treatments-xml/data/BA/DB/3E/BADB3E30D2A859C1A0F5B8EE2578B50B.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752" ID-PMC="PMC5546388" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-82-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F256D77DFFB55B008F3AFFA9241E6653" ID-PubMed="28794681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138123" ModsDocID="1314-2003-82-35" checkinTime="1502745023928" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O. &amp; Horn, Charles N." docDate="2017" docId="BADB3E30D2A859C1A0F5B8EE2578B50B" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 82: 35-56" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 82" docPubDate="2017-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752" docTitle="Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="F256D77DFFB55B008F3AFFA9241E6653" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="F256D77DFFB55B008F3AFFA9241E6653" masterDocTitle="Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz &amp; Pavon (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil, with notes on inflorescence architecture in the family" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668142005081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz &amp; Pavon (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil, with notes on inflorescence architecture in the family</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil &amp; Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013 - 7012, USA (current address)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Horn, Charles N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Newberry College, Department of Sciences and Mathematics, 2100 College Street, Newberry, SC 29108, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-06-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>82</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>35</mods:start>
<mods:end>56</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-82-35</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">F256D77DFFB55B008F3AFFA9241E6653</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1138123</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226019" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BADB3E30D2A859C1A0F5B8EE2578B50B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BADB3E30D2A859C1A0F5B8EE2578B50B" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
1. 
<taxonomicName LSID="BADB3E30-D2A8-59C1-A0F5-B8EE2578B50B" authority="C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell." authorityName="C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell." authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis" status="sp. nov.">Heteranthera catharinensis C.N.Horn &amp; M.Pell.</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, US herbarium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142326" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Line drawing of Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. A Detail of the leaf blade B Detail of the apex of the stem, showing the ligule and an inflorescence at anthesis C Detail of the basal bract, showing the spatulate-mucronate apex D Glandular hair from the cincinnus axis and floral tube E Dissected perianth lobes, showing the 5 + 1 arrangement F Lateral stamen G Uniseriate hair from the lateral stamen H Central stamen I Gynoecium, showing the glabrous style and unevenly trilobate stigma. Illustration by M. O. O. Pellegrini, based on the paratype (Smith &amp; Reitz 9103, US)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142327" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map. ■ Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. ● H. pumila M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. Green- Parana watershed; Yellow- Uruguay watershed; Red- Southeastern Atlantic watershed; following ANA - Agencia Nacional de Aguas (2002)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142328" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
Similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera reniformis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ruiz &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
due to is petiolate leaves with reniform to broadly cordate blades, glandular-pubescent cincinnus axis, perianth lobes with a 5+1 arrangement, and straight filaments. It is unique due to its 3.2-5.5 cm long, glabrous peduncles, basal bract with spatulate-mucronate apex, 6-17-flowered, glomerulate cincinnus; externally glabrous perianth lobes, central superior perianth lobe 6.6-9.2 mm long, central stamen with glabrous filament, lateral anthers 1-1.8 mm long, central anther 1.7-2.4 mm long, and glabrous style.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="9212CD514F42AA4F30DBE85A5AFB00E8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9212CD514F42AA4F30DBE85A5AFB00E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphological characters differentiating the South American species of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera reniformis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex. States in bold represent unique or distinguishing characteristics for that species. *Populations of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. multiflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. multiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Argentina and Paraguay have a much more elongate cincinnus with only a few flowers within the basal bract (spathe). **In North America, 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. multiflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. multiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller perianth tube lengths.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Characters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. multiflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. multiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. pumila" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. pumila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. reniformis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Leaf blade width</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">(14-)30-46 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">29-65 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3.2-12.1 mm</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">13-40 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Peduncle</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3.2-5.5 cm long</emphasis>
, glabrous
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">0.1-1.2 cm long, glabrous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
0.5-3.4 cm long, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">glandular-pubescent</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">0.5-2.2(-3) cm long, glabrous</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Basal bract (spathe)</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Spatulate-mucronate</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Mucronate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Aristate</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Mucronate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Flower arrangement</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Glomerulate (condensed at the base and apex of the cincinnus)</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Evenly distributed along the cincinnus</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Evenly distributed along the cincinnus</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Evenly distributed along the cincinnus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Cincinnus</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">6-17-flowered, main axis glandular-pubescent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
3-13 flowered, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">main axis glabrous</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1-2(-3)-flowered</emphasis>
, main axis glandular-pubescent
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">3-8-flowered, main axis glandular-pubescent</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Flowers exerted from the basal bract (spathe)</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">5-15</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">0-3(-10) *</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">0(-1)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">0-3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Perianth tube length</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">5-7.5 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">(3-)6-10 mm **</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">4.9-7.3 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">2.5-5 mm</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Perianth lobes pubescence</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Glabrous</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Glandular-pubescent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Glandular-pubescent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Glandular-pubescent</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Central superior perianth lobe length</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">6.6-9.2 mm</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">3-7.5 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">3.6-4 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">2.3-5 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lateral stamens</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
Filaments barbate with hairs of unknown color, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">anthers 1.0-1.8 mm long</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Filaments barbate with purple hairs, anthers 0.5-1.1 mm long</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Filaments barbate with lilac to pink hairs, anthers 0.4-0.6 mm long</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Filaments barbate with white hairs</emphasis>
, anthers 0.2-0.6 mm long
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Central stamen</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Filament glabrous, anther 1.7-2.4 mm long</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Filament barbate with purple hairs, anther 1-1.9 mm long</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Filament villose with white hairs, anther 1.2-1.6 mm long</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Filament villose with white hairs, anther 0.6-1.4 mm long</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Seeds</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Testa with 9-12 conspicuous longitudinal wings</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Testa smooth or with 7-9 inconspicuous longitudinal wings</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rowspan="1">Testa with 8-14 conspicuous longitudinal wings</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1964-12-09" collectorName="L. B. Smith, R. M. Klein" country="BRAZIL" elevation="550" latitude="-26.983334" location="Rio Irani" longLatPrecision="1239" longitude="-52.183334" municipality="Ipumirim" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Ipumirim</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="km" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4-7 km</quantity>
south of the 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BADB3E30D2A859C1A0F5B8EE2578B50B:863C9128AB1BED1C8FC55ED741984628" country="BRAZIL" latitude="-26.983334" longLatPrecision="1239" longitude="-52.183334" municipality="Ipumirim" name="Rio Irani" stateProvince="Santa Catarina">Rio Irani</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-26.983334">26°59'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="52" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-52.183334">52°11'W</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="m" value="550.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="500.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="m" value="550.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="500.0">500-600 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1964-12-09">9 Dec 1964</collectingDate>
, 
<collectorName>L.B. Smith</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>R.M. Klein</collectorName>
13919 (
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: US barcode US01936706!; isotypes: FLOR barcode FLOR3365!, LP!, MO!, NY!, R!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142326" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.N.Horn &amp; M.Pell. Image courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, 
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
herbarium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142327" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Line drawing of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.N.Horn &amp; M.Pell. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
Detail of the leaf blade 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
Detail of the apex of the stem, showing the ligule and an inflorescence at anthesis 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
Detail of the basal bract, showing the spatulate-mucronate apex 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
Glandular hair from the cincinnus axis and floral tube 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
Dissected perianth lobes, showing the 5+1 arrangement 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">F</emphasis>
Lateral stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">G</emphasis>
Uniseriate hair from the lateral stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H</emphasis>
Central stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">I</emphasis>
Gynoecium, showing the glabrous style and unevenly trilobate stigma. Illustration by M.O.O. Pellegrini, based on the 
<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
(Smith &amp; Reitz 9103, 
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Herbs</emphasis>
annual or short-lived perennials. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Roots</emphasis>
thin, delicate, unbranched, white. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Stems</emphasis>
repent on the substrate or floating in shallow water, delicate, spongy, rooting at the nodes; internodes 1.6-4.3 cm long, glabrous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">leaves</emphasis>
not seen. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Petiolate leaves</emphasis>
distichously-alternate, distributed along the stem, floating to emergent; sheaths 2.6-5.5 cm long, glabrous, covered with mucilage, longitudinally split and green when mature, ligule 2-parted, barely surpassing the sheath, 0.1-0.3 mm long, membranous, light green, glabrous, apex triangular; petiole 3.3-21 cm long, not inflated, glabrous; blades 1.3-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.4-)3-4.6 cm, reniform to broadly cordate, membranous, glabrous, base cordate, margins glabrous, apex obtuse to slightly acute. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Inflorescences</emphasis>
axillary or apparently terminal, reduced to a solitary pedunculate cincinnus; peduncle 3.2-5.5 cm long, glabrous; basal bract (spathe) 1.6-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.5 cm, spathaceous, elliptic, conduplicate, glabrous, green, margins hyaline, apex spatulate-mucronate; cincinnus bract absent; cincinnus 6-17-flowered, flowers congested at the base and apex of the cincinnus, 1-2 flowers included in the basal bract, axis 3-6.5 cm long, slightly to densely glandular-pubescent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual, tubular, chasmogamous, sessile, enantiostylous; floral buds narrowly ellipsoid, light green, glabrous; perianth tube 5-7.5 mm long, light green, glandular-pubescent, lobes 5 superior and 1 inferior, white, lateral superior lobes 6.6-8.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.2-2.5 mm, elliptic, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, central superior lobe 6.6-9.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6-2.5 mm, ovate to broadly ovate, base obtuse, slightly involute, apex acute, with a nectar guide at base, pale to medium yellowish green with an upper mauve to vinaceous spot, inferior lobe 6.5-9.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4-1 mm, linear elliptic, base cuneate, apex acuminate; stamens 3, lateral stamens with filaments straight, 1.5-2 mm long, not inflated, apically barbate with eglandular, multi-celled hairs, anthers 1-1.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.4 mm, oblongoid to ellipsoid, yellow, central stamen with filament straight, 3-3.6 mm long, not inflated, glabrous, anthers 1.7-2.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4-0.6 mm, ovate to slightly sagittate, white; ovary 3.2-3.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.1-1.3 mm, linear ovoid to linear oblongoid, glabrous, 1-locular, placentation intrusive-parietal, style gently sigmoid, 5.1-9.3 mm long, glabrous, stigma unevenly trilobate, densely glandular-pubescent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Capsules</emphasis>
not seen; persistent perianth base (anthocarp) smooth, medium brown. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Seeds</emphasis>
not seen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="specimens seen">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Specimens seen</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">(paratypes). BRAZIL. Santa Catarina</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caçador">Cacador</normalizedToken>
, slough, 33 km W of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caçador">Cacador</normalizedToken>
, fl., 23 Dec 1956, L.B. Smith &amp; R. Reitz 9103 (HBR!, NY!, P barcode P02188433!, US barcode US01936705!)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">The epithet makes reference to the type locality, the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Distribution, habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently endemic to the state of Santa Catarina, in the Atlantic Forest domain (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map. ■ Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. ● H. pumila M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. Green- Parana watershed; Yellow- Uruguay watershed; Red- Southeastern Atlantic watershed; following ANA - Agencia Nacional de Aguas (2002)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142328" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3</figureCitation>
). Is was found growing on open marshy areas and slow water environments within the Uruguay River watershed.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142328" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution map. ■ 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.N.Horn &amp; M.Pell. ● 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. pumila" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. pumila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn. Green- 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
watershed; Yellow- Uruguay watershed; Red- Southeastern Atlantic watershed; following ANA - 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Agência">Agencia</normalizedToken>
Nacional de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Águas">Aguas</normalizedToken>
(2002).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in bloom in December. Unfortunately, neither of the two currently known collections present mature fruits, thus fruiting time remains unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
Following the IUCN recommendations (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K." pageId="3" pageNumber="38" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B25" refString="IUCN, 2001. The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K., http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2010.4" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be considered as Data Deficient (DD), since it is known from only two collections, which are more than 50 years old.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="morphological notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Morphological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
The inflorescence of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely peculiar, meriting explanation. The glomerulate appearance of the inflorescence (i.e. flowers congested at the base and apex of the inflorescence) seems to be due to changes in the length of the cincinnus internodes. The first one to three internodes are contracted, similarly to most species in the genus, thus making the basalmost flowers to be partially enclosed by the basal bract. Nonetheless, the following internode is considerably and consistently elongated, being commonly three to five times longer than the previous internodes. The subsequent internodes are also contracted, giving the impression that the flowers are also congested at the apex of the inflorescence. This alternation between contracted and elongated internodes, produces a unique inflorescence architecture in the genus (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Line drawing of Heteranthera catharinensis C. N. Horn &amp; M. Pell. A Detail of the leaf blade B Detail of the apex of the stem, showing the ligule and an inflorescence at anthesis C Detail of the basal bract, showing the spatulate-mucronate apex D Glandular hair from the cincinnus axis and floral tube E Dissected perianth lobes, showing the 5 + 1 arrangement F Lateral stamen G Uniseriate hair from the lateral stamen H Central stamen I Gynoecium, showing the glabrous style and unevenly trilobate stigma. Illustration by M. O. O. Pellegrini, based on the paratype (Smith &amp; Reitz 9103, US)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/142327" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">2B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="affinities">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Affinities.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. reniformis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">s.s.</emphasis>
due to its petiolate leaves with reniform to broadly cordate blades, pedunculate inflorescences, cincinnus axis glandular-pubescent, glandular-pubescent perianth tube, perianth lobes with a 5+1 arrangement and acute to acuminate at apex, lateral stamens apically barbate, and intrusive-parietal placentation (
<bibRefCitation author="Horn, CN" journalOrPublisher="University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="B17" refString="Horn, CN, 1985. A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae). In: PhD thesis. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA" title="A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae)" volumeTitle="PhD thesis." year="1985">Horn 1985</bibRefCitation>
). It is also superficially similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. multiflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. multiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">s.l.</emphasis>
due to its bigger stature, many-flowered inflorescence with few flowers included in the basal bract, and gross floral morphology (
<bibRefCitation author="Horn, CN" journalOrPublisher="University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="B17" refString="Horn, CN, 1985. A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae). In: PhD thesis. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA" title="A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae)" volumeTitle="PhD thesis." year="1985">Horn 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily differentiated from all remaining species of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Heteranthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its unique inflorescence architecture (where flowers are congested at the base and the apex of the cincinnus), larger flowers size, numerous flowers on an elongate axis, main axis many times longer that the basal bract, and basal bract with spatulate-mucronate apex. Aside from that, specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been erroneously identified as 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. peduncularis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="peduncularis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. peduncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth, due to their robust habit and long inflorescences. However, both species can be easily differentiated based on inflorescence architecture, and pubescence of the tepals and filaments. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. catharinensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="catharinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. catharinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has larger floral features, when compared to the remaining species of the 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. reniformis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">H. reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, including longer perianth lobes and larger anthers. It is also the only species in the complex with externally glabrous perianth lobes, and glabrous central filament and style (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characters differentiating the South American species of Heteranthera reniformis species complex. States in bold represent unique or distinguishing characteristics for that species. * Populations of H. multiflora in Argentina and Paraguay have a much more elongate cincinnus with only a few flowers within the basal bract (spathe). ** In North America, H. multiflora has smaller perianth tube lengths." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9212CD514F42AA4F30DBE85A5AFB00E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="9212CD514F42AA4F30DBE85A5AFB00E8">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>