267 lines
32 KiB
XML
267 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9f2525c-d111-4a5d-b242-8ba4d5c55d2f" ID-PMC="PMC3391719" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-204-1" ID-PubMed="22787417" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-204-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 204" ModsDocTitle="Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)" checkinTime="1451248933081" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fuente, Ricardo Perez-de la, Penalver, Enrique, Delclos, Xavier & Engel, Michael S." docDate="2012" docId="3B10E7CC838D369459BC3F290E9F2633" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 204: 1-40" docOrigin="ZooKeys 204" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740" docTitle="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra Perez-de la Fuente, Penalver, Delclos & Engel, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFA6FFC19C69FFCD6A5CFF8AFFFA647B" masterDocTitle="Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668154032987" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Snakefly diversity in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fuente, Ricardo Perez-de la</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Penalver, Enrique</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Delclos, Xavier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Engel, Michael S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>204</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>40</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.2740</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-204-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152036164" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:94EB4ADD-CCC8-46CB-98AF-F2EC4D47BDDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B10E7CC838D369459BC3F290E9F2633" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:94EB4ADD-CCC8-46CB-98AF-F2EC4D47BDDC" authority="Perez-de la Fuente, Penalver, Delclos & Engel" class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">
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Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-de">Perez-de</normalizedToken>
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la Fuente,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Peñalver">Penalver</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Delclòs">Delclos</normalizedToken>
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& Engel
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2, 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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MCNA 12068.4, from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Peñacerrada">Penacerrada</normalizedToken>
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I amber; fore- and hind wing distal fragments. Three associated hymenopterans are preserved as syninclusions.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fore- and hind wing with a relatively long pterostigma with a strongly oblique and slightly sinusoid pterostigmal crossvein placed beyond pterostigmal midlength; fore- and hind wing with one closed radial cell distal to pterostigma; forewing Rs with six branches; forewing with at least eight closed subradial cells.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Sex unknown. Veins with some strong, very short setae preserved, membrane hyaline. Forewing.Length of preserved fragment 6.4,maximum width 2.8;wing apex relatively rounded; pterostigma relatively long (2.4 long, length ca. eight
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">times</pageBreakToken>
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basal pterostigmal width), slightly widening distally, not conspicuously infumate as preserved; pterostigma with a strongly oblique and slightly sinusoid pterostigmal crossvein placed beyond pterostigmal midlength, basally closed by a crossvein; pterostigma longer than any radial cell; R with two branches beyond pterostigma;at least three radial cells present, one closed radial cell partly distal to pterostigma; Rs with six branches and at least eight closed subradial cells;MA at least with two branches; gradate seriesveryregular, almost following a staircase-like pattern. Hind wing.Length of preserved fragment 5.9,maximum width as preserved 2.7;wing apex more pointed than in forewing;costal field distinctly narrower than in forewing; one c-sc crossvein preserved;pterostigma relatively long (2.5 long, length ca. 10 times basal pterostigmal width), slightly widening distally, not conspicuously infumate as preserved, starting 0.5 (twice pterostigmal basal width) beyond termination of Sc; pterostigma with a strongly oblique and slightly sinusoid pterostigmal crossvein placed beyond pterostigmal midlength, basally closed by a crossvein;pterostigma longer than any radial cell;R with two branches beyond pterostigma;at least five radial cells present, one small closed radial cell distal to pterostigma;Rs with five branches and at least seven closed subradial cells; MA at least with two branches; gradate seriesveryregular, almost following a staircase-like pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype MCNA 12068.4. A forewing B hind wing. Scale bars = 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Figure 3. Drawings of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype MCNA 12068.4. A, forewing B hind wing. Scale bar = 1 mm (both wings at the same scale).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The specific epithet is a combination of the Greek words cretaceus (taken from the period name, although specifically meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“chalky”">"chalky"</normalizedToken>
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) and elektron, meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“amber”">"amber"</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Within the current taxonomic framework, the numerous crossveins of MCNA 12068.4 are indicative of placement in the
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<taxonomicName family="Baissopteridae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="family">Baissopteridae</taxonomicName>
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. Unfortunately, neither base of the wing is preserved, thus important characters such as the maximum width of the costal field, the pattern of distribution of c-sc crossveins (= costal crossveins), the separation between M and CuA in the forewing, and the shape of the basal piece of MA, are unknown. Also, the infumation of the pterostigma is not evident in the holotype, but it is uncertain if this could have been caused by taphonomical processes and is, therefore, not used as a diagnostic character although if the absence of infumation is true of the species in life, then it would represent a remarkable difference from all other described baissopterids. Fortunately, the pterostigma can be delimited thanks to the relative parallelness of C and R (R tends to conspicuously change its slope beyond the pterostigma in the other baissopterids) and also the greater thickness of both veins.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The specimen is tentatively classified within the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baissoptera</taxonomicName>
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as it has the pterostigmal crossvein most similar to the diversity found within this genus. Today just two of the 12 species currently classified within the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baissoptera</taxonomicName>
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, i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera brasiliensis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Baissoptera brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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Oswald, 1990 and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera lisae" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lisae">Baissoptera lisae</taxonomicName>
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Jepson, Ansorge & Jarzembowski, 2011, lack a pterostigmal crossvein in both fore- and hind wings (
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<bibRefCitation author="Oswald, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="154 - 163" title="Raphidioptera." volume="195" year="1990">Oswald 1990</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 156, figs 3, 4;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, JE" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="385 - 395" title="New snakeflies (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of the UK, Spain and Brazil." url="10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01038.x" volume="54" year="2011">Jepson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 393, text-figs 6A, B). Some genera can even show an additional, straight pterostigmal crossvein in a more basal position at least in the hind wing, i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera kolosnitsynae" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolosnitsynae">Baissoptera kolosnitsynae</taxonomicName>
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Martynova, 1961 and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera pulchra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Baissoptera pulchra</taxonomicName>
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(Martins-Neto and Nel, 1992) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Martynova, OM" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="73 - 83" title="Recent and fossil snakeflies (Insecta, Raphidioptera)." volume="1961" year="1961">Martynova 1961</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 81, fig. 7;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Martins-Neto and Nel 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 428, figs 2, 3). Regarding the other taxa currently classified within the
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<taxonomicName family="Baissopteridae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="family">Baissopteridae</taxonomicName>
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, the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Lugala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lugala" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lugala</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cretoraphidia</taxonomicName>
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lack a pterostigmal crossvein, at
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">least</pageBreakToken>
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in the hind wing (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ponomarenko 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 75, fig. 4; 1993: p. 70, figs 7, 9, 10); whereas the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidiopsis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cretoraphidiopsis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Austroraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austroraphidia</taxonomicName>
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, althoughshowing a pterostigmal crossvein situated beyond pterostigmal midlength, have it not as strongly oblique as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., both showing irregular gradate series in both wings and a much lesser number of Rs branches in the forewing (three in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Austroraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroraphidia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austroraphidia</taxonomicName>
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, four in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidiopsis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cretoraphidiopsis</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Cretinocellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretinocellia cellulosa" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellulosa">Cretinocellia cellulosa</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1988 has been recently transferred from the
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<taxonomicName family="Baissopteridae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Baissopteridae</taxonomicName>
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to the
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<taxonomicName family="Mesoraphidiidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Mesoraphidiidae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bechly, G" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="221 - 236" title="A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history." url="10.1163/187631211X568164" volume="42" year="2011">Bechly and Wolf-Schwenninger (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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based on its lack of pterostigmal crossvein(s) and a Sc ending about midwing length. Although these two characters are also present in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidia certa" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="certa">Cretoraphidia certa</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993 and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidia magna" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magna">Cretoraphidia magna</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ponomarenko, AG" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="60 - 80" title="Lower Cretaceous snakeflies from Transbaikalia." volume="252" year="1993">Ponomarenko 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 70, figs 7, 10), in both, the crossvenation is relatively higher than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidia cellulosa" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellulosa">Cretoraphidia cellulosa</taxonomicName>
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and should therefore remain in
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<taxonomicName family="Baissopteridae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Baissopteridae</taxonomicName>
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for the moment. Consequently,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bechly, G" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="221 - 236" title="A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history." url="10.1163/187631211X568164" volume="42" year="2011">Bechly and Wolf-Schwenninger (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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also noted that the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mesoraphidiidae" genus="Cretinocellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretinocellia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cretinocellia</taxonomicName>
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might occupy a basalmost position within
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<taxonomicName family="Mesoraphidiidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Mesoraphidiidae</taxonomicName>
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according to its relatively high crossvenation compared to the other mesoraphidiids. On the other
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">hand</pageBreakToken>
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, we still consider
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Arariperaphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arariperaphidia rochai" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rochai">Arariperaphidia rochai</taxonomicName>
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Martins-Neto and Vulcano, 1989 as incertae sedis rather than as a baissopterid (contra
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<bibRefCitation author="Bechly, G" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="221 - 236" title="A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history." url="10.1163/187631211X568164" volume="42" year="2011">Bechly and Wolf-Schwenninger 2011</bibRefCitation>
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), owing to its lack of preserved characters indicating a more conclusive assignment. The shape and location of the pterostigmal crossvein is quite diagnostic for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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. Only
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera minima" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">Baissoptera minima</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993 shows such a strongly oblique pterostigmal crossvein within the family, even slightly sinusoid as in the new species, in a relatively elongate pterostigma (length ca. eight times basal pterostigmal width) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ponomarenko, AG" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="60 - 80" title="Lower Cretaceous snakeflies from Transbaikalia." volume="252" year="1993">Ponomarenko 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 64, fig. 2). However, the pterostigmal crossvein is located before pterostigmal midlength and Rs is poorly branched in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera minima" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">Baissoptera minima</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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has Rs in the forewing with more branches currently described within the genus. The remaining
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baissoptera</taxonomicName>
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species always show a lesser number of branches of Rs in the forewing, i.e., five (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera brasiliensis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Baissoptera brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera grandis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Baissoptera grandis</taxonomicName>
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Ren in Ren et al. 1995,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera liaoningensis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liaoningensis">Baissoptera liaoningensis</taxonomicName>
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Ren, 1994,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera lisae" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lisae">Baissoptera lisae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera sibirica" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibirica">Baissoptera sibirica</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993), four (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera elongata" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">Baissoptera elongata</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera euneura" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euneura">Baissoptera euneura</taxonomicName>
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Ren, 1997,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera kolosnitsynae" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolosnitsynae">Baissoptera kolosnitsynae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera martinsoni" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martinsoni">Baissoptera martinsoni</taxonomicName>
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Martynova, 1961), or three Rs branches (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera pulchra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Baissoptera pulchra</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera minima" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">Baissoptera minima</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Martynova, OM" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="73 - 83" title="Recent and fossil snakeflies (Insecta, Raphidioptera)." volume="1961" year="1961">Martynova 1961</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Oswald, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="154 - 163" title="Raphidioptera." volume="195" year="1990">Oswald 1990</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Martins-Neto and Nel 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ponomarenko, AG" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="60 - 80" title="Lower Cretaceous snakeflies from Transbaikalia." volume="252" year="1993">Ponomarenko 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ren, D" journalOrPublisher="Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="131 - 140" title="A new discovery of snake-flies (Insecta) from late Jurassic of Beipiao, Liaoning." volume="25" year="1994">Ren 1994</bibRefCitation>
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, 1997;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ren, D" journalOrPublisher="Beijing, SeismicPublishing House" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" title="Faunae and stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous in Beijing and the adjacent areas." year="1995">Ren et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jepson, JE" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="385 - 395" title="New snakeflies (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of the UK, Spain and Brazil." url="10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01038.x" volume="54" year="2011">Jepson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Although
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cellulosa" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellulosa">Baissoptera cellulosa</taxonomicName>
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Ponomarenko, 1993 (based on a forewing lacking the apex) could also possess six branches of Rs and does have a sinuate pterostigmal crossvein presumably beyond pterostigmal midlength (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ponomarenko, AG" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="60 - 80" title="Lower Cretaceous snakeflies from Transbaikalia." volume="252" year="1993">Ponomarenko 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 65, fig. 3), it differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera cretaceoelectra" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretaceoelectra">Baissoptera? cretaceoelectra</taxonomicName>
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in that the pterostigmal crossvein is just slightly oblique and the more abundant crossvenation. The only other described baissopterid with such an elevated number of branches of Rs is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Cretoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretoraphidia certa" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="certa">Cretoraphidia certa</taxonomicName>
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, but it lacks a pterostigmal crossvein as has been discussed, and in addition Sc ends in a more basal position. Furthermore, the pterostigmal length of the new species is elongate when compared to the other lengths shown by the other species within the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baissoptera</taxonomicName>
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. Only
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera grandis" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">Baissoptera grandis</taxonomicName>
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has a longer pterostigma, its length about 11 times its basal pterostigmal width (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ren, D" journalOrPublisher="Beijing, SeismicPublishing House" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" title="Faunae and stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous in Beijing and the adjacent areas." year="1995">Ren et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 175, fig. 2). The shortest pterostigmata within the genus are found in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera martinsoni" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martinsoni">Baissoptera martinsoni</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera elongata" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">Baissoptera elongata</taxonomicName>
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, their lengths ca. four and six times their basal pterostigmal widths, respectively (
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<bibRefCitation author="Martynova, OM" journalOrPublisher="Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="73 - 83" title="Recent and fossil snakeflies (Insecta, Raphidioptera)." volume="1961" year="1961">Martynova 1961</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 80, fig. 6;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ponomarenko, AG" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="60 - 80" title="Lower Cretaceous snakeflies from Transbaikalia." volume="252" year="1993">Ponomarenko 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 67, fig. 5). Naturally, our placement of this species in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Baissopteridae" genus="Baissoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baissoptera" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baissoptera</taxonomicName>
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is a conservative position based on the lack of complete material. More completely-preserved specimens, in which the wing base characters noted above could be assessed, may force a reconsideration of the generic assignment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |