217 lines
19 KiB
XML
217 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.859.33634" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1ebfdc7c-50af-4535-bee7-2fb58e3f2b81" ID-PMC="PMC6616056" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-859-131" ID-PubMed="31327926" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-859-131" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 859" ModsDocTitle="Call a spade a spade: taxonomy and distribution of Pelobates, with description of a new Balkan endemic" checkinTime="1562137562851" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Dufresnes, Christophe, Strachinis, Ilias, Tzoras, Elias, Litvinchuk, Spartak N. & Denoel, Mathieu" docDate="2019" docId="7EF056969BF7C34634CF947C94801CA9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 859: 131-158" docOrigin="ZooKeys 859" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.859.33634" docTitle="Pelobates syriacus Boettger 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="142" masterDocId="FFE13C3F7A123710D3023035D907FF8A" masterDocTitle="Call a spade a spade: taxonomy and distribution of Pelobates, with description of a new Balkan endemic" masterLastPageNumber="158" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="142" updateTime="1668167462434" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Call a spade a spade: taxonomy and distribution of Pelobates, with description of a new Balkan endemic</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Dufresnes, Christophe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Strachinis, Ilias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tzoras, Elias</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Litvinchuk, Spartak N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Denoel, Mathieu</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>859</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>131</mods:start>
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<mods:end>158</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.859.33634</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.859.33634</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-859-131</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158498310" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7EF056969BF7C34634CF947C94801CA9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7EF056969BF7C34634CF947C94801CA9" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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<taxonomicName authority="Boettger, 1889" authorityName="Boettger" authorityYear="1889" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Pelobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelobates syriacus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="142" start="start">Pelobates</pageBreakToken>
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syriacus Boettger, 1889
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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Large spadefoot with whitish metatarsal spades and a flat skull. Webbing of the hind feet less developed than in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fuscus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="fuscus">P. fuscus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vespertinus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="vespertinus">P. vespertinus</taxonomicName>
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. Sexes of similar size (Fig. 2). Coloration can be gray, yellow, greenish but rarely brown; orange dots often present, but not as abundant and marked as in some individuals of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fuscus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="fuscus">P. fuscus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vespertinus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="vespertinus">P. vespertinus</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. balcanicus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="balcanicus">P. balcanicus</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 4). Based on populations of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. syriacus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="syriacus" subSpecies="boettgeri">P. syriacus boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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, average SVL = 68 mm (range: 40-92) for females (n = 5 populations) and 69 mm (57-83 mm) for males (n = 4 populations) (Suppl. material 1, Table S1; Fig. 2). The karyotype consists of seven large and six small pairs of two-armed chromosomes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ugurtas, IH" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="155" pagination="159 - 161" title="A cytogenetic study on the Pelobatessyriacus (Amphibia, Anura) in Bursa-Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1560/UMHA-6J3N-FUG9-D7EV" volume="25" year="2001">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Uğurtaş">Ugurtas</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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, from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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). Centromeric C-bands are obvious in pairs 8 and 10 and telomeric Q-bands in the long arms of pairs 9 and 10 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmid, M" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="154" pagination="215 - 234" title="On the arrangement of chromosomes in the elongated sperm nuclei of Anura (Amphibia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292209" volume="75" year="1979">Schmid 1979</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmid, M" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 284" title="Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XI. Constitutive heterochromatin, nucleolus organizers, 18 S + 28 S and 5 S ribosomal RNA genes in Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Discoglossidae and Pelobatidae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00294784" volume="95" year="1987">Schmid et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). NORs are in the short arm of pair 7 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmid, M" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="154" pagination="327 - 344" title="Chromosome banding in Amphibia. VII. Analysis of the structure and variability of NORs in Anura." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327634" volume="87" year="1982">Schmid 1982</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmid, M" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="154" pagination="271 - 284" title="Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XI. Constitutive heterochromatin, nucleolus organizers, 18 S + 28 S and 5 S ribosomal RNA genes in Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Discoglossidae and Pelobatidae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00294784" volume="95" year="1987">Schmid et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). The nuclear DNA content averages 8.2 pg (
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<bibRefCitation author="Litvinchuk, SN" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity and Evolution," pageId="21" pageNumber="152" pagination="433 - 451" title="Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobatesfuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-013-0127-5" volume="13" year="2013">Litvinchuk et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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; data from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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Figure 4. Color variation in
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Pelobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelobates syriacus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">Pelobates syriacus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. balcanicus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="balcanicus">P. balcanicus</taxonomicName>
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. Photo credits and origins as follows a, b G Hamoivitch (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Israël">Israel</normalizedToken>
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) c R Winkler (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Israël">Israel</normalizedToken>
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) d G Martinez (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Israël">Israel</normalizedToken>
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) e IS (Limnos, Greece) f SNL (European Turkey) g IS (Limnos, Greece) h A
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Nöllert">Noellert</normalizedToken>
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(Dagestan, Russia) i MD (Danube Delta, Romania) j IS (Thrace, Greece) k IS (Macedonia, Greece) l IS (Evia, Greece)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="m–o">m-o</normalizedToken>
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IS (Peloponnese, Greece) p CD (Peloponnese, Greece).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="taxonomy">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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Described from the Levant region as
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Pelobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelobates syriacus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">Pelobates syriacus</taxonomicName>
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Boettger, 1889; type locality: "Haiffa in Syrien" (Haifa), Israel; type: SMF 1437.1a (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Boettger 1892</bibRefCitation>
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), subsequently designated as lectotype SMF 1722 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mertens, R" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Biologica" pageId="22" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 106" title="Die herpetologische Sektion des Natur-Museums und Forschungs-Institutes Senckenberg in Frankfurt a. M. nebst einem Verseichnis ihrer Typen." volume="48" year="1967">Mertens 1967</bibRefCitation>
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). Other nomina proposed apply to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. balcanicus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="balcanicus">P. balcanicus</taxonomicName>
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(see below).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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Scattered distribution; mainly present in the Middle East with 0-2000 m elevation a.s.l. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Agasyan, A" pageId="18" pageNumber="149" url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58053A11723660.en" year="2009 b">Agasyan et al. 2009b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ugurtas, IH" journalOrPublisher="Asiatic Herpetological Research" pageId="24" pageNumber="155" pagination="139 - 141" title="Variation in Pelobatessyriacus of Turkey." volume="9" year="2001">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Uğurtas">Ugurtas</normalizedToken>
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2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dzukic, G" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fur Feldherpetologie" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="61 - 78" title="Contemporary chorology of the spadefoot toads (Pelobates spp.) in the Balkan Peninsula." volume="15" year="2008">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Džukić">Dzukic</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Sofianidou 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) (Fig. 1). The nominate subspecies
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. syriacus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="syriacus" subSpecies="syriacus">P. syriacus syriacus</taxonomicName>
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inhabits the southern part of the distribution in the Levant, from the Syrian coast at the border of Lebanon to the southern Israeli coast, as well as in south-western Syria (
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<bibRefCitation author="Boettger, O" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="18" pageNumber="149" pagination="144 - 147" title="Ein neuer Pelobates aus Syrien." volume="12" year="1889">Boettger 1889</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Munwes, I" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="22" pageNumber="153" pagination="2675 - 2689" title="The change in genetic diversity down the core-edge gradient in the eastern spadefoot toad (Pelobatessyriacus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04712.x" volume="19" year="2010">Munwes et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Sofianidou 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). It may be extinct from western Jordan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Agasyan, A" pageId="18" pageNumber="149" url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58053A11723660.en" year="2009 b">Agasyan et al. 2009b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Disi, AM" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" pagination="147 - 162" title="Morphometrics, distribution and ecology of the amphibians in Jordan." volume="60" year="2010">Disi and Amr 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). The subspecies
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. syriacus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="syriacus" subSpecies="boettgeri">P. syriacus boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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occupies the remaining ranges. In the west, it is present in western Turkey and along the Aegean coastline. It also occurs in European Turkey and probably southeastern Bulgaria. Alternatively, the latter populations could belong to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. balcanicus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="balcanicus">P. balcanicus</taxonomicName>
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, notably along the Maritsa River, and identification is pending molecular analyses. The presence of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. syriacus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="syriacus">P. syriacus</taxonomicName>
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is also documented on the Greek islands of Limnos, Lesbos, and Kos (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Sofianidou 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Strachinis, I" journalOrPublisher="Herpetology Notes" pageId="23" pageNumber="154" pagination="237 - 248" title="Terrestrial herpetofauna of Limnos and Agios Efstratios (Northern Aegean, Greece), including new species records for Malpoloninsignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) and Pelobatessyriacus Boettger, 1889." volume="9" year="2016">Strachinis and Roussos 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Its central distribution is poorly known and therefore not well delineated, with several isolates described in Turkey, both along the Black and Mediterranean sea coasts, as well as the central parts of Anatolia. In the northeast,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. syriacus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="syriacus">P. syriacus</taxonomicName>
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reaches the southern slopes of the Caucasus, from Georgia to Azerbaijan. The northernmost records are in Dagestan, on the west coast of the Caspian Sea, where it meets
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vespertinus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="vespertinus">P. vespertinus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Mazanaeva, LF" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Herpetology" pageId="22" pageNumber="153" pagination="161 - 166" title="New data on the distribution of eastern spadefoot, Pelobatessyriacus Boettger, 1889 and common spadefoot, Pelobatesfuscus, Laurenti, 1768 in Dagestan (the North Caucasus)." volume="14" year="2007">Mazanaeva and Askenderov 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Further east, it is present along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in Iran (eastern limit in Golestan;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kamali, K" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="152" pagination="238 - 240" title="A record of Pelobatessyriacus Boettger, 1889 (Anura: Pelobatidae) in northern Iran." volume="20" year="2013">Kamali and Malekzadeh 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). IUCN status: Not Evaluated; considered Least Concern when grouped with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. balcanicus" pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="balcanicus">P. balcanicus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Agasyan, A" pageId="18" pageNumber="149" url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58053A11723660.en" year="2009 b">Agasyan et al. 2009b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="142" type="diversity">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">Diversity.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="142">
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Using mtDNA and genomic data,
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<bibRefCitation author="Dufresnes, C" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="20" pageNumber="151" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15133" year="2019 b">Dufresnes et al. (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
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evidenced a Pleistocene split between the Levant (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="syriacus">P. s. syriacus</taxonomicName>
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) and the rest of the range (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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; see below). Within both subspecies, populations are weakly differentiated despite their present-day fragmentation (see also
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<bibRefCitation author="Munwes, I" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="22" pageNumber="153" pagination="2675 - 2689" title="The change in genetic diversity down the core-edge gradient in the eastern spadefoot toad (Pelobatessyriacus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04712.x" volume="19" year="2010">Munwes et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="syriacus">P. s. syriacus</taxonomicName>
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). Populations from the Caucasus (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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) differs from Anatolian ones at nuclear, but not mitochondrial markers. In the Lesser Caucasus and southern Turkey,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="boettgeri">P. s. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
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features traces of past gene flow with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. s." pageId="11" pageNumber="142" rank="subSpecies" species="s." subSpecies="syriacus">P. s. syriacus</taxonomicName>
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. Iranian populations have not been examined with genetic tools and could bear cryptic diversity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |