247 lines
20 KiB
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247 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6069230" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1ccd0e95-58e8-45af-b020-6c42e4d70262" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119208841" ID-ISSN="2156-5457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6069230" checkinTime="1458552697870" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Andrew D. Warren, Shinichi Nakahara, Vladimir A. Lukhtanov, Kathryn M. Daly, Clifford D. Ferris, Nick V. Grishin, Martin Cesanek & Jonathan P. Pelham" docDate="2016" docId="03BB87A7FFDCFFFA8AB1F97EFDC6AFB1" docLanguage="en" docName="JRL_49_1_20.pdf" docOrigin="The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 49" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Oeneis chryxus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FF82FFDFFFD0FFF48A0CFFCFFFC4A938" masterDocTitle="A new species of Oeneis from Alaska, United States, with notes on the Oeneis chryxus complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1644803551084" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Oeneis from Alaska, United States, with notes on the Oeneis chryxus complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Andrew D. Warren</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shinichi Nakahara</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vladimir A. Lukhtanov</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kathryn M. Daly</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Clifford D. Ferris</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nick V. Grishin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Martin Cesanek</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jonathan P. Pelham</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>49</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>20</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.270001</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">1ccd0e95-58e8-45af-b020-6c42e4d70262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2156-5457</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">270001</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C3C004C6-9D38-4B99-AF4F-813B1689FCD3</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6069230" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119208841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6069230" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87A7FFDCFFFA8AB1F97EFDC6AFB1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87A7FFDCFFFA8AB1F97EFDC6AFB1" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[189,780,1713,1770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading bold="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Taxonomic status and distribution of Yukon-Alaska
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<taxonomicName box="[189,346,1745,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,346,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oeneis chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[189,804,1810,1931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName box="[227,401,1810,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[227,401,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oeneis chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widely distributed in Yukon Territory, with records from even and odd-numbered years, where it inhabits dry, open barrens and subarctic steppe (Ferris et al. 1983; Lafontaine & Wood 1997).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[835,1444,852,1931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Various authors have considered Yukon populations of
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<taxonomicName box="[835,943,885,909]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[835,943,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to represent
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<taxonomicName box="[1093,1194,886,909]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis box="[1093,1194,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c. caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Layberry et al. 1998; Guppy & Shepard 2001), although Burdick (1958) noted that this is incorrect. The type specimen of
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<taxonomicName box="[835,944,984,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis box="[835,944,984,1008]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c. caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as figured by Burdick (1958) and Warren et al. (2015), is markedly different than any material we have examined from Yukon Territory, and, other than the enlarged forewing ocelli, appears to fall within the normal range of variation seen in the western populations of
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<emphasis box="[1115,1237,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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O. c.
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<taxonomicName box="[1176,1237,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calais">calais</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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. Further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c. caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although we believe
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<taxonomicName box="[1123,1222,1215,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis box="[1123,1222,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c. caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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should probably be considered synonymous with
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<emphasis box="[1170,1281,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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O. c.
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<taxonomicName box="[1223,1281,1248,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calais">calais</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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; alternatively, if
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<emphasis box="[858,974,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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O. c.
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<taxonomicName box="[913,974,1281,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calais">calais</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is considered to be a species-level taxon,
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<taxonomicName box="[835,934,1314,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis box="[835,934,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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might be considered its western subspecies, as implied by McDunnough (1934) and treated by Kondla (2010).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[835,1444,852,1931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Thus, the name
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<taxonomicName box="[1086,1210,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chryxus" subSpecies="caryi">
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<emphasis box="[1086,1210,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. c. caryi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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does not apply to populations of
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<taxonomicName box="[1042,1173,1445,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[1042,1173,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in northern British Columbia, Yukon Territory, or those barely entering eastern Alaska (see below). While the erection of a new subspecies name might be justifiable for these populations, we feel they are close enough to nominotypical
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<taxonomicName box="[1012,1124,1610,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[1012,1124,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in phenotype to tentatively associate them with that taxon. The similarity of
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<emphasis box="[835,880,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">COI</emphasis>
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sequences between Yukon and Rocky Mountain material to the south (British Columbia,
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<taxonomicName box="[1346,1439,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberta">Alberta</taxonomicName>
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, Montana, Colorado) also supports this arrangement, given that barcodes from Yukon specimens are extremely similar or identical to those from further south in the Rocky Mountains.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[835,1444,852,1931]" lastBlockId="14.[189,805,199,1673]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName box="[873,1033,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[873,1033,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oeneis chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was first reported from Alaska by Holland (1900), based on a single female taken at Eagle City, on 10 July 1899, by Reverend S. Hall Young. We have examined two male specimens from Eagle, one collected by Young in 1901, and another collected by Reed Heilig in 1903, both of which are typical of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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found to the east in Yukon Territory. One of the specimens bears a blue “paratype” label reading “klondikensis FC”, affixed by Frank Chermock. This name was never formally proposed, but was apparently intended to represent
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<emphasis box="[454,586,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. c. “caryi”</emphasis>
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of recent authors (
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<emphasis box="[200,227,490,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">e.g</emphasis>
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., Layberry et al. 1998; Guppy & Shepard 2001). The “holotype” and “allotype” of “klondikensis”, which we also examined, are from Dawson, Yukon Territory, and a second “paratype” we examined is from Whitehorse. More recently, Guppy & Shepard (2001) indicated the presence of
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<taxonomicName box="[597,713,650,674]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[597,713,650,674]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Alaska Panhandle, in the vicinity of Skagway. While we have not examined specimens from this area, this material is likely to be morphologically like adjacent
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<taxonomicName box="[189,304,779,803]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[189,304,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations in southern Yukon Territory and far northwestern British Columbia.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270010/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[240,1429,222,1576]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph blockId="13.[227,1405,1683,1757]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[227,310,1686,1706]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 9</emphasis>
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. Dendrogram generated from Bayesian analysis of
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<emphasis box="[806,844,1683,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">COI</emphasis>
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barcode sequences from taxa in the
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<taxonomicName box="[1198,1241,1686,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bore">bore</taxonomicName>
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group of
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<taxonomicName box="[1332,1400,1683,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1332,1400,1683,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oeneis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<taxonomicName box="[270,351,1709,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="norna">
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<emphasis box="[270,351,1709,1729]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O. norna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the outgroup. See text for details of the analysis. Colored groupings identify taxa and populations discussed in the text.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[189,805,199,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Thus, with the delimitation of
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<taxonomicName box="[636,760,844,867]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanana">
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<emphasis box="[636,760,844,867]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. tanana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it appears that
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<taxonomicName box="[351,469,876,900]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[351,469,876,900]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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just barely penetrates into Alaska from Yukon Territory, along the Yukon River corridor, where it is known from two sites just 9.5 km. (5.9 mi.- at Eagle) and 60 km. (37 mi.- at Kathul Mtn.) west of the Canadian border (
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<figureCitation box="[610,680,1005,1029]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[227,292,1068,1088]" captionTargetBox="[189,1443,197,990]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[189,1443,197,990]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of Oeneis tanana (stars) and O. chryxus (squares) in Alaska and northwestern Canada. Red arrow indicates the Stewart Crossing area, Yukon Territory, where a few individuals with O. tanana- type COI sequences have been found (see discussion in text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270008/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). Despite considerable collecting efforts by various researchers along the Taylor and Steese highways, which traverse the Yukon-Tanana uplands separating the Yukon and
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<taxonomicName box="[189,277,1134,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanana">Tanana</taxonomicName>
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rivers,
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<taxonomicName box="[367,482,1133,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[367,482,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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remains unreported from the region (the record from the central Yukon-Tanana highlands indicated by Philip and Ferris (2015) represents a misplaced Kathul Mountain record). Likewise,
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<taxonomicName box="[309,427,1262,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
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<emphasis box="[309,427,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appears to barely extend into the Alaska Panhandle near Skagway, presumably from widespread populations just to the north in northwestern British Columbia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[189,805,199,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName box="[227,379,1392,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanana">
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<emphasis box="[227,379,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oeneis tanana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appears to be allopatric with respect to
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<taxonomicName box="[222,336,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[222,336,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Alaska, and it might be endemic to Alaska (but see above). Available records suggest that Alaskan
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[353,469,1488,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanana">
|
|
<emphasis box="[353,469,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. tanana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
populations are separated from the nearest known population of
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[651,765,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[651,765,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Alaska (at Eagle) by about 185 air km. (115 mi.), and are separated from the nearest known population of
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[219,332,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Oeneis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chryxus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[219,332,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. chryxus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Yukon Territory (at Nickel Creek) by about 210 air km. (130 mi.).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |