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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65472" ID-GBIF-Dataset="867a17e0-5e5b-494e-9f4b-b1ae1e22272b" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-87-67" ID-Pensoft-UUID="1015225EC0755E7D8F740D5A65A02A33" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811307" ID-ZooBank="33756BCD757C4A72A029209AFE7540B5" ModsDocID="1314-2607-87-67" checkinTime="1640348330552" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Talamas, Elijah J., Popovici, Ovidiu, Shih, Chungkun &amp; Ren, Dong" docDate="2021" docId="2FCD98DA34E2520E9B28BC492D2DD40B" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 87: 67-80" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87" docPubDate="2021-12-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65472" docTitle="Prototeleia kleio Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="49ACB05A-3EFA-40D6-9563-2D98387939DA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="1015225EC0755E7D8F740D5A65A02A33" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="1015225EC0755E7D8F740D5A65A02A33" masterDocTitle="Prototeleia Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren: A new genus of Platygastridae from Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1678757005094" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Prototeleia Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren: A new genus of Platygastridae from Burmese amber</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Talamas, Elijah J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China &amp; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Popovici, Ovidiu</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-2177</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>' Al. I. Cuza' University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Research Group in Invertebrate Diversity and Phylogenetics, CERNESIM, B-dul Carol I, no. 11, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shih, Chungkun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA &amp; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rendongprof@yahoo.com.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-12-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>87</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>67</mods:start>
<mods:end>80</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65472</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65472</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-87-67</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">33756BCD757C4A72A029209AFE7540B5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">1015225EC0755E7D8F740D5A65A02A33</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5811307</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="results">
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191737804" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:49ACB05A-3EFA-40D6-9563-2D98387939DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FCD98DA34E2520E9B28BC492D2DD40B" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/49ACB05A-3EFA-40D6-9563-2D98387939DA" authority="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio" status="sp. nov.">Prototeleia kleio Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="family placement">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Family placement.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
We place
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
based on the combination of the following characters, which are consistent with the diagnosis of the family provided in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" author="Talamas, EJ" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="3 - 38" refId="B12" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Shih, C, Ren, D, 2019. Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber. In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 3 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" title="Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019">Talamas et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" author="Chen, H-y" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1088 - 1113" refId="B2" refString="Chen, H-y, Lahey, Z, Talamas, EJ, Valerio, AA, Popovici, OA, Musetti, L, Klompen, H, Plaszek, A, Masner, L, Austin, AD, Johnson, NF, 2021. An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 1088 - 1113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" title="An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" volume="46" year="2021">Chen et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
: antenna with 8 flagellomeres; pronotal cervical sulcus setose; mesopleuron with transepisternal line (broadly defined); mesepimeral sulcus absent; T2/S2 the longest metasomal segment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from all other genera of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
by the combination of the following characters: bulla of fore wing present; fore wing with marginal, postmarginal, and stigmal veins; anterior margins of T2 and S2-S4 with transverse lines of foveae; paracoxal sulcus present along anterior margin of metapleuron; malar sulcus present; malar and facial striae absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Body length of female: 1.73 mm. Body length of male: 1.82 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Number of antennomeres in female: 10. Number of clavomeres (based on size) in female: 5. Male antenna: filiform. Number of antennomeres in male: 10. Number of mandibular teeth: 2. Malar sulcus: present. Malar striae: absent. Facial striae: absent. Orbital carina: absent. Submedian carina on frons: absent. Setation of compound eye: present, very short. Interantennal process: present. Torulus: opening laterally. Frontal ledge: absent. Ocular-ocellar length: lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by less than one diameter of lateral ocellus. Sculpture of dorsal head: finely reticulate. Hyperoccipital carina: absent. Occipital carina: present, continuous dorsally and ventrally extending below occipital foramen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pronotal cervical sulcus: present as a setose furrow. Epomial carina: absent. Transverse pronotal carina: absent. Posterior margin of pronotum in dorsal view: evenly arched, slightly overlapping mesoscutum. Netrion: present. Skaphion: absent. Antero-admedian lines: absent. Sculpture of mesoscutum: finely reticulate. Notaulus: percurrent, converging posteriorly and sharply bending laterally at anterior end. Parapsidal lines: absent. Scutoscutellar sulcus: present as a smooth furrow between notauli, striate in dorsal axillar area. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: finely reticulate. Posterior mesoscutellar sulcus: foveate. Sculpture of metanotal trough: foveate. Metascutellum: absent. Acetabular carina: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: absent. Episternal foveae: absent. Mesopleural carina: absent. Anterior mesepisternal area: absent. Mesopleural pit: absent. Prespecular sulcus: indicated by rugae. Transepisternal line: present as a chevron-shaped depression. Mesepimeral sulcus: absent. Mesopleural epicoxal sulcus: indicated by weakly impressed foveae on lateral surface of mesopleuron, not visible ventrally. Paracoxal sulcus: indicated by foveae along anterior margin of metapleuron. Metapleural pit: present. Metapleural sulcus: present as a transverse furrow. Sculpture of dorsal metapleural area: very fine microsculpture. Sculpture of ventral metapleural area: very fine microsculpture. Number of spurs on mesotibia: 1. Number of spurs on metatibia: 2.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811309" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625648" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA-2017056), lateral view of right side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Wing venation</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
1Rs+1M (basal vein): nebulous. Bulla in fore wing: present. Marginal vein: present, approximately as long as stigmal vein. Postmarginal vein: present, shorter than stigmal vein. 3Rs in fore wing: indicated distal to stigmal vein. Medial vein in fore wing: nebulous in distal half. Cubital vein in fore wing: nebulous. Submarginal vein in hind wing: sclerotized, extending to anterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
T1 in female: without horn. Sculpture of T1: longitudinally striate. Sculpture of T2 in female: with transverse line of large foveae at anterior margin, otherwise with fine reticulate microsculpture. Sculpture of T2 in male: with transverse line of large foveae at anterior margin and striate in anterior half, otherwise with fine reticulate microsculpture. Sculpture of T4-T6 in male: with fine microsculpture. Shape of S2 in lateral view: distinctly expanded in posterior half. Sculpture of S3-S5: anterior margin with row of deep foveae, otherwise smooth. Sculpture of S2: foveate along anterior margin with short costae, otherwise with fine microsculpture. Sculpture of S3-S4 in female: foveate along anterior margin with short costae, otherwise with fine microsculpture. Sculpture of S3-S4 in male: foveate along anterior margin, medial costae extending nearly to posterior margin, otherwise with fine microsculpture. Sculpture of S5-S6: fine microsculpture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Myanmar" location="Myanmar" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
female:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<collectingCountry name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056 (deposited in CNU);
<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
male:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<collectingCountry name="Myanmar">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: OPPC-BUR-1719 (deposited in OPPC).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811311" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625649" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 2, 3" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 2, 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
female (CNU-HYM-MA-2017056)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">2</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">3</emphasis>
head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view of right side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from Greek, meaning &quot;primitive end&quot;. This name refers to plesiomorphies retained on the metasoma: the transverse lines of foveae along the anterior margins of T2 and S2-S4, and the small degree by which the second metasomal segment is the longest. The species epithet,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">kleio</emphasis>
, is the name of the Greek muse of history and refers to the piece of platygastrid history provided by this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Character discussion</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="malar sulcus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Malar sulcus</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
A malar sulcus is found in very few extant platygastrids:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson, Masner &amp; Musetti" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Orwellium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orwellium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Orwellium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Johnson, Masner &amp; Musetti,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Aleyroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleyroctonus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Aleyroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Alfredella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alfredella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Alfredella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Oligomerella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligomerella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Oligomerella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert. In all but
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson, Masner &amp; Musetti" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Orwellium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orwellium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Orwellium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the malar sulcus is bordered by malar and facial striae. The malar area is obscured in the holotype female of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the malar sulcus can be seen in the paratype male (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7, 8" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7, 8. 7 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), head, anteroventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625651" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811313" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625650" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 4–6" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 4-6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA-2017056)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">4</emphasis>
head, anterodorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">5</emphasis>
wings, anterodorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</emphasis>
head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view of left side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811315" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625651" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 7, 8" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 7, 8.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype male (OSUC 226542), head, anteroventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="prespecular sulcus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prespecular sulcus</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Each of the platygastrid genera that have a malar sulcus also have a prespecular sulcus on the dorsal mesopleuron. This sulcus may exist as a line of foveae, as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Aleyroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleyroctonus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Aleyroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
), or a line of rugae (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
). Given that the trend in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
is toward reduction of sulci, we consider the presence of the prespecular sulcus to be plesiomorphic.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811317" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 9–16" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 9-16.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1935" class="Hexapoda" family="Platygastridae" genus="Nirupama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nirupama" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Nirupama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CNU-HYM-MA-2017056), mesosoma, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="transepisternal line">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Transepisternal line</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
We here propose a hypothesis that the transepisternal line in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
originates from three landmarks surrounding an ancestral femoral depression. Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11-16</figureCitation>
illustrate these landmarks (a-c) in a transformation series from the putatively derived (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
) to ancestral (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
) states. The first landmark (a) is a depression or ridge on the anteroventral mesopleuron. In
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. enigmaticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="enigmaticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">O. enigmaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Inostemma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inostemma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Inostemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Haliday it is a simple ridge, whereas in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kieffer it is a curved line of foveae (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14</figureCitation>
). The foveae in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are dorsal to the mesopleural carina and posterior to a raised area at the anterior margin, making them positionally homologous to the subacropleural sulcus in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Archaeoteleia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeoteleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Archaeoteleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner (see Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7, 8" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7, 8. 7 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), head, anteroventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625651" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7, 8" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 7, 8. 7 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), head, anteroventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625651" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">8</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.56.10388" author="Talamas, EJ" editor="Talamas, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="241 - 261" refId="B11" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Buffington, ML, Ren, D, 2017. Archaeoteleia Masner in the Cretaceous and a new species of Proteroscelio Brues (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea). In: Talamas, EJ, Buffington, ML, Eds., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 56: 241 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.56.10388" title="Archaeoteleia Masner in the Cretaceous and a new species of Proteroscelio Brues (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.56.10388" volume="56" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea." year="2017">Talamas et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
). The second landmark (b) was interpreted by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.20.204" author="Johnson, N" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="21 - 30" refId="B5" refString="Johnson, N, Masner, L, Musetti, L, 2009. Orwellium, a new Valdivian genus of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera). ZooKeys 20: 21 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.20.204" title="Orwellium, a new Valdivian genus of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.20.204" volume="20" year="2009">Johnson et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
to be the mesopleural pit in
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. enigmaticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="enigmaticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">O. enigmaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We consider that it may be a fovea of the mesepimeral sulcus, which is consistent with its location at the margin of an elevated posterior mesepimeral area (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15</figureCitation>
). Supporting this idea, Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9</figureCitation>
illustrates a species of the scelionid genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1935" class="Hexapoda" family="Platygastridae" genus="Nirupama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nirupama" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Nirupama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nixon in which the mesepimeral sulcus is reduced to two foveae. The location of these foveae in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1935" class="Hexapoda" family="Platygastridae" genus="Nirupama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nirupama" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Nirupama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds to that of the single fovea in both
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. enigmaticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="enigmaticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">O. enigmaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Inostemma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inostemma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Inostemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">12</figureCitation>
). The third landmark (c) is indicated in
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. enigmaticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="enigmaticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">O. enigmaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a short line of foveae in the posteroventral portion of the mesopleuron, and we hypothesize that these are homologous to the more dorsally located line of foveae in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14</figureCitation>
) and the single fovea in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
). The location of this landmark in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Inostemma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inostemma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Inostemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">12</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
) is speculative because no foveae are indicated. The angled form of the transepisternal line in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also found in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Alfredella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alfredella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Alfredella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.58368" author="Lahey, Z" editor="Lahey, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="81 - 113" refId="B6" refString="Lahey, Z, Talamas, E, Masner, L, Johnson, NF, 2021. Revision of the Australian genus Alfredella Masner &amp; Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae). In: Lahey, Z, Talamas, E, Eds., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 81 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.58368" title="Revision of the Australian genus Alfredella Masner &amp; Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.58368" volume="87" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III." year="2021">Lahey et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
), can thus be interpreted as a furrow connecting these three landmarks. In cases where the landmarks are either colinear or further reduced, the transepisternal line becomes a simple furrow as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Fidiobia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fidiobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Fidiobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ashmead (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
). Implicit in this explanation is the assertion that the dorsomedial fovea (b) in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is associated with the mesepimeral ridge. The transepisternal line is found only in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Proterosceliopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Proterosceliopsidae</taxonomicName>
, and in the latter it terminates posteriorly at the mesepimeral sulcus (see Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
and fig. 53 in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" author="Talamas, EJ" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="3 - 38" refId="B12" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Shih, C, Ren, D, 2019. Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber. In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 3 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" title="Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019">Talamas et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) but is otherwise a rather simple and smooth arc. Analysis of internal anatomy is clearly needed in these taxa to determine if the transepisternal lines are homologous and test our hypothesis about the evolution of this structure.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="paracoxal sulcus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Paracoxal sulcus</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The presence of a paracoxal sulcus in the ventral portion of the metapleuron is a rarity in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32463" author="Lahey, Z" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="63 - 73" refId="B7" refString="Lahey, Z, Masner, L, Johnson, NF, 2019. Calixomeria, a new genus of Sceliotrachelinae (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) from Australia. ZooKeys 830: 63 - 73, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32463" title="Calixomeria, a new genus of Sceliotrachelinae (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) from Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32463" volume="830" year="2019">Lahey et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
reported it to occur only in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Masner" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Calixomeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calixomeria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Calixomeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lahey &amp; Masner, but it can also be found in some
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
). In these two genera it is a smooth furrow, whereas in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is a line of foveae (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="metanotal trough">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metanotal trough</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
We consider a foveate metanotal trough to be plesiomorphic for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Platygastroidea">Platygastroidea</taxonomicName>
because it occurs in all families and all Cretaceous fossils that we have examined. Secondary modification occurs in some
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scelionidae</taxonomicName>
where the metanotal trough is largely smooth (some
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Telenomus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Telenomus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Telenomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Haliday) or contains a transverse furrow (e.g.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas &amp; Miko" authorityYear="2016" class="Hexapoda" family="Platygastridae" genus="Dvivarnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dvivarnus mikuki" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mikuki">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Dvivarnus mikuki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Talamas &amp; Miko) and in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson &amp; Austin" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Janzenellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Janzenellidae</taxonomicName>
where the metanotal trough is irregularly rugulose in addition to having foveae present (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.67256" author="Bremer, J" editor="Lahey, Z" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="223 - 233" refId="B1" refString="Bremer, J, Kamp, T, Talamas, EJ, 2021. Janzenella theia Bremer &amp; Talamas (Platygastroidea, Janzenellidae): a new species from Baltic amber. In: Lahey, Z, Talamas, E, Eds., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223 - 233, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.67256" title="Janzenella theia Bremer &amp; Talamas (Platygastroidea, Janzenellidae): a new species from Baltic amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.67256" volume="87" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III." year="2021">Bremer et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a foveate metanotal trough (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Prototeleia kleio, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056) 2 habitus, dorsal view 3 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view of right side." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625649" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
), which is also found in number of extant platygastrid genera. The scanning electron micrographs and illustrations in Masner and Huggert (1989), and our own observations indicate that the foveate metanotal trough is found in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Allostemma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allostemma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Allostemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Aphanomerus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphanomerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Aphanomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Perkins,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Calomerella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calomerella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Calomerella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Errolium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Errolium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Errolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(variable within the genus, Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Nanomerus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nanomerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Nanomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Orseta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orseta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Orseta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson, Masner &amp; Musetti" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Orwellium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orwellium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Orwellium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szelenyi" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Pseudaphanomerus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudaphanomerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Pseudaphanomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szelényi">Szelenyi</normalizedToken>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Proplatygaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proplatygaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Proplatygaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kieffer,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner &amp; Huggert" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Zelostemma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zelostemma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Zelostemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Masner &amp; Huggert. However, the majority of platygastrid genera have a smooth metanotal trough (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
). The distribution of this character suggests that it may eventually be useful for dividing the family at the tribal or subfamily levels.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811319" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625653" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 17" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype male (OPPC-BUR-1719), lateral view of right side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="metascutellum">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metascutellum</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The metascutellum, a median, elevated, and often smooth area of the metanotum, is absent in
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this species the entire metanotum is uniformly foveate (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–16" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 9 - 16. 9 Nirupama (OSUC 226542), mesosoma, lateral view 16 Prototeleia kleio (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), mesosoma, lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures9-16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625652" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">16</figureCitation>
), contrasting with the rest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
in which a metascutellum is clearly differentiated, when visible. It should be noted that in some derived platygastrine genera the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum overlaps the metanotum and articulates directly with the lateral propodeal carinae, thus obscuring the metascutellum. The phylogenetic analyses of
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" author="Chen, H-y" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1088 - 1113" refId="B2" refString="Chen, H-y, Lahey, Z, Talamas, EJ, Valerio, AA, Popovici, OA, Musetti, L, Klompen, H, Plaszek, A, Masner, L, Austin, AD, Johnson, NF, 2021. An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification. Systematic Entomology 46 (4): 1088 - 1113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" title="An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511" volume="46" year="2021">Chen et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
retrieved
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
in a clade with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson &amp; Austin" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Janzenellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Janzenellidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson &amp; Austin" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Neuroscelionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neuroscelionidae</taxonomicName>
, both of which have a metascutellum, suggesting that its absence in
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a plesiomorphy. Similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kleio" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">P. kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the uniformly foveate metanotum without a metascutellum occurs in
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Proterosceliopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Proterosceliopsidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polaszek &amp; Johnson" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Huddlestonium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Huddlestonium exu" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Huddlestonium exu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Polaszek &amp; Johnson (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Engel &amp; Huang" baseAuthorityYear="2016" family="Geoscelionidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="family">Geoscelionidae</taxonomicName>
, Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–20" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 18 - 20. 18 Huddlestonium exu (OSUC 232305), mesosoma, posterior view 19 Platygastroidea sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017068), mesosoma, dorsolateral view 20 Sparasionidae sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2016104), mesosoma, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures18-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">18</figureCitation>
). Among other Cretaceous platygastroids, some of which require further study for family-level placement, the metascutellum is apparently absent or minimally differentiated from the metanotal trough (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–20" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 18 - 20. 18 Huddlestonium exu (OSUC 232305), mesosoma, posterior view 19 Platygastroidea sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017068), mesosoma, dorsolateral view 20 Sparasionidae sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2016104), mesosoma, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures18-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 18–20" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 18 - 20. 18 Huddlestonium exu (OSUC 232305), mesosoma, posterior view 19 Platygastroidea sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017068), mesosoma, dorsolateral view 20 Sparasionidae sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA- 2016104), mesosoma, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures18-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">20</figureCitation>
). It currently remains unclear at what level in the superfamily this character can be considered derived or ancestral, and the degree to which it is homoplastic.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811321" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures18-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 18–20" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 18-20.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">18</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polaszek &amp; Johnson" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Huddlestonium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Huddlestonium exu" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Huddlestonium exu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OSUC 232305), mesosoma, posterior view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">19</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polaszek &amp; Johnson" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Platygastroidea">Platygastroidea</taxonomicName>
sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA-2017068), mesosoma, dorsolateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">20</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Sparasionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sparasionidae</taxonomicName>
sp., Burmese amber (CNU-HYM-MA-2016104), mesosoma, dorsolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="wing venation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Wing venation</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The wing venation of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the stigmal vein is perpendicular to the marginal vein, is similar to that of the fossil platygastrid illustrated in figures 65, 66 in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" author="Talamas, EJ" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="3 - 38" refId="B12" refString="Talamas, EJ, Johnson, NF, Shih, C, Ren, D, 2019. Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber. In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 3 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" title="Proterosceliopsidae: A new family of Platygastroidea from Cretaceous amber." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.32256" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019">Talamas et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. enigmaticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="enigmaticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">O. enigmaticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the only extant platygastrid with these veins (see figure 6 in Johnson et al. (2016)). A bulla in the fore wing is found in both platygastrid specimens known from the Cretaceous and is not found in extant members of the family.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811323" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures21-24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625655" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 21–24" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 21-24.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">21</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype male (OSUC 226542), metasoma, ventrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="metasomal foveae">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metasomal foveae</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The transverse line of foveae along anterior T2 (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Prototeleia kleio, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056), lateral view of right side." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625648" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">1</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Prototeleia kleio, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056) 2 habitus, dorsal view 3 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsolateral view of right side." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625649" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–24" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 21 - 24. 21 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), metasoma, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures21-24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625655" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">21</figureCitation>
) is found in only a few platygastrids, including
<taxonomicName authorityName="Johnson, Masner &amp; Musetti" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Orwellium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orwellium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Orwellium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Metaclisis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metaclisis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Metaclisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is ubiquitous in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Sparasionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sparasionidae</taxonomicName>
and nearly so in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scelionidae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among platygastrids by having lines of foveae on anterior S3-S4 (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4–6" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 6. Prototeleia kleio, holotype female (CNU-HYM-MA- 2017056) 4 head, anterodorsal view 5 wings, anterodorsal view 6 head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view of left side." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures4-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625650" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 17. Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OPPC-BUR- 1719), lateral view of right side." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625653" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–24" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 21 - 24. 21 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), metasoma, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures21-24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625655" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">21</figureCitation>
), which are deeply impressed and costate, especially in the male specimen. In all other platygastrids, except
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, S3-S6 (or the terminal segment) are simple. In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Sacespalus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sacespalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sacespalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pits are present in the anterolateral corners of S3-S5 (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–24" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 21 - 24. 21 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), metasoma, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures21-24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625655" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 21–24" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 21 - 24. 21 Prototeleia kleio, paratype male (OSUC 226542), metasoma, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures21-24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625655" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">23</figureCitation>
). We consider anterior, transverse lines of foveae on metasomal segments 1-5 to be the ancestral condition in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Platygastroidea">Platygastroidea</taxonomicName>
based on its prevalence in the Cretaceous fossils that we have examined (Burmese and Lebanese amber). We thus interpret
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia kleio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kleio">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia kleio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a transitionary form, one that clearly belongs in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
while exhibiting a plesiomorphy not present in the extant fauna.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="length of metasomal segments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Length of metasomal segments</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The relative length of the second metasomal segment is a useful character for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
because essentially all members of the family have this as the longest segment. The rare exceptions are species with an extremely elongated metasoma, as is known to occur in some species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Synopeas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synopeas" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Synopeas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forster and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platygaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Platygaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille (Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25, 26" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 25, 26. 25 Synopeas idarniforne (Dodd) (SAMA No. 32 - 032767), habitus, lateral view 26 Platygaster prolata MacGown (USNMENT 01059214), habitus, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures25-26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625656" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25, 26" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 25, 26. 25 Synopeas idarniforne (Dodd) (SAMA No. 32 - 032767), habitus, lateral view 26 Platygaster prolata MacGown (USNMENT 01059214), habitus, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures25-26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625656" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">26</figureCitation>
). Metasomal segments of roughly equal length can be found in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scelionidae</taxonomicName>
, but this is not typical, whereas in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Sparasionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sparasionidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1976" family="Nixoniidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="family">Nixoniidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Proterosceliopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Proterosceliopsidae</taxonomicName>
, and the unplaced
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Proteroscelio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proteroscelio" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Proteroscelio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brues, the segments are generally equal in length. We thus consider T2/S2 as the longest segment to be a derived character for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
. The metasoma of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Talamas, Popovici, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Prototeleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prototeleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Prototeleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be an intermediate form: T2/S2 is the longest, but only slightly so in comparison to the extant fauna.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811325" doi="10.3897/jhr.87.65472.figures25-26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/625656" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 25, 26" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figures 25, 26.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">25</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Synopeas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synopeas idarniforne" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idarniforne">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Synopeas idarniforne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dodd) (SAMA No. 32-032767), habitus, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">26</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="MacGown" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platygaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platygaster prolata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Platygaster prolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MacGown (USNMENT01059214), habitus, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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