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<mods:title id="FEDADB2A2733691AD5648AF38078343A">Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron &amp; Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) 2464</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA7251AFF0BF90EFD7B42E2" blockId="44.[151,716,1680,1741]" box="[151,716,1680,1706]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0A081A0FFA7251AFF0BF90EFD7B42E2" bold="true" box="[151,716,1680,1706]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFF0BF90EFD7B42E2" ID-CoL="5YL28" authority="Peron &amp; Lesueur, 1810" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,716,1680,1706]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF90EFD7B42E2" bold="true" box="[151,716,1680,1706]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF90EFE1042E2" bold="true" box="[151,423,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora pentastoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFE32F90EFD7B42E2" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." box="[430,716,1680,1706]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref68422" refString="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur, 1810</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA7251AFF0BF92DFEC84285" blockId="44.[151,716,1680,1741]" box="[151,383,1715,1741]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
(
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFA7251AFF03F92DFEA94285" box="[159,286,1715,1741]" captionStart="FIGURES 68" captionStartId="45.[151,269,755,779]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,211,722]" captionTargetId="figure-538@45.[151,1436,197,732]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 68 to 69. Chrysaora pentastoma (Reproduced from Zootaxa 1744 with permission of Magnolia Press and authors). Fig. 68. Side view of a living specimen (~6 cm) (holotype of the junior synonym C. southcotti); Fig. 69. Drawing of the subumbrellar margin." pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figures 68</figureCitation>
69, 83)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFA7251AFF0BF968FA3C43C4" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA7251AFF0BF968FA2B4344" blockId="44.[151,1436,1781,1932]" box="[151,1436,1781,1805]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4711E2FFA7251AFF0BF968FA2B4344" box="[151,1436,1781,1805]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF610DDFFA7251AFF0BF968FD7B4344" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." box="[151,716,1781,1805]" page="366" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1810">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFF0BF968FD7B4344" ID-CoL="5YL28" authority="Peron &amp; Lesueur 1810: 366" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityPageNumber="366" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,716,1781,1805]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF968FE394345" box="[151,398,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora pentastoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFE0BF96BFD7B4344" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." box="[407,716,1781,1804]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref68422" refString="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur 1810: 366</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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(original description), N° 117 [terre Napoléon =
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFA7251AFB6EF96BFAED4344" box="[1266,1370,1781,1804]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
];
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFAF2F96BFA2B4344" author="Goy, J." box="[1390,1436,1781,1804]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref61901" refString="Goy, J. (1995) Les meduses de Francois Peron et de Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. CTHS, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA7251AFF5BF88BFA3C43C4" blockId="44.[151,1436,1781,1932]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
1995: 368, Pl. p. 371.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFF0BF8A8FEC94305" ID-CoL="5YKQ7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[151,382,1846,1869]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hysoscella">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF8A8FEC94305" box="[151,382,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora hysoscella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFE10F8ABFE4D4304" author="Goy, J." box="[396,506,1845,1868]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref61901" refString="Goy, J. (1995) Les meduses de Francois Peron et de Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. CTHS, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy 1995</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. p. 371. [non
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFD33F8A8FBEE4304" ID-CoL="5YKQ7" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[687,1113,1845,1869]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hysoscella">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFD33F8A8FC204305" box="[687,919,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora hysoscella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFC39F8ABFBE64304" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[933,1105,1845,1868]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref65342" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, sinonimis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I, Pars II. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae." type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFF0BF8C8FD5F4324" ID-CoL="5YKPQ" authority="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008: 7 - 11" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityPageNumber="7 - 11" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,744,1877,1901]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF8C8FECB4325" box="[151,380,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora southcotti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFE1AF8CBFD5F4324" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[390,744,1877,1900]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008: 711</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(description), Pl. 3 (live medusa), Pl. IV fig. A (subumbrellar view), fig. B (tentacles), fig. C (rhopalia), figs DE (tentacle detail) [Port Noarlunga,
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFA7251AFBCBF8EBFB4943C4" box="[1111,1278,1909,1932]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">South Australia</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFA7251AFA85F8EBFA3643C4" box="[1305,1409,1909,1932]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFA7251BFF0BF82BFA2747E9" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA7251AFF0BF82BFC2643BD" blockId="44.[151,1435,1973,2037]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFF0BF82BFE3B4387" bold="true" box="[151,396,1973,1999]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFA7251AFF0BF82BFEBE4387" box="[151,265,1973,1999]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
specimen.
</emphasis>
Not available. Although the
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFA7251AFD7AF828FCFA4398" box="[742,845,1974,2000]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the junior synonym
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA7251AFBF9F828FE2843BD" authority="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler, 2008" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityYear="2008" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA7251AFBF9F828FAE84387" box="[1125,1375,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chrysaora southcotti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA7251AFAFAF828FE2843BD" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is available (SAM H969), it was not seen.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF286644FFA6251BFF0BFD6DFE5E4703" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,269,755,779]" targetBox="[154,1426,211,722]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF0BFD6DFE5E4703" blockId="45.[151,1436,755,843]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF0BFD6DFEC44743" bold="true" box="[151,371,755,779]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 68 to 69</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFE1FFD6AFDCE4743" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[387,633,756,779]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFE1FFD6AFDCE4743" box="[387,633,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chrysaora pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Reproduced from Zootaxa 1744 with permission of Magnolia Press and authors).
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF67FC8DFEFF4763" bold="true" box="[251,328,787,811]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 68</emphasis>
. Side view of a living specimen (~6 cm) (holotype of the junior synonym
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFBC3FC8AFB504763" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityYear="2008" box="[1119,1255,788,811]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFBC3FC8AFB504763" box="[1119,1255,788,811]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. southcotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFB62FC8DFAFC4763" bold="true" box="[1278,1355,787,811]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 69</emphasis>
. Drawing of the subumbrellar margin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF5AFC19FA2747E9" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" box="[198,1424,903,929]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF5AFC19FEDB47E9" bold="true" box="[198,364,903,929]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type locality.</emphasis>
île Decrès (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFE64FC19FD1B47E9" author="Goy, J." box="[504,684,903,929]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref61901" refString="Goy, J. (1995) Les meduses de Francois Peron et de Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. CTHS, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy 1995: 368</bibRefCitation>
, today known as Kangaroo Island,
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFA6251BFBD5FC19FB4847E9" box="[1097,1279,903,929]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">South Australia</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFA6251BFA81FC19FA3B47E9" box="[1309,1420,903,929]" name="Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFA6251BFF5AFC32FA3D478E" box="[198,1418,940,966]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF5AFC32FA3D478E" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" box="[198,1418,940,966]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF5AFC32FED0478E" bold="true" box="[198,359,940,966]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</emphasis>
South Australia (Gulf
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFA6251BFDEFFC32FD40478E" box="[627,759,940,966]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
, Kangaroo Island, Edithburg, Port Noarlunga) (
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFA6251BFAB9FC32FACA478E" box="[1317,1405,940,966]" captionStart="FIGURE 83" captionStartId="62.[151,255,1006,1030]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,362,983]" captionTargetId="figure-148@62.[151,1436,340,983]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 83. Distributional map of Chrysaora species from Australia. The dark stars indicate the area from which each species was described (see details in Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFA62518FF5AFC4FFBCA4524" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF5AFC4FFF4740C9" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF5AFC4FFE8947A3" bold="true" box="[198,318,977,1003]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFE5BFC4CFCB547A4" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[455,770,978,1004]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Medusae with recorded diameter of
<quantity id="4CAF9B29FFA6251BFB52FC4CFA9747A4" box="[1230,1312,978,1004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="6.6">6.6 cm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="136C2A49FFA6251BFAAFFC4CFA3947A4" box="[1331,1422,978,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 68" captionStartId="45.[151,269,755,779]" captionTargetBox="[154,1426,211,722]" captionTargetId="figure-538@45.[151,1436,197,732]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 68 to 69. Chrysaora pentastoma (Reproduced from Zootaxa 1744 with permission of Magnolia Press and authors). Fig. 68. Side view of a living specimen (~6 cm) (holotype of the junior synonym C. southcotti); Fig. 69. Drawing of the subumbrellar margin." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
); marginal lappets with two different sizes: rounded and tongue-shaped (Fig. 69), 6 per octant; mature specimens with 40 tentacles (5 tentacles per octant); quadralinga not mentioned; background colouration transparent or whitish with exumbrellar nematocyst warts dark-red, oral arms dark-reddish; gonads crescentic to Mshaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF5BFB12FCF8415E" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF5BFB12FEF740EE" bold="true" box="[199,320,1164,1190]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cnidome.</emphasis>
“spherical isorhizas” (13.7317.18 µm, n=23); “large euryteles” (8.7810.33 x 6.137.69 µm, n=9); “small euryteles” (5.87.16 x 3.774.44 µm, n=9). These measurements (small x large euryteles) should be revised, because the differences between the size classes are only 1.62 µm, which sometimes is lesser then standard error found in the measurements for other species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA6251BFF5AFABFFBC24324" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF5AFABFFE704173" bold="true" box="[198,455,1313,1339]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Systematic remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFE53FABCFD6B4173" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[463,732,1314,1339]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFE53FABCFD6B4173" box="[463,732,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chrysaora pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a colour pattern distinct from all other
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFB79FABCFF704129" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFB79FABCFAD54173" box="[1253,1378,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chrysaora</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, and its exumbrellar rhopalial pits are shallower than those of other species (according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFA96FAD9FE8541CE" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The tentacles are 40 and can inflict a painful sting (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFC03FAF2FB4841CE" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[927,1279,1388,1414]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008: 10</bibRefCitation>
). The similar colour pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFEF8FA0CFE4C41E3" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityYear="2008" box="[356,507,1426,1451]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFEF8FA0CFE4C41E3" box="[356,507,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. southcotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFDA9FA0CFD6841E3" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[565,735,1426,1451]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFDA9FA0CFD6841E3" box="[565,735,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFC13FA0CFB6B41E4" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." box="[911,1244,1426,1452]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref68422" refString="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur 1810: 366</bibRefCitation>
; plate published by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFF27FA29FEDB4199" author="Goy, J." box="[187,364,1463,1489]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref61901" refString="Goy, J. (1995) Les meduses de Francois Peron et de Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. CTHS, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy 1995: 371</bibRefCitation>
) suggests that the two names may refer to the same species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFBACFA29FA394199" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[1072,1422,1463,1489]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008: 11</bibRefCitation>
). Gershwin and Zeidler argued that the written description of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFCF7FA42FBA141BD" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[875,1046,1500,1525]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFCF7FA42FBA141BD" box="[875,1046,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is incomplete and inadequate to correctly identify the specimens (there are no available specimens of Péron &amp; Lesueurs species, only the plate), and they concluded that
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFD99F9B9FD194208" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[517,686,1575,1600]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFD99F9B9FD194208" box="[517,686,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an unrecognizable species (
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFB8DF9B9FB094208" box="[1041,1214,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">nomen dubium</emphasis>
). The
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFA6251BFA97F9B9FA894209" box="[1291,1342,1575,1601]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFF26F9D2FED1422D" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[186,358,1612,1637]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFF26F9D2FED1422D" box="[186,358,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is vague (“
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFE69F9D2FD46422D" box="[501,753,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">de la terre Napoléon</emphasis>
”) in the original description of
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFBEBF9D2FF6742C4" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref68422" refString="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur (1810: 366)</bibRefCitation>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFE90F9ECFE6442C4" author="Goy, J." box="[268,467,1650,1676]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref61901" refString="Goy, J. (1995) Les meduses de Francois Peron et de Charles-Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. CTHS, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy (1995: 368)</bibRefCitation>
provided further details (“
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFC8FF9ECFC7442C3" box="[787,963,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">de lilê Decrès</emphasis>
”, presently known as Kangaroo Island,
<collectingCountry id="F340765CFFA6251BFF0BF909FEB042F9" box="[151,263,1687,1713]" name="Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Australia</collectingCountry>
), a site quite close to the
<typeStatus id="54EC886EFFA6251BFDDDF909FDC442F9" box="[577,627,1687,1713]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFC9EF909FBC642F9" authority="(Port Noarlunga)" baseAuthorityName="Port Noarlunga" box="[770,1137,1687,1713]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFC9EF909FC2C42F8" box="[770,923,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. southcotti</emphasis>
(Port Noarlunga)
</taxonomicName>
, and from where several specimens were observed (see list of specimens in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFD6DF922FBF4429E" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[753,1091,1724,1750]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008: 7</bibRefCitation>
). Based on these data, we do not consider it necessary to establish a new name for specimens from
<collectingRegion id="4993F82EFFA6251BFC41F97CFB2E42B4" box="[989,1177,1762,1788]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">South Australia</collectingRegion>
, and prefer to use the older available name (
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFE00F899FD944368" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[412,547,1799,1824]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFE00F899FD944368" box="[412,547,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFD2EF899FBBC4369" author="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A." box="[690,1035,1799,1825]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref68422" refString="Peron, F. &amp; Lesueur, C. A. (1810) Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 14, 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur (1810: 366)</bibRefCitation>
described the species based on an imperfect specimen (“
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFE3FF8B3FC58430E" box="[419,1007,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">cinq bras ramifies; cinq bouches; cinq estomacs</emphasis>
”) it is assumed here (based on the description of
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA6251BFEDCF8CCFDD84324" author="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W." box="[320,623,1874,1900]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref61750" refString="Gershwin, L. &amp; Zeidler, W. (2008) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa, 1744, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">Gershwin &amp; Zeidler 2008</bibRefCitation>
) that the species has tetramerous symmetry.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA62518FF5BF8E9FBCA4524" blockId="45.[151,1437,903,2012]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,152,439]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
In addition to a new name being unnecessary, as noted above (see discussion in
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFBF5F8E9FB5743D8" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityYear="2008" box="[1129,1248,1911,1936]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kynthia">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFBF5F8E9FB5743D8" box="[1129,1248,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. kynthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), colour pattern is a character that that must be considered with care in the taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA6251BFC73F803FBDB43FE" authorityName="Lesueur Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[1007,1132,1949,1974]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA6251BFC73F803FBDB43FE" box="[1007,1132,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chrysaora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its variability. Supposedly diagnostic characters such as the M-shaped gonads (or “inverted W-shaped”) are also variable and have been observed in other species (e.g. the South Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FC1AFF06FC4844F9" authorityName="Gershwin &amp; Zeidler" authorityYear="2008" box="[902,1023,152,177]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kynthia">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FC1AFF06FC4844F9" box="[902,1023,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. kynthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see discussion above). Moreover, other characters thought diagnostic do not justify recognition of this new species: (a) depth of the rhopaliar pits is difficult to compare, and the description given may refer to any species of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FBC8FF7CFB6644B3" authorityName="Lesueur Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[1108,1233,226,251]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FBC8FF7CFB6644B3" box="[1108,1233,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Chrysaora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (b) conspicuous warts, thought important, are variable as observed in the large series of medusae examined here (
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FA99FE96FA9F4569" box="[1285,1320,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">e.g</emphasis>
., those of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FF0BFEB3FEB7450E" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,256,301,326]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FF0BFEB3FEB7450E" box="[151,256,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. lactea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vary considerably, with some specimens having large and coloured warts and others having the body finely granulated). Thus, we regard
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FDA0FECCFD664523" box="[572,721,338,363]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="southcotti">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FDA0FECCFD664523" box="[572,721,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. southcotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FC50FECCFBC14523" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[972,1142,338,363]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FC50FECCFBC14523" box="[972,1142,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6547FFA52518FF5AFEE9FB6145FF" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE836CCFFA52518FF5AFEE9FB6145FF" blockId="46.[151,1436,152,439]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FF5AFEE9FEE445D9" bold="true" box="[198,339,375,401]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D4FFFA52518FEC0FEE6FE5445D9" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[348,483,376,401]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pentastoma">
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FEC0FEE6FE5445D9" box="[348,483,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">pentastoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: likely in reference to the presence of five oral arms in the species (based on an imperfect specimen), derived from the Greek
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FD33FE03FD5945FE" box="[687,750,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">pente</emphasis>
(five) plus
<emphasis id="B923EADEFFA52518FCEAFE03FC0B45FE" box="[886,956,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">stoma</emphasis>
(mouth) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B3DFFA52518FBADFE03FB7E45FF" author="Brown, R. W." box="[1073,1225,413,439]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref58421" refString="Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of Scientific Words. Smithosonian Books, Washington, 882 pp." type="book" year="1956">Brown 1956</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>