journal article" year="1981">Swofford &amp; Selander, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF95530E008B4F1AF65DF5FA" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">
All ten included
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01DE4F1BF11FF241" box="[402,527,1845,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01DE4F1BF11FF241" box="[402,527,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals and three
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03504F1BF08DF241" box="[796,925,1845,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03504F1BF08DF241" box="[796,925,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in one group. Other BAPS groups are composed as follows: all
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01FB4F77F121F27D" box="[439,561,1880,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01FB4F77F121F27D" box="[439,561,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C02754F77F172F27D" box="[569,610,1880,1904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
individuals with representatives of all three
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04164F77F7C5F27D" box="[1114,1237,1880,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04164F77F7C5F27D" box="[1114,1237,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF95530C04904F77F615F27D" box="[1244,1285,1880,1904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pools, the n=3 included
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C01E34F53F14FF299" box="[431,607,1916,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C01E34F53F14FF299" box="[431,607,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals, two
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03664F53F0B8F299" box="[810,936,1917,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03664F53F0B8F299" box="[810,936,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups and four
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C043E4F53F61DF299" box="[1138,1293,1916,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C043E4F53F61DF299" box="[1138,1293,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups and, finally, a mixed group with one
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C02664F8FF1BEF2B5" box="[554,686,1953,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C02664F8FF1BEF2B5" box="[554,686,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and one
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C03664F8FF0DAF2B5" box="[810,970,1952,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C03664F8FF0DAF2B5" box="[810,970,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(online Appendix 4). In the UPGMA dendrogram (
<figureCitation id="FBC22A59FF95530C01634FEAF263F2D1" box="[303,371,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1863,1886]" captionTargetBox="[193,1393,591,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[193,1394,591,1842]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Genetic similarity among crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) based on the allozyme data presented in Litvinchuk et al. (1999). Similarity among ten groups of crested newt, identified by Bayesian clustering, is expressed in an UPGMA dendrogram built with Rogers’genetic distance (for details see text and for data see online Appendix 4). Pie sizes reflect sample size. Color codes are as in Fig. 1 and individuals from the population of special interest (the type locality of T. arntzeni — Vrtovać) are shown in white. Note that this group does not cluster with T. karelinii s. l." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215936/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) the BAPS group that contains all
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C034F4FEBF06BF2D1" box="[771,891,1989,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C034F4FEBF06BF2D1" box="[771,891,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clusters with
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF95530C04574FEBF788F2D1" box="[1051,1176,1989,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="445" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF95530C04574FEBF788F2D1" box="[1051,1176,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="445">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it does not cluster with either
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D015B48B7F281F5BD" box="[279,401,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D015B48B7F281F5BD" box="[279,401,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF94530D01D448B6F2D0F5A2" box="[408,448,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
or
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D01AA48B7F184F5BD" box="[486,660,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D01AA48B7F184F5BD" box="[486,660,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A distance-Wagner tree yields the same result (data not shown). We further note that the two loci considered to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D02B34893F067F5D9" box="[767,887,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02B34893F067F5D9" box="[767,887,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D03F04893F726F5D9" box="[956,1078,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D03F04893F726F5D9" box="[956,1078,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF94530D04714893F775F5D9" box="[1085,1125,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF94530D04C34892F68CF5D9" box="[1167,1436,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Khalturin, M. D. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (1999) Taxonomic status of Triturus karelinii on the Balkans, with some comments about other crested newt taxa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6, 153 - 163." type="journal article">
Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D055E4893F65AF5D9" box="[1298,1354,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
are actually represented by the same alleles in
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D02EC48CFF00CF5F5" box="[672,796,225,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02EC48CFF00CF5F5" box="[672,796,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D031E48CFF710F5F5" box="[850,1024,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D031E48CFF710F5F5" box="[850,1024,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the reference sample size is small, in particular for unquestionable
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D023B492BF038F411" box="[631,808,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D023B492BF038F411" box="[631,808,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=3) and western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D045D492BF79EF411" box="[1041,1166,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D045D492BF79EF411" box="[1041,1166,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF94530D04D4492BF7D4F411" box="[1176,1220,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D008B4FADF13DF296" bold="true" box="[199,557,1922,1947]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Nuclear DNA sequence data.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF94530D02744FADF051F296" box="[568,833,1923,1947]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" refString="Wielstra, B., Baird, A. B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2013 a) A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 167 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.01.009" type="journal article">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02EE4FAAF1CFF296" box="[674,735,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
(2013a)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a framework to cluster
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D049F4FAAF63DF296" box="[1235,1325,1924,1947]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D049F4FAAF63DF296" box="[1235,1325,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
newts to species based on three nuclear DNA markers developed by
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF94530D03794F89F7D2F2B2" box="[821,1218,1959,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" refString="Espregueira Themudo, G., Wielstra, B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2009) Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genes resolve the branching order of a rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus, Salamandridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 321 - 328. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.024" type="journal article">
Espregueira Themudo
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D04784F86F77DF2B2" box="[1076,1133,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
. Unfortunately, our attempts to obtain nuclear DNA sequence data from the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF94530D03444FE2F028F2E9" box="[776,824,1996,2020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">type</typeStatus>
material (the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF94530D039F4FE5F725F2EE" box="[979,1077,1995,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 12
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF94530D04C14FE5F7EAF2EE" box="[1165,1274,1995,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
) of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D05694FE2F68CF2EE" box="[1317,1436,1996,2019]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D05694FE2F68CF2EE" box="[1317,1436,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not successful, presumably because of degraded DNA. However,
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF97530E03F048B9F7AAF5A2" box="[956,1210,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" refString="Wielstra, B., Baird, A. B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2013 a) A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 167 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.01.009" type="journal article">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E046E48B7F74BF5BD" box="[1058,1115,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">et al.</emphasis>
(2013a)
</bibRefCitation>
presented sequence data for another five individuals from Vrtovaċ (voucher ID
<date id="1747101CFF97530E03284892F0D2F5D9" box="[868,962,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" value="2533" valueMax="2537">2533-37</date>
stored at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden). These individuals were all assigned to
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E02E248CFF04BF5F5" box="[686,859,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E02E248CFF04BF5F5" box="[686,859,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Appendix S
<quantity id="A4019B39FF97530E045248F1F756F5FA" box="[1054,1094,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF97530E040148F1F651F5FA" author="Wielstra" box="[1101,1345,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" refString="Wielstra, B., Baird, A. B. &amp; Arntzen, J. W. (2013 a) A multimarker phylogeography of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) reveals cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 167 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.01.009" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="a">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E04FE48CFF7FAF5F5" box="[1202,1258,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="37866654FF94530D00DB4E88F72EF25B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215935/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" targetBox="[153,1422,313,1701]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="634636DCFF94530D00DB4E88F72EF25B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1702,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D00DB4E88F202F3B1" bold="true" box="[151,274,1702,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A comparison of the genome size (pg) of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D02F74E86F075F3B0" box="[699,869,1704,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02F74E86F075F3B0" box="[699,869,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Triturus arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with that of other groups of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D04C94E86F7C7F3B0" box="[1157,1239,1704,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D04C94E86F7C7F3B0" box="[1157,1239,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
newts. From left to right, the groups are
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D01244EE8F2F5F3D6" box="[360,485,1734,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D01244EE8F2F5F3D6" box="[360,485,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. pygmaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 1),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D02704EE8F1C1F3D6" box="[572,721,1734,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02704EE8F1C1F3D6" box="[572,721,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. marmoratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 2),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D03644EE8F0A2F3D6" box="[808,946,1733,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dobrogicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D03644EE8F0A2F3D6" box="[808,946,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. dobrogicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 115),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D046D4EE8F780F3D6" box="[1057,1168,1734,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D046D4EE8F780F3D6" box="[1057,1168,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 183),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D054D4EE8F67DF3D6" box="[1281,1389,1733,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnifex">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D054D4EE8F67DF3D6" box="[1281,1389,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. carnifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 3),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D00F54ECBF246F3F7" box="[185,342,1764,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D00F54ECBF246F3F7" box="[185,342,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 6),
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D01E34ECBF10BF3F7" box="[431,539,1765,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D01E34ECBF10BF3F7" box="[431,539,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(white; n = 13), and western (n = 2), central (n = 2) and eastern (n = 58)
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D054F4ECBF661F3F7" box="[1283,1393,1764,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D054F4ECBF661F3F7" box="[1283,1393,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF94530D05344ECBF68CF3F7" box="[1400,1436,1764,1786]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nuclear gene pool (colors correspond to those in Fig. 1). Shown are median, quartiles and range. Data are taken from (Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D01584F0DF257F23A" box="[276,327,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999; Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D024B4F0DF12AF23A" box="[519,570,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007) and provided in online Appendix 3. Note that the genome size of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D05564F0DF695F23A" box="[1306,1413,1826,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D05564F0DF695F23A" box="[1306,1413,1826,1848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dissimilar to
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D01574F6FF299F25B" box="[283,393,1856,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D01574F6FF299F25B" box="[283,393,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF94530D01C34F6FF2A2F25B" box="[399,434,1856,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and is not different from that of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D02B24F6FF08BF25B" box="[766,923,1856,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D02B24F6FF08BF25B" box="[766,923,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF94530D03804F6FF728F25B" box="[972,1080,1856,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnifex">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF94530D03804F6FF728F25B" box="[972,1080,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="446">T. carnifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF97530E008B492DF29CF71A" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E008B492DF2D0F411" bold="true" box="[199,448,259,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">Mitochondrial DNA.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF97530E018B492AF2F6F411" box="[455,486,260,284]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">As</collectingCountry>
noted above we did not manage to obtain usable DNA extract and were not able to sequence mitochondrial DNA for the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF97530E020D4906F161F44D" box="[577,625,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">type</typeStatus>
material. However, we note that mitochondrial DNA could not be used to identify these newts anyway. This is because
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E029F4963F095F469" box="[723,901,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E029F4963F095F469" box="[723,901,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in and around
<collectingCountry id="1BEE764CFF97530E04724962F796F469" box="[1086,1158,332,356]" name="Serbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">Serbia</collectingCountry>
contain asymmetrically introgressed western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E01D9495FF107F485" box="[405,535,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E01D9495FF107F485" box="[405,535,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF97530E026A495EF147F48A" box="[550,599,367,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
mitochondrial DNA (the area for which this phenomenon has been documented is detailed in Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012). Similarly, the nearest Serbian
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E047349BBF7AAF4A1" box="[1087,1210,405,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E047349BBF7AAF4A1" box="[1087,1210,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations contain asymmetrically introgressed western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E02724997F1A9F4DD" box="[574,697,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E02724997F1A9F4DD" box="[574,697,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF97530E028E4996F1FCF4C2" box="[706,748,439,463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
mitochondrial DNA (Wielstra &amp; Arntzen, 2012;
<bibRefCitation id="07684B2DFF97530E056D4999F21DF4F9" author="Wielstra" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" refString="Wielstra, B., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Litvinchuk, S. N., Reijnen, B. T., Skidmore, A. K., Sotiropoulis, K., et al. (2013 b) Tracing glacial refugia of Triturus newts based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and species distribution modeling. Frontiers in Zoology, 10, 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 10 - 13" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">
Wielstra
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E05C44997F3A4F4F9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013b
</bibRefCitation>
). So, from the perspective of mitochondrial DNA,
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E030549F3F0E7F4F9" box="[841,1015,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E030549F3F0E7F4F9" box="[841,1015,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E046349F3F7BBF4F9" box="[1071,1195,477,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E046349F3F7BBF4F9" box="[1071,1195,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are indistinguishable in the Vrtovaċ region.
</paragraph>
<caption id="37866654FF97530E00DB4F69F77FF2D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/215936/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" targetBox="[193,1393,591,1842]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="634636DCFF97530E00DB4F69F77FF2D5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1863,2009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E00DB4F69F203F250" bold="true" box="[151,275,1863,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Genetic similarity among crested newts (
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E02F14F67F0E6F253" authority="Superspecies" authorityName="Superspecies" box="[701,1014,1864,1886]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="452" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E02F14F67F07DF253" box="[701,877,1865,1886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">Triturus cristatus</emphasis>
superspecies
</taxonomicName>
) based on the allozyme data presented in Litvinchuk
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E01424F49F254F271" box="[270,324,1894,1916]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">et al.</emphasis>
(1999). Similarity among ten groups of crested newt, identified by Bayesian clustering, is expressed in an UPGMA dendrogram built with Rogers’genetic distance (for details see text and for data see online Appendix 4). Pie sizes reflect sample size. Color codes are as in Fig. 1 and individuals from the population of special interest (the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E05C54F8BF3FAF2D5" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E05C54F8BF3FAF2D5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Vrtovać) are shown in white. Note that this group does not cluster with
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF97530E039B4FEDF755F2D5" box="[983,1093,1986,2008]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF97530E039B4FEDF755F2D5" box="[983,1093,1986,2008]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="447">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF97530E04074FEDF77FF2D5" box="[1099,1135,1986,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="447" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="634636DCFF96530F008B48B6F0CCF489" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">
In conclusion, our analyses confirm that newts from Vrtovaċ, the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF96530F038E48B6F0E2F5BD" box="[962,1010,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F043748B7F7E5F5BD" box="[1147,1269,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F043748B7F7E5F5BD" box="[1147,1269,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the
<typeStatus id="BC42887EFF96530F00DB4895F3E9F5DE" box="[151,249,187,211]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F016B4892F2B2F5DE" box="[295,418,188,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F016B4892F2B2F5DE" box="[295,418,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are dissimilar to
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F02314892F1EBF5DE" box="[637,763,187,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F02314892F1EBF5DE" box="[637,763,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF96530F034A4892F023F5DE" box="[774,819,187,211]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and resemble
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F03AE4892F784F5DE" box="[994,1172,187,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F03AE4892F784F5DE" box="[994,1172,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NRBV, genome size, nuclear DNA sequences) or
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F01BF48CEF166F5FA" box="[499,630,224,247]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F01BF48CEF166F5FA" box="[499,630,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(allozyme data). The throat and belly pattern suggest they are
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F05CB48CEF239F417" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F05CB48CEF239F417" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we acknowledge that the distinction with
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F0304492DF0D6F417" box="[840,966,259,282]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F0304492DF0D6F417" box="[840,966,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult. On balance, we consider the population from Vrtovaċ to represent
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F02704909F1F9F433" box="[572,745,294,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F02704909F1F9F433" box="[572,745,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with perhaps some influences of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F04264909F7F5F433" box="[1130,1253,295,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F04264909F7F5F433" box="[1130,1253,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. cristatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Consequently, we consider the name
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F01D14964F107F46C" box="[413,535,330,353]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F01D14964F107F46C" box="[413,535,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F03164964F71BF46C" box="[858,1035,329,353]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F03164964F71BF46C" box="[858,1035,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and we conclude that the name
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F05CB4964F3E3F488" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F05CB4964F3E3F488" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. arntzeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should not be used for the central/western
<taxonomicName id="A4F94D5FFF96530F02984940F05EF488" box="[724,846,365,389]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="karelinii">
<emphasis id="518DEACEFF96530F02984940F05EF488" box="[724,846,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="448">T. karelinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ABE57B5FF96530F03194943F06DF489" box="[853,893,364,388]" pageId="7" pageNumber="448" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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