287 lines
31 KiB
XML
287 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="859D004FB41C4A83ED238360319823AA" ID-CLB-Dataset="53361" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5290.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="36037514-64e6-4cde-88f9-583b4b9d8bf1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7959256" ID-ZooBank="FD54D381-F123-4958-A03E-6CA71E02D06A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1684794674356" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galsworthy, Anthony, Shaw, Mark R. & Haraldseide, Håkon" docDate="2023" docId="E62587BFFF9BFFFBFF7E4165975A6792" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5290.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5290 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5290.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hyposoter Forster 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="1A1CFFC7FF9EFFFDFFE9443A92646413" masterDocTitle="A key to European species of Hyposoter Förster, 1869 (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) with descriptions of 18 new species, and notes on all included species" masterLastPageNumber="73" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1699507290125" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D6BEE1CCCB7E88FCB69A545E0D9DA919">A key to European species of Hyposoter Förster, 1869 (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) with descriptions of 18 new species, and notes on all included species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BFE46EBA9EAD0ABB9797D95EB25FA294">Galsworthy, Anthony</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="68E179E9857FDCBBD49B8E211B96B81B" type="email">acgalsworthy@btopenworld.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C1695E98C979DF801D859609BDAE6A9D">Shaw, Mark R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4479419EB604D115D8A284B7262E6683" type="email">markshaw1945@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DB1126F6C74D804F41397C6756F887B3">Haraldseide, Håkon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5ECA8196E6D31FB038B2F6A92B82457C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BE11D69C75F497B9A557C238E1D556E2">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E7EFA3D16961B37960F3820F33F67206">2023-05-18</mods:number>
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<treatment id="E62587BFFF9BFFFBFF7E4165975A6792" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7971451" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209630659" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7971451" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E62587BFFF9BFFFBFF7E4165975A6792" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E62587BFFF9BFFFBFF7E4165975A6792" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="26966522FF9BFFF8FF7E416593DA616B" box="[151,446,1374,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF9BFFF8FF7E416593DA616B" blockId="5.[151,446,1374,1401]" box="[151,446,1374,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="357B81C5FF9BFFF8FF7E416593DA616B" bold="true" box="[151,446,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FF7E416593DA616B" ID-CoL="52WP" ID-ENA="260304" authority="Forster, 1869" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,446,1374,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FF7E416593DA616B" bold="true" box="[151,446,1374,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FF7E41659377616A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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Förster, 1869
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="26966522FF9BFFFBFF7E419D975A6792" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF9BFFF8FF7E419D9382628B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1447,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FEFA419D93EC61D3" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[275,392,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FEFA419D93EC61D3" box="[275,392,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was erected by F̂rster (1869) but, like many of his genera, with no
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<typeStatus id="B137880BFF9BFFF8FB64419D96D961D2" box="[1165,1213,1447,1473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
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species designated. A
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<typeStatus id="B137880BFF9BFFF8FF5841F1928561F6" box="[177,225,1483,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FEA041F1911861F6" authority="Viereck, 1910" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1910" box="[329,892,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Limnerium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parorgyiae" subGenus="Hyposoter">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FEA041F193A061F7" box="[329,452,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Limnerium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FE3D41F1902D61F7" box="[468,585,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FDB341F190B061F7" box="[602,724,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">parorgyiae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF9BFFF8FD3541F1911861F6" author="Viereck, H. L." box="[732,892,1483,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref55681" refString="Viereck, H. L. (1910) Descriptions of new species of Ichneumon flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 38 (1754), 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.38 - 1754.379" type="journal article" year="1910">Viereck, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is found in North America, was supplied by
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<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF9BFFF8FF5341D59302621A" author="Viereck, H. L." box="[186,358,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 186" refId="ref55780" refString="Viereck, H. L. (1914) Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies. United States National Museum Bulletin, 83, 1 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.83.1" type="journal article" year="1914">Viereck (1914)</bibRefCitation>
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. Until the 1960s most European species currently placed in
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FBE541D596E5621B" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1036,1153,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FBE541D596E5621B" box="[1036,1153,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were placed in
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FADD41D597F8621A" authorityName="Förster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1332,1436,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Anilastus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FADD41D597F8621A" box="[1332,1436,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anilastus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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F̂rster (=
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FEFA4229938C623E" authority="Thomson" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1877" box="[275,488,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Anilasta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FEFA42299314623E" box="[275,368,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anilasta</emphasis>
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Thomson
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</taxonomicName>
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), now regarded as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FC874229918A623E" authorityName="Förster" authorityYear="1868" box="[878,1006,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Campoletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FC874229918A623E" box="[878,1006,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Campoletis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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F̂rster, or in
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FB7E4229971E623E" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" box="[1175,1402,1555,1581]" class="Gastropoda" family="Velutinidae" genus="Limneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FB7E4229969A623F" box="[1175,1278,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Limneria</emphasis>
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Holmgren
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FF7E420D93E36242" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[151,391,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Limnerium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FF7E420D93766243" box="[151,274,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Limnerium</emphasis>
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Ashmead
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</taxonomicName>
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), now regarded as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FCEC420D91ED6242" box="[773,905,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FCEC420D91ED6242" box="[773,905,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Olesicampe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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F̂rster. Following Townes’ (1970) definitions of the genera, Aubert and Horstmann, in various publications, were responsible for transferring the majority of the relevant species to
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FE8442459382628B" box="[365,486,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FE8442459386628B" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[365,482,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyposoter</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF9BFFF8FF2E429996F26362" blockId="5.[151,1437,1447,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Morphologically
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FE644299906662AF" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[397,514,1699,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FE644299906662AF" box="[397,514,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is very close to both
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FD16429991E762AE" box="[767,899,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FD16429991E762AE" box="[767,899,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Olesicampe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FC574299963462AE" box="[958,1104,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phobocampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FC574299963462AE" box="[958,1104,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phobocampe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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F̂rster. Species of the latter genus, which also attack the larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FDA342FD90B062F2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[586,724,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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, are generally separable from
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FBC242FD96C462F3" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1067,1184,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FBC242FD96C462F3" box="[1067,1184,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by wing venation and the characteristic short propodeum. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FD4D42D1914C6316" box="[676,808,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FD4D42D1914C6316" box="[676,808,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Olesicampe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which attack exposed Tenthredinoidea (
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FB1B42D197F56316" box="[1266,1425,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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), are much harder to distinguish morphologically from
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<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FD0643359100633B" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[751,868,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FD0643359100633B" box="[751,868,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although they tend to have heavier mandibles and longer temples, and less pronounced flanges on the lower edge of the mandibles.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF9BFFF8FBC9430996CF635E" author="Wahl, D. B." box="[1056,1195,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref55822" refString="Wahl, D. B. (1991) The status of Rhimphoctona, with special reference to the higher categories within the Campopleginae and the relationships of the subfamily (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 117,193 - 213." type="book" year="1991">Wahl (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FAB1430992846363" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FAB1430992846363" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Olesicampe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be derived from within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FDD1436D90C96363" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[568,685,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FDD1436D90C96363" box="[568,685,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a thesis supported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF9BFFF8FC44436D96F66362" author="Quicke, D. J. L. & Laurenne, N. M. & Fitton, M. G. & Broad, G. R." box="[941,1170,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1305 - 1421" refId="ref54753" refString="Quicke, D. J. L., Laurenne, N. M., Fitton, M. G. & Broad, G. R. (2009) A thousand and one wasps: a 28 S rDNA and morphological phylogeny of the Ichneumonidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) with an investigation into alignment parameter space and elision. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1305 - 1421. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902807783" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Quicke
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FBEC436D96596362" box="[1029,1085,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF9BFFFBFF2E4341935D6552" blockId="5.[151,1437,1447,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The third author has obtained CO1 barcode sequences for a large number of Norwegian and German campoplegines, including 14 identified species of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF9BFFF8FD6143A5916563AB" box="[648,769,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF9BFFF8FD6143A5909963AB" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[648,765,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyposoter</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This work is ongoing, and analysis of it remains at a very preliminary stage: it would be premature to form any firm conclusions at present. However, all phylogenetic trees so far produced using various alignments show
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFD5C44AD914E64A3" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[693,810,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFD5C44AD914E64A3" box="[693,810,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as at present constituted as polyphyletic, and intermingled with a number of genera, including
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFD824481909264C6" box="[619,758,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFD824481909664C6" box="[619,754,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Olesicampe</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
some
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFCAA448191DA64C6" box="[835,958,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFCAA448191DE64C6" box="[835,954,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diadegma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and some
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFBD54481971A64C6" box="[1084,1406,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFBD5448196BC64C6" authorityName="Horstmann" authorityYear="1978" box="[1084,1240,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Tranosemella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tranosemella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFB0D4481971D64C6" box="[1252,1401,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phobocampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phobocampe</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in contrast, appears to be well separated, and at some distance from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFC9744E5919364EB" box="[894,1015,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFC9744E5919764EB" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[894,1011,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyposoter</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In addition, ongoing work by Dr Seraina Klopfstein on the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFE004539903A650E" box="[489,606,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFE004539903A650E" box="[489,606,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diadegma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is already showing (S. Klopfstein
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFC0B45399600650F" box="[994,1124,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.) that the latter genus is not monophyletic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF98FFFBFF2E45719374660A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
It therefore seems that the generic classification will need to be extensively revised to conform to a more accurate phylogeny when a more detailed molecular analysis has been completed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF98FFFBFBE745559762659A" author="Klopfstein, S. & Broad, G. R. & Urfer, K. & Vardal, H. & Haraldseide, H." box="[1038,1286,367,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="121 - 156" refId="ref54121" refString="Klopfstein, S., Broad, G. R., Urfer, K., Vardal, H. & Haraldseide, H. (2022) An interactive key to the European genera of Campopleginae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and 20 new species for Sweden. Entomologisk tidskrift, 143 (2022), 121 - 156." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Klopfstein
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFB65455596A7659A" box="[1164,1219,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Meanwhile, because of the morphological similarity, it is sometimes not easy to be completely certain that a species is correctly attributed between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFE85458D938565C3" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[364,481,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFE85458D938565C3" box="[364,481,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFDFF458D90FE65C2" box="[534,666,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Olesicampe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFDFF458D90FE65C2" box="[534,666,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Olesicampe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unless the host is known. Despite the usually much longer ovipositor found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFF1545E1931565E6" box="[252,369,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadegma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFF1545E1931565E6" box="[252,369,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diadegma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F̂rster, certain species now included in that genus might also be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFB1845E1970265E7" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1265,1382,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFB1845E1970265E7" box="[1265,1382,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and vice versa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3336A9FF98FFFBFF2E4619975A6792" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFF2E461993F0662E" box="[199,404,547,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFF2E46199358662F" box="[199,316,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, and generally kill their hosts before full growth. The cocoons of some species are formed inside the larval skin of the hosts, usually in cases where the larvae are spiny or hairy, or occasionally aposematic, but in other species outside. The external cocoons mostly have a characteristic (though not diagnostic) tubular shape, and often incorporate dark coloured meconium into the otherwise paler-coloured structure, which gives them the appearance of a bird dropping. We take this opportunity to correct a misidentification in the British checklist (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF98FFFBFD8E46ED909366E2" author="Broad, G. R." box="[615,759,727,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="9042" refId="ref52709" refString="Broad, G. R. (2016) Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Ichneumonidae. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e 9042. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 4. e 9042" type="journal article" year="2016">Broad, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where figure 2a is labelled as a cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFB0B46ED97E566E2" box="[1250,1409,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFB0B46ED973366E3" box="[1250,1367,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: it is in fact the cocoon of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFE5B46C190316706" box="[434,597,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Microplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFE5B46C190496706" box="[434,557,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Microplitis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFD8A46C190836706" box="[611,743,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFD1A46C191C66706" box="[755,930,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Microgastrinae">Microgastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Typically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98C4D2AFF98FFFBFBCA46C196FC6707" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[1059,1176,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFBCA46C196FC6707" box="[1059,1176,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyposoter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoon formation is in exposed positions and emergence is generally quite rapid (though it can be a few weeks after pupation if cocoons are removed from the wild, where they usually experience insolation). Where the overwintering strategy is known, it is in the larval stage of the host, the host being killed in the spring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF98FFFBFC76475D96046792" author="Shaw, M. R. & Horstmann, K. & Whiffin, A. L." box="[927,1120,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="177 - 222" refId="ref55208" refString="Shaw, M. R., Horstmann, K. & Whiffin, A. L. (2016) Two hundred and twenty-five species of reared western Palaearctic Campopleginae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the National Museums of Scotland, with descriptions of new species of Campoplex and Diadegma, and records of fifty-five species new to Britain. Entomologist's Gazette, 67, 177 - 222." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Shaw
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFC0C475D967A6792" box="[997,1054,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1D4B58FF98FFFBFB82475D97566792" author="Broad, G. R. & Shaw, M. R. & Fitton, M. G." box="[1131,1330,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref52751" refString="Broad, G. R., Shaw, M. R. & Fitton, M. G. (2018) Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology. Royal Entomological Society, London, 417 pp." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Broad
|
||
<emphasis id="5CF8EABBFF98FFFBFB5F475D968B6792" box="[1206,1263,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |