271 lines
34 KiB
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271 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="54D97C10F94962C4A55F9D8B882D1E3F" ID-DOI="10.4314/met.v35i1.3" ID-ISSN="2307-5031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119562" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1731462300340" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Swart, Rudi C., Bradley, Suncana & Staude, Hermann S." docDate="2024" docId="6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73" docLanguage="en" docName="Metamorphosis.35.11-15.pdf" docOrigin="Metamorphosis 35 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v35i1.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA.1:Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA" docStyleName="Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hampson 1902" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="107" masterDocId="997AC80F7B17CF2B315FFF54FFD1FFD4" masterDocTitle="A first ecological description of the lichen-clad larva of Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hampson, 1902 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from a southern Afrotemperate forest" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="106" updateTime="1741798832369" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="C6D98BC44442E6C0D7067CE59DD5991A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E4451F918DB79B3A911DE75CC2F41FAF">
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<mods:title id="52CCE0E0908E8E133D02602E2BEE9CA3">A first ecological description of the lichen-clad larva of Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hampson, 1902 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from a southern Afrotemperate forest</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E6A847D6BC13C4CD66F27E2DDA496247" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2A94C8B72DFD19208757E8055857071C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A6A0F74FD5401069A2CD42FAA964EE2E">Swart, Rudi C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA5EFBEB6F70140C85FDC67D403C16BC">Suncana Bradley & Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, 6530</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C7DAAE80D16F37EE3214D1E3B7E10534" type="email">swartrudolph90@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="DA4AE124BFE2EC32B1D390A1ED56CAC0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2FD562EB7A3E42D07F382AFB86CD7068">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="29EC8C972645D6CB2A8492C76EEF5D77">Bradley, Suncana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="89FDC22DAF80BB751F6EDD94AC035C41">and Hermann S. Staude & Dawncliffe, Westville, Durban, 3629, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A32F2DD157B2D8E76D3D50800ED39D89" type="email">suncana.bradley@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="D3933D79E4F918771E550CEB5AE55BE5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F88C48F62735B9531F655ADF512652CE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CA89A10E723A50BBDA834621E0D2A479">Staude, Hermann S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C75CEC0AE28597CE12EE14896956EF37">Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F9F82FA0E3FD1DC9E3F0769EF289C098" type="email">staudehermann@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="3E82C6E713C651F861A5BD7EF76FAAC7">Metamorphosis</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="153B500F47CD689BCA12B5274C586257">
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<mods:date id="6091F02445D21C0803AF554394B14956">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4352C115AFFA3BA33F74AF4B89653FD9">2024-07-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DF3D076A37D08A2308F967737AB91F4A">35</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="EAD63A3E3710FF7B9F5EA7C4DC5A9535" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="21F349AB753CE67612C89D7E8E52C573">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="34915908E33111D9FA12F377B47094CE">11</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="C428C947B92C81DDE7BC29C7ED3EAD54">http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v35i1.3</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="EA0AAA5DB403ED31CE2D2A545303728E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9F4AF9CB6476EA1244A396D711C1836C" type="DOI">10.4314/met.v35i1.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BECD85157E70768CF06562954FF4EE17" type="ISSN">2307-5031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A5E5EF982471002F7AA1CF7D5B902016" type="Zenodo-Dep">14119562</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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<subSubSection id="A5F052EA7B16CF2A31DBFA31FED0FA55" box="[132,257,1381,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B16CF2A31DBFA31FED0FA55" blockId="1.[132,257,1381,1410]" box="[132,257,1381,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="B61DB60D7B16CF2A31DBFA31FED0FA55" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[132,257,1381,1410]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B16CF2A31DBFA31FED0FA55" ID-CoL="6H4KH" authority="Hampson, 1902" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[132,257,1381,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A31DBFA31FED0FA55" bold="true" box="[132,257,1381,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">RESULTS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A5F052EA7B16CF2931DBFAF5FE41FB8B" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B16CF2A31DBFAF5FE2FF8FD" blockId="1.[132,756,1441,1833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A31DBFAF5FEF3FA6D" bold="true" box="[132,290,1441,1465]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Early Stages:</emphasis>
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There were no discernible patterns with regard to season and phenology. Larval forms were observed from late-May to mid-October, whereas cocoons were observed in February, May, July and September (
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<tableCitation id="A06834DA7B16CF2A31D4F948FF33F9E0" box="[139,226,1564,1588]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[132,197,512,536]" captionTargetBox="[147,1377,601,2038]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 – Summary of 20 observations of Eublemmistis chlorozonea between 2021 and 2023, including one adult observation from 2013, made in the southern Cape region (See Fig. 2)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B99551E97B14CF2831DBFD54FC4EFDED" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" tableUuid="B99551E97B14CF2831DBFD54FC4EFDED">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B16CF2A31A2F948FDCBF9E0" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[253,538,1564,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A31A2F948FDCBF9E0" box="[253,538,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Eublemmistis chlorozonea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to primarily utilise indigenous forest but RCS found a cocoon ca. 120 meters from the indigenous forest edge, in transformed forest vegetation with mature trees of the invasive alien Acacia mearnsii. Observations were made on a variety of host tree species, mostly
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<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B16CF2A308DF9E1FD67F919" box="[466,694,1717,1741]" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" genus="Afrocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="falcatus">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A308DF9E1FD67F919" box="[466,694,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Afrocarpus falcatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B16CF2A31DBF980FE60F938" box="[132,433,1748,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Pterocelastrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricuspidatus">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A31DBF980FE60F938" box="[132,433,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Rather than species of tree, it appears as if the presence of several
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<typeStatus id="3251BFC37B16CF2A3319F9A7FDAFF8DF" box="[582,638,1779,1803]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">types</typeStatus>
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of lichen determines larval presence (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B16CF2A30F0F845FE21F8FD" box="[431,496,1809,1833]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="1.[832,900,593,614]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,234,557]" captionTargetId="figure-836@1.[835,1459,234,557]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 3 – Larvae typically restrict themselves to the lichen-clad parts of various tree species: Podocarpus latifolius (left) and Curtisia dentata (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119572/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B16CF2A31DBF81CFC67FF19" blockId="1.[132,756,1864,2103]" lastBlockId="1.[832,1456,151,205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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The larva of
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<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B16CF2A3053F81DFE7DF8B4" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[268,428,1864,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A3053F81DFE7DF8B4" box="[268,428,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a semi-looper with only two sets of prolegs, apart from the anal claspers. It covers itself with lichen fragments (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B16CF2A30D8F8D2FE1BF84A" box="[391,458,1926,1950]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="1.[832,900,941,962]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,698,905]" captionTargetId="figure-839@1.[835,1459,698,905]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 4 – Examples of a larva partially covered by lichen fragments (left), and one completely covered (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119576/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) and forms a cocoon, that hangs on a thin thread from the tree bark, and which is covered in white lichen (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B16CF2A30C2F897FE33F80F" box="[413,482,1987,2011]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="1.[832,900,1313,1334]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,1018,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-842@1.[835,1459,1018,1277]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 5 – Cocoons found dangling from the bark of trees, attached by a silky, lichen covered thread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119578/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). After an undetermined period of time, the adult emerges from an orange-brown pupa (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B16CF2A318DF754FECEF7CC" box="[210,287,2048,2072]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="1.[832,900,1897,1918]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,1390,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-845@1.[835,1459,1390,1861]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 6 – Pupa and remaining cocoon post-emergence of adult moth that was reared in captivity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119580" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119580/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). Often, post-emergence, the remaining cocoon is seen pressed up against the bark, not hanging in the air as it does pre-emergence, still containing the split open pupa.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="B99551E97B16CF2A321FF83DFB53F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119580" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119580" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119580/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" startId="1.[832,900,1897,1918]" targetBox="[835,1459,1390,1861]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B16CF2A321FF83DFB53F84E" blockId="1.[832,1455,1897,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B16CF2A321FF83DFC46F8AA" bold="true" box="[832,919,1897,1918]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">Figure 6</emphasis>
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– Pupa and remaining cocoon post-emergence of adult moth that was reared in captivity.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B16CF29321FF8EDFD02FEB3" blockId="1.[832,1455,1977,2125]" lastBlockId="2.[132,756,149,359]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">
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The colour of the lichen covering the larvae depends on the colour of lichen the individual larva is observed on. These colours include white, off-white, dull green-white, and dull peach-white. In captivity, larvae accepted and fed on all colours and
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<typeStatus id="3251BFC37B16CF2A329DF761FC2BF799" box="[962,1018,2101,2125]" pageId="1" pageNumber="106">types</typeStatus>
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of lichen presented. For example, on the 7
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<superScript id="1A9FAC297B15CF2931CDFFC1FF4EFF77" attach="left" box="[146,159,149,163]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">th</superScript>
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of
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<date id="995427A17B15CF29318AFFC3FEA3FF7B" box="[213,370,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" value="2022-10">October 2022</date>
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, a larva was collected from the Saasveld forest and placed in a glass tank with pieces of bark containing white lichen and kept moist via lightly misting with water once a week. A pupa was formed on the 31
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<superScript id="1A9FAC297B15CF2931C0FE44FF7AFECA" attach="left" box="[159,171,272,286]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">st</superScript>
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of
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<date id="995427A17B15CF29318EFE45FEB6FEFD" box="[209,359,273,297]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" value="2022-10">October 2022</date>
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, and the cocoon was found dangling vertically on the side of a flowerpot that was placed in the tank. On the 24
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<superScript id="1A9FAC297B15CF293076FE19FEE7FE8F" attach="left" box="[297,310,333,347]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">th</superScript>
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of
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<date id="995427A17B15CF293005FE1BFDD8FEB3" box="[346,521,335,359]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" value="2022-11">November 2022</date>
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, an adult emerged.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF2931DBFED2FD73FCDA" blockId="2.[132,756,390,782]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">The same lichen that the larva feeds on is used as camouflage. This enables it to blend in perfectly within its habitat, as there is no difference in colour or texture with their surroundings. Often the only giveaway is movement, which resembles a bit of lichen in the breeze unless they’re feeding or building their disguise. The process of covering themselves in lichen, as observed by the second author (SB), is slow and meticulous. They use their mandibles to scrape off bits of lichen and transfer it in chunks onto their bodies. As silk is used in attaching their cocoons to bark, we presume that silk is also mixed with lichen to make it adhere to their bodies. By bending their bodies backwards, they can easily reach and cover their whole length.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF2931DBFC60FE41FB8B" blockId="2.[132,756,819,1119]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2931DBFC60FF1FFC98" bold="true" box="[132,206,820,844]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Adult:</emphasis>
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The forewing measures
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<quantity id="2A12AC847B15CF29308DFC67FDE9FC9F" box="[466,568,819,843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
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in length, and the sexes are similar in size. The wings are white ground colour and variable mustard to green shading, with zigzag lines on the forewings with two distinct black cell spots, which are merged into one in some specimens (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B15CF2933FEFCFAFD37FC12" box="[673,742,942,966]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="2.[132,200,1450,1471]" captionTargetBox="[136,759,1148,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-1263@2.[136,759,1148,1417]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 7 – Adult male in typical resting posture (left) and a set specimen (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119584/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). Adults have a characteristic resting posture with wings folded over the body and substrate while resting (
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<figureCitation id="75D11DE47B15CF2933FCFCBFFD34FBD7" box="[675,741,1003,1027]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="2.[132,200,1450,1471]" captionTargetBox="[136,759,1148,1417]" captionTargetId="figure-1263@2.[136,759,1148,1417]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 7 – Adult male in typical resting posture (left) and a set specimen (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119584/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). They are nocturnal and attracted to light sources but can be seen resting in the undergrowth of the forest by day where they are easily disturbed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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|
||
<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF2931DBFAFEFEF8FA08" blockId="2.[132,755,1450,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2931DBFAFEFF0DFA6B" bold="true" box="[132,220,1450,1471]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Figure 7</emphasis>
|
||
– Adult male in typical resting posture (left) and a set specimen (right).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A5F052EA7B15CF2931DBFAA8FAD0FC73" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF2931DBFAA8FEFAF9CC" blockId="2.[132,299,1532,1561]" box="[132,299,1532,1561]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<heading id="B61DB60D7B15CF2931DBFAA8FEFAF9CC" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[132,299,1532,1561]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" reason="1">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="EBB397BD7B15CF2931DBFAA8FEFAF9CC" baselines="1554,1554" box="[132,299,1532,1561]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="12" normCase="title" normString="Discussion" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2931DBFAA8FEFAF9CC" bold="true" box="[132,299,1532,1561]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF2931DBF96CFB23FF19" blockId="2.[132,756,1592,2107]" lastBlockId="2.[832,1455,151,205]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
|
||
The use of lichen in larval camouflage is not unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2931DBF90CFEF7F9BB" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[132,294,1623,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2931DBF90CFEF7F9BB" box="[132,294,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A similar strategy is employed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2933F5F90CFF36F959" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prolectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2933F5F90CFF36F959" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Enispa prolectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2931A3F921FE8FF959" box="[252,350,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2933F5F922FD25F959" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1866" box="[682,756,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Enispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2933F5F922FD25F959" box="[682,756,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Enispa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus, a widely occurring genus in the Indo-Australian tropics and subtropics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF2930D8F9E7FDEEF91F" author="SUGI, S. & YAMAMOTO, M. & NAKATOMI, K. & SATO, R. & NAKAJIMA, H. & OWADA, M." box="[391,575,1715,1739]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" refId="ref2826" refString="SUGI, S., YAMAMOTO, M., NAKATOMI, K., SATO, R., NAKAJIMA, H. & OWADA, M. (eds.) 1987. Larvae of larger moths in Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo. 453 pp." type="book" year="1987">
|
||
Sugi
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29309BF9E0FE2CF91F" box="[452,509,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF293311F9E7FD39F91F" author="PELLINEN, M. J." box="[590,744,1715,1739]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="587 - 590" refId="ref2724" refString="PELLINEN, M. J. 2017. Description of a new species of Enispa Walker, 1866 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Boletobiinae) from Thailand. Zootaxa 4272 (4): 587 - 590." type="journal article" year="2017">Pellinen 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF2931DBF985FE66F93D" author="WILSON, P. J. & METHVEN, A. S." box="[132,439,1745,1769]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="448 - 453" refId="ref2875" refString="WILSON, P. J., & METHVEN, A. S. 1997. Lichen use by larval Leucochrysa pavida (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bryologist 100 (4): 448 - 453." type="journal article" year="1997">Wilson & Methven (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a lichen camouflage strategy similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29303BF9A5FDDCF8DC" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[356,525,1776,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29303BF9A5FDDCF8DC" box="[356,525,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the neuropteran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2931DBF85BFE8CF8F3" baseAuthorityName="Hagen" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[132,349,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2931DBF85BFE8CF8F3" box="[132,349,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Leucochrysa pavida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2F2ECF837B15CF29335CF85BFD80F8F3" box="[515,593,1807,1831]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="95FD41F17B15CF293302F85BFD21F8F3" box="[605,752,1807,1831]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In this species, the lichen fragments, collected from tree surfaces, form a packet of debris, which are also used to form the cocoon during pupation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF29334AF83FFF6CF875" author="WILSON, P. J. & METHVEN, A. S." pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="448 - 453" refId="ref2875" refString="WILSON, P. J., & METHVEN, A. S. 1997. Lichen use by larval Leucochrysa pavida (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bryologist 100 (4): 448 - 453." type="journal article" year="1997">Wilson & Methven 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293032F8DEFE02F875" baseAuthorityName="Hagen" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[365,467,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293032F8DEFE02F875" box="[365,467,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">L. pavida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has dorsal setae on which the lichen fragments are placed.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2930BAF8FCFD6FF814" baseAuthorityName="Hagen" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[485,702,1960,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2930BAF8FCFD6FF814" box="[485,702,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Leucochrysa pavida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses its pincered jaws to break off small pieces of lichen and rolls these into small balls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF293098F8B1FD39F829" author="WILSON, P. J. & METHVEN, A. S." box="[455,744,2021,2045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="448 - 453" refId="ref2875" refString="WILSON, P. J., & METHVEN, A. S. 1997. Lichen use by larval Leucochrysa pavida (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bryologist 100 (4): 448 - 453." type="journal article" year="1997">Wilson & Methven 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Research suggests preference for certain species of lichen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF2931D4F777FE4CF7EF" author="WILSON, P. J. & METHVEN, A. S." box="[139,413,2083,2107]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="448 - 453" refId="ref2875" refString="WILSON, P. J., & METHVEN, A. S. 1997. Lichen use by larval Leucochrysa pavida (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bryologist 100 (4): 448 - 453." type="journal article" year="1997">Wilson & Methven 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of interest is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29332BF770FD0BF7EF" baseAuthorityName="Hagen" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[628,730,2083,2107]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29332BF770FD0BF7EF" box="[628,730,2083,2107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">L. pavida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predatory during its larval phase, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293453FFCCFA7EFF7B" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[1292,1455,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293453FFCCFA7EFF7B" box="[1292,1455,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed actively feeding on lichen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED5501617B15CF29321FFFB8FAD0FC73" blockId="2.[832,1456,236,935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
|
||
The species of lichen harvested and utilized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293416FFB9FA7EFED0" baseAuthorityName="Hagen" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1353,1455,236,260]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysopidae" genus="Leucochrysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavida">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293416FFB9FA7EFED0" box="[1353,1455,236,260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">L. pavida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF2932C9FE58FBBBFEF7" box="[918,1130,267,291]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Roccellaceae" genus="Lecanora" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="strobilina">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF2932C9FE58FBBBFEF7" box="[918,1130,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Lecanora strobilina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293527FE5FFAB6FEF7" box="[1144,1383,267,291]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Myelochroa" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aurulenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293527FE5FFAB6FEF7" box="[1144,1383,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Myelochroa aurulenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29329AFE7FFBF5FE96" authorityName="Acharius" authorityYear="1803" box="[965,1060,299,322]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Roccellaceae" genus="Lepraria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29329AFE7FFBF5FE96" box="[965,1060,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Lepraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In Afrotemperate forests, lichen research is still in its infancy for the most part, making it extremely difficult to identify local lichens to species. For example, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293545FED3FB51FE4A" box="[1050,1152,391,414]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Roccellaceae" genus="Lecanora" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293545FED3FB51FE4A" box="[1050,1152,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Lecanora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has received little attention and needs revision (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="897B7C907B15CF293547FEF0FB76FE68" author="FRYDAY, A. M." box="[1048,1191,420,444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref2487" refString="FRYDAY, A. M. 2015. A new checklist of lichenised, lichenicolous and allied fungi reported from South Africa. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation 45 (1): 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Fryday 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); although it is certainly present in the southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2F2ECF837B15CF293568FE97FBBCFE0F" box="[1079,1133,451,475]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
forests. A species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29340EFE90FA7EFE0F" authorityName="Acharius" authorityYear="1803" box="[1361,1455,452,475]" class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Roccellaceae" genus="Lepraria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29340EFE90FA7EFE0F" box="[1361,1455,452,475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Lepraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed as a common lichen host on which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29321FFD56FC30FDCD" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[832,993,513,537]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29321FFD56FC30FDCD" box="[832,993,513,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found. It seems likely, based on our experiments, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29355EFD74FB74FDE3" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[1025,1189,543,567]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29355EFD74FB74FDE3" box="[1025,1189,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not specialise on a particular species of lichen but will feed on several lichen species. Its distribution, rather than restricted by host species, seems to be restricted to Afromontane forest habitats because these remain moist for most of the year. Lichens in other southern African habitats are dormant (dry) for long periods and it is probable that the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29321FFDA3FC38FCDA" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[832,1001,758,782]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29321FFDA3FC38FCDA" box="[832,1001,758,782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not able to survive such extended periods of desiccation. Platt (1920) listed the tree
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF29343BFC40FC1BFC9F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Albizia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adianthifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF29343BFC40FC1BFC9F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Albizia adianthifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a larval host plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2AEA7AE27B15CF293594FC60FABDFC9F" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1902" box="[1227,1388,819,843]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemmistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorozonea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9EDD737B15CF293594FC60FABDFC9F" box="[1227,1388,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">E. chlorozonea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it seems likely that this larva (or pupa) was found on the trunk of the tree where it fed on lichens found on that tree rather than on the foliage of the tree itself.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |