169 lines
22 KiB
XML
169 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="8761285ED67618F5C4173AE00678F4FA" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5401706" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5401706" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630335078311" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Coppard, Simon Edward & Campbell, Andrew C." docDate="2006" docId="03FE87C2070EFFD3FF51F9C8FBF6AF75" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2006.28.1.93-112.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 28 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="2A9C6F9EA5F90D98170D9E0D9CA29375" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Echinothrix calamaris" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="102" masterDocId="FFC7FFBA0706FFDAFFE6FFC2FF83AA13" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1699232855758" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="774E2A63611A548A0A32F728F09141CE">Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B31B7301B27A79156A9D549649F74742" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1AC8AEE2F3E4C1D90905EEA9304097A0">Coppard, Simon Edward</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9325ECACC1C901B523CFA58309C12003">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D7A9BB42F4AE211632C3621D5CAA4944">Campbell, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="516D51DE3579540B3FF6FD11DDC7887B">School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E 1 4 NS (United Kingdom) simon @ diadema. fsnet. co. uk</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="7E24C3954AE888CB8BA084FDADF4F1F5">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EBB108808EFEDC17DA7E4A6BCE327107">
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<mods:date id="862FDE4122AAA7FAC6066380177FEFB5">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="12FACCE20A637D3C8A83BB58CE88D829">28</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4BD8344A1E233CD63F263F29359AF4A1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="98317E7D55579CA0B1AC9614C5F1C7B3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5401706</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9595A6F5D385AE1A465F9A83A034F7F6" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="91E8AD2EA339EE14A3EB1ECD64E15CF1" type="Zenodo-Dep">5401706</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FE87C2070EFFD3FF51F9C8FBF6AF75" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5476788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5476788" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87C2070EFFD3FF51F9C8FBF6AF75" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87C2070EFFD3FF51F9C8FBF6AF75" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection id="C34D655F070EFFD2FF51F9C8FCE5AB01" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070EFFD2FF51F9C8FDC2AC36" blockId="8.[183,577,1546,1573]" box="[183,577,1546,1573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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<heading id="D0A081B8070EFFD2FF51F9C8FDC2AC36" box="[183,577,1546,1573]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070EFFD2FF51F9C8FDC2AC36" ID-CoL="38LCS" authority="(Pallas, 1774)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[183,577,1546,1573]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070EFFD2FF51F9C8FE24AC36" bold="true" box="[183,423,1546,1573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Echinothrix calamaris</emphasis>
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(Pallas, 1774)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070EFFD2FF97F988FCE5AB01" blockId="8.[113,647,1610,1700]" lastBlockId="8.[677,1210,216,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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Specimens were collected from Ryuka Is. (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FDDEF988FDF8AC77" box="[568,635,1610,1636]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Japan</collectingCountry>
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),
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<collectingRegion id="4993F836070EFFD2FF97F9ABFF4FAC97" box="[113,204,1641,1668]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FF38F9A8FEA5AC97" box="[222,294,1642,1668]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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), Mariana Is. (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FE29F9A8FD98AC97" box="[463,539,1642,1668]" name="Guam" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Guam</collectingCountry>
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), Ignoitijala (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FF43F94BFE8FACB7" box="[165,268,1673,1700]" name="Maldives" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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), Luzon (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FE94F94BFE72ACB7" box="[370,497,1673,1700]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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), Dravuni Is., Taveuni Is., Yanuca Is., Suva (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FC0BFF1AFB94AAE0" box="[1005,1047,216,243]" name="Fiji" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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), and Nouméa (
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<collectingCountry id="F3407644070EFFD2FD4AFF3AFCD9AB01" box="[684,858,247,274]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D655F070EFFD3FD5DFED5FBF6AF75" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070EFFD2FD5DFED5FBA6A83C" blockId="8.[677,1210,216,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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This species is reported to have the broadest range of colour morphs of any species in the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070EFFD2FB6EFEF5FC58AB62" authority="(H. L. Clark 1925)" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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Diadematidae (H. L.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070EFFD2FCBCFE94FC50AB62" author="CLARK H. L." box="[858,979,342,369]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9284" refString="CLARK H. L. 1925. - A Catalogue of the Recent Sea- Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum, London, 250 p." type="book" year="1925">Clark 1925</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The most commonly found colour morphs throughout the Indo-Pacific were the white (interambulacral spines) and brown (test and ambulacral spines) and the completely brown colour morph. These were commonly found together throughout the Pacific, and were therefore closely studied in this investigation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070EFFD2FD5DFDF7FC1DAE59" blockId="8.[677,1210,216,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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Test diameters varied significantly between colour morphs. Adult specimens of the white colour morph had a mean horizontal test diameter of
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FBBAFDB6FB3AA89D" box="[1116,1209,628,654]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="108.0">108 mm</quantity>
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(SD ±
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FD17FD51FCC8A8BD" box="[753,843,659,686]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
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) and a mean vertical diameter of
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FD43FD71FD77A8DD" box="[677,756,691,718]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
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||
(SD ±
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FCA5FD71FC1DA8DD" box="[835,926,691,718]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
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). Adults of the brown colour morph typically grew to a significantly larger size, with mean test diameters of
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FBF3FD31FBF7A91E" box="[1045,1140,755,781]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
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(h.d.) (SD ±
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FD0DFCD0FCC2A93E" box="[747,833,786,813]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
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) and
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FC9BFCD0FC49A93E" box="[893,970,786,813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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(v.d.) (SD ±
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<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FBB3FCD0FB2EA93E" box="[1109,1197,786,813]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070EFFD2FD43FCF0FCE0A95F" author="MORTENSEN T." box="[677,867,818,844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9794" refString="MORTENSEN T. 1940. - Monograph of the Echinoidea. III (1). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 p." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that the largest recorded specimen of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070EFFD2FCCCFC90FC29A978" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[810,938,849,875]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070EFFD2FCCCFC90FC29A978" box="[810,938,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">E. calamaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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measured
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FBFDFC90FBF4A97F" box="[1051,1143,850,876]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
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(h.d.) from the old collection of the “Royal Museum”, Copenhagen. The largest specimen recorded in this study, from
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<specimenCount id="9D51FD5D070EFFD2FCCEFC73FC44A9D9" box="[808,967,944,971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" type="generic">200 specimens</specimenCount>
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of each colour morph measured
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FCF7FC12FCEEA9F8" box="[785,877,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="143.0">143 mm</quantity>
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||
(h.d.) by
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FC31FC12FB9CA9F9" box="[983,1055,976,1002]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="68.0">68mm</quantity>
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||
(v.d.) and was of the brown colour variety. In comparison, the largest white colour morph only measured
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FBB8FBD2FB39AE39" box="[1118,1210,1040,1066]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="119.0">119 mm</quantity>
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||
(h.d.) by
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||
<quantity id="4CAF9B31070EFFD2FCEFFBEDFCDBAE59" box="[777,856,1071,1098]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
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(v.d.).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070EFFD2FD5DFB8DFC4DACB7" blockId="8.[677,1210,216,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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The ambulacra in both colour morphs measured 24-28% of the interambulacra measured at the ambitus and widened distinctly towards the periproct, narrowing beneath the ambitus then widening towards the peristome. Many authors including
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070EFFD2FB99FB0FFCC4AF14" author="CLARK A. M. & ROWE F. W. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9212" refString="CLARK A. M. & ROWE F. W. E. 1971. - Shallow- Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). Pitman Press, London, 238 p." type="book" year="1971">Clark & Rowe (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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have differentiated this species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070EFFD2FD43FACFFC03AF34" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[677,896,1293,1319]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="diadema">
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070EFFD2FD43FACFFC03AF34" box="[677,896,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">Echinothrix diadema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the ambulacra which are distinctly raised aborally in
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<emphasis id="B923EAC6070EFFD2FC28FAEFFBD4AF54" box="[974,1111,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070EFFD2FC28FAEFFBD0AF54" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[974,1107,1325,1351]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calamaris">E. calamaris</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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This feature was, however, not constant, and as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070EFFD2FBA2FA8FFD6DAF95" author="MORTENSEN T." pageId="8" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9794" refString="MORTENSEN T. 1940. - Monograph of the Echinoidea. III (1). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 p." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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reported, “considerable variation occurs in the elevation aborally of the ambulacra”. Such variation was most apparent between colour morphs. The test of the white colour morphs was typically more flattened aborally, while the ambulacra were less distinctly raised and the interambulacra less correspondingly sunken. The brown colour morph had clearly raised ambulacra and interambulacra that were sunken aborally. This differentiation appeared to increase with age.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF28665C070FFFD3FE81FCB0FC46A990" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5401714" box="[359,965,882,899]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401714/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" startId="9.[359,370,882,899]" targetBox="[172,1103,218,840]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FE81FCB0FC46A990" blockId="9.[359,965,882,899]" box="[359,965,882,899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">FIG. 3. — MDS plots of taxonomic similarity based on 28 test characters.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FF6EFC13FDC1AEF4" blockId="9.[113,647,976,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
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Large, naked median areas occurred down the mid-line of the interambulacra (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070FFFD3FE01FC32FDDCAE19" box="[487,607,1008,1034]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[113,124,861,878]" captionTargetBox="[188,1134,215,816]" captionTargetId="figure-46@6.[472,756,473,559]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — A-I, photographs of the median areas of the interambulacra, showing the variation in characters that occur: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. mexicanum; C, D, D. savignyi; E, D. setosum; F, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); G, E. calamaris (white colour morph); H, E. diadema; I, D. palmeri; J, D. palmeri (whole specimen). Scale bars: A-I, 5 mm; J, 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401712" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
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) as green or blue bands in living specimens. Green bands could also be seen on the denuded test of the white colour morph. This feature was, however, less noticeable on the naked test of the brown colour morph. The interambulacra was green on the naked test, in contrast to the white ambulacra. This was more apparent on the white colour morph.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FF6EFB2FFEF1AC77" blockId="9.[113,647,976,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
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The apical systems measured 23-28% of the test’s horizontal diameter in the brown colour morph (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070FFFD3FF9FFAEFFF4EAF54" box="[121,205,1325,1351]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,680,697]" captionTargetBox="[171,1160,218,635]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[134,1189,203,645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Drawings of the apical systems, showing species specific characters of the periproct and genital plates: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. ascensionis; C, D. mexicanum; D, D. palmeri; E, D. paucispinum; F, D. savignyi; G, D. setosum; H, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); I, E. calamaris (white colour morph); J, E. diadema. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401708/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
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) and 25-30% in the white colour morph (
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<figureCitation id="136C2A51070FFFD3FF9FFA8EFF3CAF75" box="[121,191,1356,1382]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,680,697]" captionTargetBox="[171,1160,218,635]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[134,1189,203,645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Drawings of the apical systems, showing species specific characters of the periproct and genital plates: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. ascensionis; C, D. mexicanum; D, D. palmeri; E, D. paucispinum; F, D. savignyi; G, D. setosum; H, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); I, E. calamaris (white colour morph); J, E. diadema. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401708/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both were monocyclic and conspicuously depressed. The periproct measured 14-20% (h.d.) in the brown colour morph and 16-20% in the white colour morph. In living specimens both colour morphs had a large, swollen anal cone with small white platelets present in the membrane.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070FFFD3FDF3FA29FF38AC36" author="MORTENSEN T." pageId="9" pageNumber="102" refId="ref9794" refString="MORTENSEN T. 1940. - Monograph of the Echinoidea. III (1). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 p." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that one particular specimen from Hawaii had spines on the periproct; this feature was never seen in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FF6EF9ABFB9DAEBB" blockId="9.[113,647,976,1700]" lastBlockId="9.[677,1210,976,1383]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The genital plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C2A51070FFFD3FE82F9ABFE5FAC97" box="[356,476,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,680,697]" captionTargetBox="[171,1160,218,635]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[134,1189,203,645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Drawings of the apical systems, showing species specific characters of the periproct and genital plates: A, Diadema antillarum; B, D. ascensionis; C, D. mexicanum; D, D. palmeri; E, D. paucispinum; F, D. savignyi; G, D. setosum; H, Echinothrix calamaris (brown colour morph); I, E. calamaris (white colour morph); J, E. diadema. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5401708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5401708/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">Fig. 1H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) had tubercles present along their inner edge. When viewed on the naked test, the genital plates typically had a green tinge, particularly in the white colour morph. The gonopores were relatively small (smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C574D57070FFFD3FD43FBF2FC98AE5A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[677,795,1071,1097]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Echinothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="102" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923EAC6070FFFD3FD43FBF2FC98AE5A" box="[677,795,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">E. diadema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with no other distinguishing features. The brown colour morph typically had a slightly smaller apical system than the white colour morph, with more elongated genital plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE836D4070FFFD3FD5DFB6CFBF6AF75" blockId="9.[677,1210,976,1383]" pageId="9" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The peristome was large and typically measured 42-50% (h.d.) in the brown colour morph and 40-48% in the white colour morph.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B25070FFFD3FBA4FB2CFD6DAF34" author="MORTENSEN T." pageId="9" pageNumber="102" refId="ref9794" refString="MORTENSEN T. 1940. - Monograph of the Echinoidea. III (1). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 p." type="book" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that spines may be present on the buccal plates. However, these were never seen in this investigation, even in very large specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |