188 lines
16 KiB
XML
188 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3739808" approvalRequired="13" approvalRequired_for_treatments="13" checkinTime="1585778501182" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Macronycteris gigas" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="233" masterDocId="FF84FFDAC676A204FFF8FF9AFFEF4346" masterDocTitle="Hipposideridae" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="227" pageNumber="233" updateTime="1658319070246" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hipposideridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>227</mods:start>
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<mods:end>258</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3739808</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810912" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195708652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810912" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[175,1436,754,911]" box="[181,873,754,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<subSubSection box="[181,257,754,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="multiple">
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<figureCitation box="[181,257,754,815]" captionStart="Plate 16: Hipposideridae" captionStartId="2.[175,218,4379,4408]" captionTargetBox="[0,3699,0,4866]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat (Asellia arabica), 2. Somalian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat (Asellia italosomalica), 3. Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat (Asellia patrizii), 4. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat (Asellia tridens), 5. Greater Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina camerunensis), 6. Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina corynophyllus), 7. Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina cyclops), 8. Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina edwardshilli), 9. Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina muscinus), 10. Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina semoni), 11. Northern Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina stenotis), 12. Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina wollastoni), 13. Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Macronycteris commersonii), 14. Madagascar Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat (Macronycteris cryptovalorona), 15. Giant Leaf-nosed Bat Macronycteris gigas rench: (Phyllorhine géante), 16. Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bat Macronycteris thomensis rench: Phyllorhine de (Sao Tomé), 17. Striped Leaf-nosed Bat (Macronycteris vittatus), 18. Dong Bac Trident Bat (Aselliscus dongbacanus), 19. Stoliczka’s Trident Bat (Aselliscus stoliczkanus), 20. Temminck’s Trident Bat (Aselliscus tricuspidatus), 21. East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed (Bat Coelopsfrithii), 22. Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat (Coelops robinsoni), 23. Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat (Anthops omatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3739810/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">15.</figureCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[278,873,754,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="vernacular_names">Giant Leaf-nosed Bat</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[937,1431,754,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[175,1436,754,911]" box="[937,1431,754,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[937,1431,754,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Macronycteris gigas</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[175,1436,754,911]" box="[176,1436,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<vernacularName box="[176,261,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">French:</vernacularName>
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<emphasis box="[291,542,831,858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Phyllorhine géante</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[568,692,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[703,994,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Riesenrundblattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1005,1129,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1142,1436,831,858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Macronicterio gigante</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[175,1436,754,911]" box="[176,793,884,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[176,511,884,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[521,793,884,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Giant Roundleaf Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[999,1798,986,1556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1000,1213,986,1025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1845" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1115,1496,1039,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[999,1798,986,1556]" box="[1115,1496,1039,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3799839301" box="[1115,1496,1039,1078]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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“
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<collectingRegion box="[1132,1316,1039,1078]" country="Angola" name="Benguela" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Benguela</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry box="[1349,1490,1039,1078]" name="Angola" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Angola</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[999,1798,986,1556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1001,1356,1092,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Macronycteris gigas</taxonomicName>
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was previously considered conspecific with
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1500,1705,1145,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittatus">M. vittatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1813" box="[1001,1282,1199,1238]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commersonii">M. commersonii</taxonomicName>
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(under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[999,1798,986,1556]" lastBlockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6470496" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6470496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6470496/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" startId="6.[172,217,1568,1607]" targetBox="[172,969,988,1549]" targetPageId="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[999,1238,1358,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely distributed throughout tropical Africa from
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<collectingCountry box="[1481,1630,1412,1451]" name="Senegal" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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E to extreme W
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<collectingCountry box="[1184,1336,1465,1504]" name="Uganda" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and E
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<collectingCountry box="[1484,1693,1465,1504]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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, with isolated populations in W
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<collectingCountry box="[1489,1631,1517,1556]" name="Angola" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, SE
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<collectingCountry name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, and N, NE & SE
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<collectingCountry box="[553,727,1568,1607]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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; also on Bioko I
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</caption>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,507,1622,1661]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 98-115 mm, tail 25-50 mm, ear 24-36 mm, hindfoot 18-28 mm, forearm 95-124 mm; weight 85-138 g. Males are larger than females. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is the largest species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[910,1144,1728,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Macronycteris</taxonomicName>
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. It has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three or four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, medium to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally; it has numerous flecks and paler markings. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An orange morph exists which is rusty brown throughout Difficult to distinguish from the Striped Leaf-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[702,897,2046,2085]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Macronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittatus">M. vittatus</taxonomicName>
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), but is significantly larger and generally darker.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,327,2100,2139]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits lowland and coastal rainforest, and extends into wooded savanna, where it occurs in gallery forest. It occurs at elevations up to
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<quantity box="[227,367,2206,2245]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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, at Mount
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<collectingRegion box="[572,705,2206,2245]" country="Liberia" name="Nimba" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Nimba</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[723,863,2206,2245]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,532,2259,2298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects including large beetles (Coleoptera) and winged termites (Isoptera). It puts on significant amounts of fat at the end of the rainy season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,358,2418,2457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Breeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[425,555,2418,2457]" name="Gabon" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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, mating takes place inJune and the single young is bom in October, during the rainy season. Young bats can fly at 30-35 days of age and are fully grown at two months, but only become sexually mature after two years. In coastal
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<collectingCountry box="[1572,1693,2524,2563]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, mating takes place inJuly-August, with births in November.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,492,2630,2669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but it may also roost in hollow trees and may hang in thick vegetation. Echolocation call includes a F component at 54—56 kHz.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,1110,2789,2828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Giant Leaf-nosed Bats roost in colonies of a few tens to a few hundred individuals. Pregnant females segregate into maternity roosts for only a few days. Some populations are migratory (e.g. in
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<collectingCountry box="[1583,1700,2895,2934]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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they migrate from the coast inland in October and again in May to take advantage of the wet season’s arrival).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,645,3053,3092]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Hipposideros gigas</taxonomicName>
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). Although the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread, it is locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss (significant deforestation), cave disturbance, and subsistence hunting for food.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="233" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[170,1798,1568,3512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,381,3271,3300]" pageId="6" pageNumber="233">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Brosset (1966b, 1969), Brosset & Saint Girons (1980), Decher & Fahr (2007), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, M. (2013y), Lang & Chapin (1917a, 1917b), McWilliam (1982), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys eta/. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman eta/. (2010), Monadjem,Taylor et al. (2010), Porter et al. (2010), Pye (1972), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thorn & Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Wolton eta/. (1982).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |