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<mods:title id="51369BDDEBC3E9ECAAC0E85285ACEC12">First data on the bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus (Morawitz, 1867) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79A899FB39FDCEFB3C" bold="true" box="[151,634,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
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, “Sarepta” (ZISP); 1895: 454–455, 
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(Sarepta [
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André 1884: 694
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locality: “Sarepta” [
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: 214
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) in Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de 
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, synonymized by 
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: 130
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. 
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<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79A899FA47FE07FA72" box="[151,435,1441,1463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Brachyodynerus magnificus</emphasis>
: 
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(
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, 
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA29F4B6C40AE79AC9FFA47FF5BFA13" author="Tobias" page="170" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79AC9FFA47FA2CFA72" author="Tobias" box="[1169,1432,1441,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="Tobias, V. I. &amp; Kurzenko, N. V. (1978) [Fam. Eumenidae]. In: Tobias, V. I. (Ed.), [Key to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Part. 1]. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 152 - 173. [In Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1978">Tobias &amp; Kurzenko 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 170
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, 
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(south-east of European part); 
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: 104
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, 
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(Caucasus, Lower Volga Region), 
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West 
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; 
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: 86
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, 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C40AE79AA53FA38FD08FA31" box="[605,700,1502,1524]" name="Romania" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Romania</collectingCountry>
; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79AAC9FA38FCE1FA31" author="Aliyeva" box="[711,853,1502,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="Aliyeva, M. G. (2010) Flight dynamics of the wasps from the Eumenidae family (Hymenoptera, Vespoidae) in the Nakhchivan AR. Baki Universitetinin Xəbərləri. Təbiət Elmləri Seriyasi, 2010 (2), 55 - 60. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2010">Aliyeva 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 57
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–59, 
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<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C40AE79ABA5FA38FBA9FA31" box="[939,1053,1502,1524]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79AC26FA39FB0BFA31" author="Fateryga" box="[1064,1215,1502,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="Fateryga, A. V. (2010) Landscape distribution of potter wasps of the subfamily Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Crimea. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 81 (2), 74 - 82. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2010">Fateryga 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 78
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, 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C40AE79ACE1FA38FA87FA31" box="[1263,1331,1502,1524]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
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); 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79A8C9FA1BFE79F9D6" author="Amolin" box="[199,461,1533,1555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="Amolin, A. V. &amp; Artokhin, K. S. (2014) To the study of potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) fauna in Rostov-Don Province. Eversmannia, 37, 10 - 18. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2014">Amolin &amp; Artokhin 2014</bibRefCitation>
: 12
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, 
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(
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C40AE79AA43FA1BFD22F9D6" box="[589,662,1533,1555]" country="Russia" name="Rostov" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Rostov</collectingRegion>
Prov.).
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<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C40AE79A899F9FAFBC7F9F7" blockId="2.[151,1437,1318,1586]" box="[151,1139,1564,1586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB139E746C40AE79A899F9FAFBC7F9F7" box="[151,1139,1564,1586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C40AE79A899F9FAFC39F9F7" ID-CoL="MY33" authority="magnificus: van der Vecht &amp; Fischer 1972: 77" authorityName="van der Vecht &amp; Fischer" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,909,1564,1586]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79A899F9FAFD93F9F7" box="[151,551,1564,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
: van der 
<treatmentCitation id="0AA29F4B6C40AE79AA88F9FAFC39F9F7" author="Vecht" box="[646,909,1564,1586]" page="77" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79AA88F9FAFCD3F9F7" author="Vecht" box="[646,871,1564,1586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="van der Vecht, J. &amp; Fischer, F. C. J. (1972) Hymenopterorum Catalogus. Pars. 8. Palaearctic Eumenidae. Junk, ' s-Gravenhage, vi + 199 pp." type="book" year="1972">Vecht &amp; Fischer 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 77
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, SE Europe, SW Asia.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C40AE79A899F9B8FEDAF926" blockId="2.[151,1437,1630,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">
The species can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C40AE79AA46F9B9FC91F9B2" ID-CoL="MY35" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[584,805,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79AA46F9B9FC91F9B2" box="[584,805,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">B. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the second local species of the genus, by having orange with black (not black with whitish) coloration of the body, broader upper lobe of the propodeal valvula separated from the propodeum by a narrow slit (not by broad emargination), and narrower apical margin of the second metasomal tergum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319EAD16C40AE78A8C9F908FD9CFDF9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C40AE78A8C9F908FD9CFDF9" blockId="2.[151,1437,1630,2015]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79A8C9F908FE04F8C2" bold="true" box="[199,432,1774,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Material examined.</emphasis>
Lectotype (designated here): Volgograd Prov.: Sarepta [Volgograd], 1 ♀, leg. Becker (full labels are the following: “557”, “Сарепта. Беккеръ. [Sarepta. Becker.] 1865”, “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C40AE79AC7EF8F4FAA8F8EE" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[1136,1308,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79AC7EF8F4FAA8F8EE" box="[1136,1308,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Od. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moraw.”, “Lectotypus 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C40AE79A925F8D0FD73F88A" authority="F. Mor. 1867" authorityName="F. Mor." authorityYear="1867" box="[299,711,1846,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Odynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79A925F8D0FDABF88A" box="[299,543,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Odynerus magnificus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C40AE79AA25F8D1FD73F88A" author="Mor" box="[555,711,1846,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" refString="Morawitz, F. (1867) Ubersicht der im Gouvernement von Saratow und um St. Petersburg vorkommenden Odynerus - Arten. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 4, 109 - 144." type="journal article" year="1867">F. Mor. 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. ♂ [sic!] des. N. Kurzenko 1975”) (ZISP); the lectotype was designated by N.V. Kurzenko in his thesis manuscript (1978: 257), but never published. Paralectotype: Astrakhan Prov.: Ryn-Peski, 1 ♀ (ZISP). Additional material: 
<emphasis id="B97765486C40AE79AAEFF898FC8EF852" bold="true" box="[737,826,1918,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345">Russia:</emphasis>
Volgograd Prov.: Elton Lake, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C40AE79AC98F898FABEF852" box="[1174,1290,1918,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" value="1996-06-04">4.VI.1996</date>
, 8 ♂, leg. V. Dubatolov &amp; I. Lyubechansky (ISEN); Sarepta [Volgograd], 1 ♀, 6 ♂, leg. Becker, 2 ♂. Astrakhan Prov.: Astrakhan, 1 ♂, leg. Jacowlew, 4 ♂, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C40AE79AA32F820FD06F81A" box="[572,690,1990,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" value="1915-05-28">28.V.1915</date>
, 1 ♀; Ryn-Peski, 1 ♂ (ZISP). Kalmykia: Yashkul distr., 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C40AE79AD3AF821FADBF81A" box="[1332,1391,1990,2015]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="345" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
NE Yashkul, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A8F1FF71FE3EFF75" box="[255,394,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2015-07-16">16.VII.2015</date>
, 1 ♀, leg. S. Belokobylskij, V. Loktionov, M. Mokrousov &amp; M. Proshchalykin; Oktyabr’skiy dist., 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C41AE78A8D5FF5AFEAFFF10" box="[219,283,188,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
SSE Tsagan-Nur, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A9F0FF5AFD3DFF10" box="[510,649,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2015-07-13">13.VII.2015</date>
, 3 ♂, leg. S. Belokobylskij, V. Loktionov, M. Mokrousov &amp; M. Proshchalykin (CFUS). Dagestan: 2 ♂, leg. I. Parfentyev (ZMMU); Tarumovka distr., 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C41AE78AC92FF06FB6FFF3D" box="[1180,1243,223,248]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
SSE Kochubey, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A899FEE2FE97FED8" box="[151,291,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2015-07-21">21.VII.2015</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. S. Belokobylskij, V. Loktionov, M. Mokrousov &amp; M. Proshchalykin (CFUS). Stavropol Terr.: Neftekumsk distr., Zimnyaya Stavka, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AA96FECEFC96FE85" box="[664,802,296,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="1911-07-19">19.VII.1911</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. Uvarov (ZISP). Crimea: Razdolnoye distr., Kropotkino, VI–VIII. 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A983FEAAFDAFFEA1" box="[397,539,332,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="1971-09-12">1971, 12.IX.</date>
1 971, 2 ♀, leg. S. Ivanov; Razdolnoye distr., Portovoye, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AC94FEAAFABAFEA1" box="[1178,1294,332,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2012-09-09">9.IX.2012</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. V. Zhidkov; Nizhnegorskiy distr., coast of Sivash Gulf, 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C41AE78AAFDFE96FC9AFE4D" box="[755,814,367,392]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
S riv. Salgir, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78ABC3FE96FBEDFE4D" box="[973,1113,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2017-07-10">10.VII.2017</date>
, 8 ♀, 5 ♂, leg. A. Fateryga; Feodosiya, Barakol Lake, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A9C6FE72FDE7FE69" box="[456,595,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-07-28">28.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AA6CFE72FD5AFE69" box="[610,750,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-07-29">29.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AAF3FE72FC3CFE69" box="[765,904,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-07-30">30.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AB99FE72FB98FE69" box="[919,1068,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-08-31">31.VIII.2014</date>
, 2 ♀, 9 ♂, leg. Yu. Budashkin, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A899FE5EFE9FFE15" box="[151,299,440,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-08-13">13.VIII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A948FE51FE0EFE15" box="[326,442,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-09-06">6.IX.2014</date>
, 20. 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A9F9FE5EFD9FFE15" box="[503,555,440,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">VI.2</date>
0 15, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AA7CFE51FCB1FE15" box="[626,773,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2016-08-11">11.VIII.2016</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AB2EFE51FC01FE15" box="[800,949,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2016-08-17">17.VIII.2016</date>
, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78ABC1FE5EFBE5FE15" box="[975,1105,440,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2017-06-21">21.VI.2017</date>
, 8 ♂, leg. A. Fateryga, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A899FE3AFE98FE30" box="[151,300,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014-08-26">26.VIII.2014</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. S. Ivanov; Lenino distr., L’vovo, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78AB01FE3AFC30FE31" box="[783,900,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2013-05-28">28.V.2013</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. Yu. Budashkin (CFUS); Lenino distr., Zavetnoye, 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A913FDE6FE10FDDD" box="[285,420,512,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="1972-08-04">4.VIII.1972</date>
, 1 ♀, leg. Shcheglenko (OSZU). 
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AB2FFE19FC20FDDD" bold="true" box="[801,916,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Armenia:</emphasis>
Ejmiatsin [Vagharshapat], 2 ♂. 
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AD0AFE19FA28FDDD" bold="true" box="[1284,1436,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Kazakhstan:</emphasis>
Mangyshlak Peninsula, 1 ♂ (ZISP).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319EAD16C41AE78A8C9FDA1FBC9FD35" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A8C9FDA1FBC9FD35" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A8C9FDA1FED4FDA5" bold="true" box="[199,352,583,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Distribution.</emphasis>
The nominative subspecies occurs in 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AB19FDA1FCD6FDA5" box="[791,866,583,608]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78AB7DFDAEFC70FDA5" box="[883,964,584,608]" country="Russia" name="Rostov" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Rostov</collectingRegion>
Prov., 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78AC19FDA1FB3FFDA5" box="[1047,1163,583,608]" country="Russia" name="Volgograd" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Volgograd</collectingRegion>
Prov., 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78ACD1FDA1FAE6FDA5" box="[1247,1362,583,608]" country="Russia" name="Astrakhan'" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Astrakhan</collectingRegion>
Prov., 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78A899FD8AFEBCFD40" box="[151,264,620,645]" country="Russia" name="Kalmykiya" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Kalmykia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78A91AFD8BFECBFD40" box="[276,383,621,645]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Dagestan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78A985FD8AFE43FD40" box="[395,503,620,645]" country="Russia" name="Stavropol'" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Stavropol</collectingRegion>
Terr., 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78AA4CFD8AFD2DFD40" box="[578,665,620,645]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Crimea</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AAA3FD8AFCA1FD40" box="[685,789,620,645]" name="Romania" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Romania</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AB2FFD8AFCCAFD40" box="[801,894,620,645]" name="Ukraine" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AB84FD8AFC5BFD40" box="[906,1007,620,645]" name="Armenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78ABF5FD8AFBCDFD40" box="[1019,1145,620,645]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78ABF5FD8AFBCDFD40" box="[1019,1145,620,645]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AC8BFD8AFB62FD40" box="[1157,1238,620,645]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AD1CFD8AFA2CFD40" box="[1298,1432,620,645]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
. The subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78A947FD69FC02FD6D" authority="(Kostylev, 1929 a)" authorityName="Kostylev" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Kostylev" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[329,950,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="luxorius">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A947FD69FD52FD6D" box="[329,742,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Brachyodynerus magnificus luxorius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C41AE78AAFAFD69FC19FD6D" author="Kostylev" box="[756,941,655,680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" refString="Kostylev, G. (1929 a) Materialien zur Kenntnis der Vespiden-Fauna Armeniens. Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 23 (1 - 2), 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="1929" yearSuffix="a">Kostylev, 1929a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is known from 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AC66FD69FB7EFD6D" box="[1128,1226,655,680]" name="Armenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Armenia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AD0FFD69FA28FD6D" box="[1281,1436,655,680]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
(Kurzenko 1978); the taxonomic status of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78AA8AFD53FC30FD08" baseAuthorityName="Kostylev" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[644,900,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="luxorius">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AA8AFD53FC30FD08" box="[644,900,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">B. magnificus luxorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, requires further study because both subspecies were collected in 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78A9D2FD31FD8AFD35" box="[476,574,727,752]" name="Armenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Armenia</collectingCountry>
from the same locality (Ejmiatsin [Vagharshapat]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319EAD16C41AE73A8C9FD1AFE05FBD5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A8C9FD1AFBB5FC0D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A8C9FD1AFE8FFCD0" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Remarks.</emphasis>
The species is not included to the “Fauna Europaea” database (
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C41AE78AC46FD1AFA9AFCD0" author="Gusenleitner" box="[1096,1326,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" refString="Gusenleitner, J. (2013 b) Fauna Europaea: Family Vespidae. Fauna Europaea version 2.6. 2. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org / full _ results. php? id = 11363 (accessed 20 May 2017)" type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">Gusenleitner 2013b</bibRefCitation>
) because 
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C41AE78A899FCF9FECDFCFD" author="Gusenleitner" box="[151,377,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" refString="Gusenleitner, J. (2000) Bestimmungstabellen mittel- und sudeuropaischer Eumeniden (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Teil 14. Die Gattungsschlussel und die bisher in daeser Reihe nicht behandelten Gattungen und Arten. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 43 - 65." type="journal article" year="2000">Gusenleitner (2000)</bibRefCitation>
thought that the report of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78AAACFCF9FBEBFCFD" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[674,1119,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AAACFCF9FBEBFCFD" box="[674,1119,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South-East Europe by van der 
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C41AE78A8F2FCA2FDB3FC99" author="Vecht" box="[252,519,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" refString="van der Vecht, J. &amp; Fischer, F. C. J. (1972) Hymenopterorum Catalogus. Pars. 8. Palaearctic Eumenidae. Junk, ' s-Gravenhage, vi + 199 pp." type="book" year="1972">Vecht &amp; Fisher (1972)</bibRefCitation>
was based on a misidentification. However, this species was described from European part of 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78A96AFC81FE1BFC45" box="[356,431,871,896]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Russia</collectingCountry>
and was also reported from 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78AB0AFC81FCDDFC45" box="[772,873,871,896]" name="Romania" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF92C4AB6C41AE78AB75FC81FBCDFC45" author="Scobiola-Palade" box="[891,1145,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" refString="Scobiola-Palade, X. (1989) L'Ordre Hymenoptera (Sous-ordre Symphyta, Superfamilles Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, Sphecoidea) du cordon de sable Saraturile-Sf. Gheorghe (Delta du Danube, Roumanie). Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 30, 85 - 89." type="journal article" year="1989">Scobiola-Palade 1989</bibRefCitation>
). There are no published reports of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78A903FC6BFE1DFC61" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[269,425,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A903FC6BFE1DFC61" box="[269,425,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F314F9CA6C41AE78A9FFFC6AFDFFFC60" box="[497,587,908,933]" name="Ukraine" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
but photos of this species taken in Kirillovka (
<collectingRegion id="49C777B86C41AE78AC6BFC6AFB4FFC60" box="[1125,1275,908,933]" country="Ukraine" name="Zaporizhzhya" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Zaporizhzhia</collectingRegion>
Prov.) (http:// macroid.ru/showgallery.php?cat=114735) allow identification without doubts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A8C9FC32FBD9FB00" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A8C9FC32FD6EFC28" bold="true" box="[199,730,980,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Natural history. Nesting site and substrate.</emphasis>
Both sites where the nesting of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78AC50FC32FEA6FBD5" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AC50FC32FEA6FBD5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed (in 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C41AE78A9EFFC1EFD3FFBD5" box="[481,651,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" value="2014" valueMax="2016">2014 and 2016</date>
) were flat saline lands covered by halophitic vegetation consisting of three plant species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78A9AEFBFAFC11FBF0" authority="(M. Bieb.) Aellen" authorityName="(M. Bieb.) Aellen" box="[416,933,1052,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A9AEFBFAFD1DFBF1" box="[416,681,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Halimione verrucifera</emphasis>
(M. Bieb.) Aellen
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78ABB1FBFBFED2FB9D" authority="(Pall.) Litv." authorityName="(Pall.) Litv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Petrosimonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oppositifolia">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78ABB1FBFBFB4CFBF0" box="[959,1272,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Petrosimonia oppositifolia</emphasis>
(Pall.) Litv. (Chenopodiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78A9AAFBD9FCF4FB9D" authority="Bilyk" authorityName="Bilyk" authorityYear="1938" box="[420,832,1087,1112]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Puccinellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fominii">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A9AAFBD9FDC8FB9D" box="[420,636,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Puccinellia fominii</emphasis>
Bilyk (Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
; the general coverage of these herbs was about 75% (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C41AE78A891FB82FEB2FBB9" box="[159,262,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of Suaeda salsa; 6. A case of Aporiptura ochroflava on a leaf of Halimione verrucifera; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of A. ochroflava from its case on an inflorescence of H. verrucifera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Figs 2–3</figureCitation>
). Other plant species mentioned below were present only outside of the nesting sites. The soil forming the nesting sites was dense clay loam with some characters of the true clay (
<tableCitation id="C6818CE16C41AE78ABEFFB61FB80FB65" box="[993,1076,1159,1184]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1268,1291]" captionText="TABLE 1. Parameters of the soil substrate containing the nests of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus at two nesting sites." pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Table 1</tableCitation>
). This soil was characterized by the presence of a continuous net of cracks, which had variable length, depth, and width.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7CE9D26C41AE78A899FB12FF79FAEE" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A899FB12FF79FAEE" blockId="3.[151,1436,1267,1323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78A899FB12FEB3FACE" bold="true" box="[151,263,1268,1291]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Parameters of the soil substrate containing the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C41AE78AB54FB15FAB4FACE" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[858,1280,1267,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C41AE78AB54FB15FAB4FACE" box="[858,1280,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at two nesting sites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A892FAA0FAF8F996" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<table id="F9034BFA6C415184A892FAA0FA3EF996" box="[156,1418,1350,1619]" gridcols="5" gridrows="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<tr id="3533BB186C415184A892FAA0FA3EFA61" box="[156,1418,1350,1444]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<th id="76E2D2646C415184A892FAA0FE9BFA61" box="[156,303,1350,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Nesting site</th>
<th id="76E2D2646C415184A948FAA0FE6EFA61" box="[326,474,1350,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Specific weight of solid phase (g/cm3)</th>
<th id="76E2D2646C415184A9E1FAA0FCF4FA61" box="[495,832,1350,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Content of physical fractions (%)&gt;0.5 mm (sand) 0.5–0.05 mm (dust)</th>
<th id="76E2D2646C415184AB48FAA0FB3FFA61" box="[838,1163,1350,1444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">according to Rutkovsky method 0.05–0.005 mm &lt;0.005 mm (silt) (clay)</th>
<th id="76E2D2646C415184ACB1FAA0FA3EFA61" box="[1215,1418,1350,1444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Granulometric class according to Kachinsky method</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3533BB186C415184A892FA5EFA3EFA29" box="[156,1418,1464,1516]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<th id="76E2D2646C415184A892FA5EFE9BFA29" box="[156,303,1464,1516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Nesting site in 2014</th>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184A948FA5EFE6EFA29" box="[326,474,1464,1516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">2.24</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184A9E1FA5EFCF4FA29" box="[495,832,1464,1516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">11.66 15.86</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184AB48FA5EFB3FFA29" box="[838,1163,1464,1516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">58.73 13.75</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184ACB1FA5EFA3EFA29" box="[1215,1418,1464,1516]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Dense clay loam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3533BB186C415184A892F9E6FA3EF996" box="[156,1418,1536,1619]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
<th id="76E2D2646C415184A892F9E6FE9BF996" box="[156,303,1536,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Nesting site in 2015</th>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184A948F9E6FE6EF996" box="[326,474,1536,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">2.48</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184A9E1F9E6FCF4F996" box="[495,832,1536,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">10.53 22.37</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184AB48F9E6FB3FF996" box="[838,1163,1536,1619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">56.56 10.54</td>
<td id="76E2D2646C415184ACB1F9E6FA3EF996" box="[1215,1418,1536,1619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Intermediate between dense clay loam and clay</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C41AE78A8C9F971FA89F84D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1687,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">
All studied nests were burrows excavated by females in lateral walls of the soil cracks. Thus, it was difficult to find the nests, because they were not visible from outside; for this reason, only five nests were found. The only possible way to find a nest was to observe a female flying in or out from a soil crack (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C41AE78AC73F939FB70F93D" box="[1149,1220,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of Suaeda salsa; 6. A case of Aporiptura ochroflava on a leaf of Halimione verrucifera; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of A. ochroflava from its case on an inflorescence of H. verrucifera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Moreover, it was impossible to recognize the exact position of the nest entrance in two of the five discovered nests, therefore, only three nests were successfully dissected. The exact position of the nest entrance was established in these three nests with the help of light directed into the cracks with a small mirror immediately after the females had entered them. Similar attempts failed in two other cases, probably due to the more complicated structure of those cracks.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7CE9D26C46AE7FA899F97EFE62F8CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C46AE7FA899F97EFE62F8CF" blockId="4.[151,1436,1688,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FA899F97EFE8FF968" bold="true" box="[151,315,1688,1711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">FIGURES 2–7.</emphasis>
Bionomics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FA9D8F97EFCDFF96B" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[470,875,1688,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FA9D8F97EFCDFF96B" box="[470,875,1688,1710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FAC17F951FB2AF908" box="[1049,1182,1719,1741]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Suaeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salsa">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FAC17F951FB2AF908" box="[1049,1182,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Suaeda salsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 6. A case of 
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FAD25F95EFEB0F92E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
Aporiptura 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FA899F933FEB0F92E" box="[151,260,1749,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">ochroflava</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
on a leaf of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FA99BF933FDC8F92E" box="[405,636,1749,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FA99BF933FDC8F92E" box="[405,636,1749,1771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Halimione verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FAC35F930FB70F92E" box="[1083,1220,1749,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FAC35F930FB70F92E" box="[1083,1220,1749,1771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">A. ochroflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its case on an inflorescence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FA931F913FE64F8CF" box="[319,464,1780,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FA931F913FE64F8CF" box="[319,464,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C46AE7EA8C9F8D7FE67FE31" blockId="4.[151,1437,1841,2011]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FA8C9F8D7FE3DF88F" bold="true" box="[199,393,1841,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Nesting activity.</emphasis>
The activity period of the females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C46AE7FAB45F8D7FAB9F88F" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[843,1293,1841,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C46AE7FAB45F8D7FAB9F88F" box="[843,1293,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="347">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
observed in August began at 8.20–8.50 and finished at 17.50–18.50 (solar time). Females started their nesting by searching for a suitable nesting site. They made slow zigzag flights several centimeters above the ground level, landed on crack edges, and penetrated each crack to investigate it. This behavior generally took up to several hours, and the investigation of each crack usually took several minutes. Initiation of the nesting was not observed: two dissected nests were initially discovered at the time of the excavation of nest burrows and the third one was observed at the time of its sealing. Females did not visit any open water sources (e.g., a water furrow available not very far from the nesting sites) but used a liquid during the building activity. They obtained this liquid by gnawing the succulent leaves of two halophitic plant species of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAAEEFEE2FC2AFED8" authorityName="" authorityYear="1799" box="[736,926,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EABA7FEE2FB89FED8" box="[937,1085,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Suaeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salsa">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EABA7FEE2FB89FED8" box="[937,1085,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Suaeda salsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Pall. (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EACB4FEE2FB49FED8" box="[1210,1277,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of Suaeda salsa; 6. A case of Aporiptura ochroflava on a leaf of Halimione verrucifera; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of A. ochroflava from its case on an inflorescence of H. verrucifera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and rarely 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAD89FEE3FE90FE85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Petrosimonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oppositifolia">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAD89FEE3FE90FE85" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">P. oppositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This liquid was regurgitated by them on dry ground surface to moisten it and to make mud pellets during both the excavation of the nest burrow and the sealing of the nest. Females did not make these flights after rain when the ground was moist. Flights for the liquid were made each 3–11 min. during nest construction (usually each 3–5 min.); each flight usually took less than 1 min., but flights for 2–9 min. were also observed. Longer flights were not likely made for liquid alone but for feeding on flowers, as well. A single portion of the liquid was taken from a leaf during 5–10 sec.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9FE19FB06FD08" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Behavior of the females inside nest burrows was not observed due to the location of the nests inside soil cracks. Some building acts, however, were visible from outside. A female excavating the nest burrow retrieved mud pellets from it. She moved backwards and when her back half appeared outside, she immediately dropped the pellet. Thus, all pellets fell on the bottom of the soil crack directly under the nest entrance. There was no entrance turret or any other structure around the entrance of the nest burrow in all observed nests; each entrance was a simple round opening in a lateral wall of the soil crack. The excavation of the nest burrow took 8–10 hours.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9FD31FDAEFC61" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
The sealing of the nest occurred in the following way. After oviposition and provisioning, the female went out from the nest and moved 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EA9BDFD1AFDB2FCD1" box="[435,518,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
from the nest entrance, but still within the soil crack. Then, she regurgitated some liquid on the crack wall surface and made a mud pellet from the moistened ground. After that, she returned into the nest entrance and used this pellet to construct the plugs of the last nest cell and of the nest itself. The sealing of the nest was observed for 75 min. but it could actually have taken more time because our observations may not have started at the beginning of this act.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9FC49FBA1FB00" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EA8C9FC49FE86FC0D" bold="true" box="[199,306,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Hunting.</emphasis>
Hunting females were observed at the dry riverbed and directly at the nesting sites. The only prey of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EA899FC32FDDBFC29" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,623,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EA899FC32FDDBFC29" box="[151,623,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were caterpillars of 
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAB81FC32FBBFFC2E" box="[911,1035,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Aporiptura</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAC2FFC32FB5AFC28" authority="(Toll)" authorityName="Toll" box="[1057,1262,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAC2FFC32FB2DFC28" box="[1057,1177,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">ochroflava</emphasis>
(Toll)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAD05FC32FA2DFC28" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[1291,1433,980,1005]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EA899FC11FEF5FBD5" box="[151,321,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Coleophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coleophoridae</taxonomicName>
), which fed on a single plant species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAAE9FC1FFC3CFBD5" box="[743,904,1016,1040]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAAE9FC1FFC3CFBD5" box="[743,904,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Typical of the coleophorid moths, a caterpillar of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EA8BBFBFAFEF9FBF0" box="[181,333,1052,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EA8BBFBFAFEF9FBF0" box="[181,333,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">A. ochroflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes a case (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EA9F9FBFAFD88FBF0" box="[503,572,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of Suaeda salsa; 6. A case of Aporiptura ochroflava on a leaf of Halimione verrucifera; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of A. ochroflava from its case on an inflorescence of H. verrucifera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). This case is constructed using the epidermis of the host plant leaf. The leaf from which the case was constructed has a visible pale mine on its lamina. Similar mines could be observed on the leaves on which the caterpillars fed. Females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAACBFB83FCD5FBB9" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[709,865,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAACBFB83FCD5FBB9" box="[709,865,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made slow zigzag flights around the plants of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAD8FFB83FEA1FB65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAD8FFB83FEA1FB65" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and investigated them. They paid special attention to leaves with mines; when a female noticed such a leaf, she landed and studied it from all sides to find the case with the caterpillar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9FB29FBF7FA20" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
Successful hunting was observed two times. Each time a female landed on a leaf and discovered a case of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAD8AFB36FEBBFAC8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAD8AFB36FEBBFAC8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">A. ochroflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on its underside. Then, she rapidly took the case with her mouthparts and fore legs and flew about 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAD8EFB12FF0DFAF5" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
from the leaf onto a nearest inflorescence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAAB4FAFFFCEEFAF5" box="[698,858,1304,1328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAAB4FAFFFCEEFAF5" box="[698,858,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. After that, the female began to gnaw a lateral side of the case near its distal end. This act caused the caterpillar to come out from the opened proximal end of the case and the female wasp took it with her mandibles and fore legs. During these acts she held the case with her middle legs; hind legs were used to hold on the inflorescence (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EAB0FFA62FCF2FA59" box="[769,838,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,206,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 2. Nesting site in 2014; 3. Nesting site in 2016; 4. A female entering a soil crack containing her nest; 5. A female taking liquid from a leaf of Suaeda salsa; 6. A case of Aporiptura ochroflava on a leaf of Halimione verrucifera; 7. A female retrieving the caterpillar of A. ochroflava from its case on an inflorescence of H. verrucifera." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852934/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). When the caterpillar had been completely retrieved the female dropped the case, stung the victim several times during 1–2 sec., and flew away. All these acts took less than 1 min. but searching for prey usually took 20–50 min. (rarely up to two hours).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9FA09FEC7F8B5" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EA8C9FA09FDF4F9CD" bold="true" box="[199,576,1519,1544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Structure and contents of nests.</emphasis>
Three successfully dissected nests were located in the soil cracks 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAD25FA09FACBF9CD" box="[1323,1407,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 cm</quantity>
in depth and 0.5–1.5 cm in width; nest entrances were opened at depths of 2.5– 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAC1DF9F2FBF8F9E9" box="[1043,1100,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EAC50F9F2FB11F9E9" box="[1118,1189,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[175,1411,409,1811]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1 – 3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The entrances were opened northward in one nest and southward in two others. Nest burrows varied from nearly horizontal to strongly inclined; they began horizontally, however, in all three nests. The diameter of the nest burrow was 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAD12F9BAFAC9F9B1" box="[1308,1405,1628,1652]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
in different nests. The inner walls of the nest burrows were denser than the surrounding ground due to their tramping by the females; they were smooth but with small transverse wrinkles. Two nests studied in 2014 were abandoned by females (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EA92CF921FED1F925" box="[290,357,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[175,1411,409,1811]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1 – 3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A–B). They were dissected on 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C47AE7EAAC8F921FCE0F925" box="[710,852,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">September 6</date>
at the end of the nesting period of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EACEAF921FE23F8C1" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EACEAF921FE23F8C1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both nests had nest burrows 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAAF6F90AFCFDF8C1" box="[760,841,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
long. The first nest was empty and the second one contained 15 dried caterpillars of 
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EAA1DF8F6FCBBF8ED" box="[531,783,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
Aporiptura 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EAA98F8E9FCBBF8ED" box="[662,783,1807,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">ochroflava</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
stored near the end of the nest burrow. Thus, the nest cell of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C47AE7EA8B7F8D3FEE3F889" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[185,343,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C47AE7EA8B7F8D3FEE3F889" box="[185,343,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not different from other parts of the nest burrow. No eggs were found among the dried contents of the cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C47AE7EA8C9F89AFA29F819" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">
The third nest studied in 2016 was complete. It was dissected on 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C47AE7EABC8F89AFB89F851" box="[966,1085,1916,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" value="1918-08">August 18</date>
immediately after it had been sealed by the female wasp. The nest contained three cells separated by transverse partitions made of mud and was stopped by a thick final plug (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C47AE7EA9E8F822FD9CF819" box="[486,552,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[175,1411,409,1811]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1 – 3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="348">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
C). The nest burrow was 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAB4DF822FC26F819" box="[835,914,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
long and the length of the cells was 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C47AE7EAD24F822FA2DF819" box="[1322,1433,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="348" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C44AE7DA899FF71FC8CFEA1" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
The final plug was made 
<quantity id="4CFB14BF6C44AE7DA9BCFF7EFE47FF6A" box="[434,499,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
from the last partition and was flush with the lateral wall of the soil crack. The first cell contained a larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C44AE7DA9BAFF5BFDE5FF11" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[436,593,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C44AE7DA9BAFF5BFDE5FF11" box="[436,593,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spinning a cocoon. The second one contained a larva of this wasp nearly hatched from the egg and 27 caterpillars of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C44AE7DAAA8FF06FC89FF3D" box="[678,829,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">
<emphasis id="B97765486C44AE7DAAA8FF06FC89FF3D" box="[678,829,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">A. ochroflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(one of them had begun to pupate). The third cell contained an egg of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C44AE7DA970FEE3FDADFED9" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[382,537,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C44AE7DA970FEE3FDADFED9" box="[382,537,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 22 caterpillars. The egg was suspended from the cell ceiling (a wall of the nest burrow) by a filament (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C44AE7DA9DDFEC1FDACFE85" box="[467,536,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[175,1411,409,1811]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1 – 3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
); the size of the egg was 2.0×0.7 mm. The victims were stored in the cells very compactly—there was no empty space in the cells (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C44AE7DAAD9FEAAFC9EFEA1" box="[727,810,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7CE9D26C44AE7DA899F8C1FE52F85F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" targetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C44AE7DA899F8C1FE52F85F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1831,1946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B97765486C44AE7DA899F8C1FE8EF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,314,1831,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">FIGURES 8–9.</emphasis>
Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C44AE7DAAFCF8CEFB30F8FB" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[754,1156,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C44AE7DAAFCF8CEFB30F8FB" box="[754,1156,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="349">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1–3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7CE9D26C45AE7CA899F97EFB44F8CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C45AE7CA899F97EFB44F8CF" blockId="7.[151,1436,1688,1802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA899F97EFEECF968" bold="true" box="[151,344,1688,1711]" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">FIGURES 10–15.</emphasis>
Bionomics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CA9F0F97EFC2DF96B" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[510,921,1688,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA9F0F97EFC2DF96B" box="[510,921,1688,1710]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of 
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA924F95EFDB9F908" box="[298,525,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
Aporiptura 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CA9AFF951FDB9F908" box="[417,525,1719,1741]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochroflava">ochroflava</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CA8F1F931FE6DF929" box="[255,473,1751,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA8F1F931FE6DF929" box="[255,473,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Limonium scoparium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CABA4F931FB9AF929" box="[938,1070,1751,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CABA4F931FB9AF929" box="[938,1070,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">L. scoparium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 14. A female feeding on a bud of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CA899F912FE35F8CF" box="[151,385,1780,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA899F912FE35F8CF" box="[151,385,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Verbascum phlomoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CAB4BF912FB9DF8CF" box="[837,1065,1780,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CAB4BF912FB9DF8CF" box="[837,1065,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">Halimione verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C45AE73A8C9F8DEFE8FFE85" blockId="7.[151,1437,1847,2016]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">
Two larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C45AE7CA961F8DEFDBFF88A" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[367,523,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="350" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C45AE7CA961F8DEFDBFF88A" box="[367,523,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="350">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consumed the caterpillars stored in their cells during 3–4 days. After that, they spun cocoons during 5 days and then discharged meconia onto the bottoms of their cells and became the prepupae. The cocoon had one layer that closely covered the inner walls of the cell, except its 1/5 distal part. It was yellowish, non-transparent, and relatively thick. Prey feces were stored outside the cocoon and secured with few silk filaments. The inner volume of the cocoon slightly exceeded the size of the prepupa. The meconium was located inside the cocoon and was not spread over the lateral walls of the cell (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73ABEFFF71FB9CFF75" box="[993,1064,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 9" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1382,422,1802]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[175,1411,409,1811]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 9. Schematic plans of nests and nest cells of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 8. Plans of three dissected soil cracks with the nests, lateral view (A and B, nests abandoned by the females; C, the complete nest; 1 – 3, cell numbers); 9. Plans of two nest cells from the complete nest containing an egg and a prepupa, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey feces; C, cocoon; D, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852936/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). After the meconium had been discharged the prepupa fell into a diapause and hibernated (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73AB5AFF5AFC1DFF11" box="[852,937,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Three prepupae from the third nest were obtained; one from the first cell was stored in the ethanol and its development was not observed. The prepupa from the second cell had not pupated before the present paper was submitted but a male emerged from the third cell on 
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C4AAE73A899FECEFE83FE85" box="[151,311,296,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" value="2017-06-21">June 21, 2017</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C4AAE73A8C9FEAAFE8CFD35" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A8C9FEAAFEC3FEA0" bold="true" box="[199,375,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Adult feeding.</emphasis>
Females and males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AA96FEAAFBD4FEA1" authority="magnificus" authorityName="magnificus (Morawitz" authorityYear="1867" box="[664,1120,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="magnificus" subSpecies="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AA96FEAAFBD4FEA1" box="[664,1120,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fed mainly on flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A899FE97FCC1FE4D" authority="(Pall. ex Willd.) Stank." authorityName="(Pall. ex Willd.) Stank." box="[151,885,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A899FE97FE3DFE4D" box="[151,393,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Limonium scoparium</emphasis>
(Pall. ex Willd.) Stank. (Plumbaginaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, which was the primarily nectar source for this wasp species. The wasps visited mainly freshly opened flowers of this plant (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73AC02FE72FBD4FE69" box="[1036,1120,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). They also obtained nectar from faded flowers with the corolla compacted inside the calyx (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73ABA7FE51FBB7FE15" box="[937,1027,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). It is interesting that although 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AD8BFE5FFEB9FE31" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AD8BFE5FFEB9FE31" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">L. scoparium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was abundant around the bank of the Barakol Lake, the wasps feeding on its flowers were observed each year (
<date id="FFBD9F9A6C4AAE73A8D8FDE6FE34FDDD" box="[214,384,511,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" value="2014" valueMax="2016">2014 and 2016</date>
) only on a few plants concentrated in one local point (the feeding sites on 
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73ACCDFE19FAB7FDDD" box="[1219,1283,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1522,1544]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,799,1507]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,799,1507]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Schematic map of the area inhabited by Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus near the bank of the Barakol Lake in the Crimea illustrating the method of the finding of the nesting sites (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852932/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The second source of nectar important for 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A9E5FDC3FD31FDF9" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[491,645,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A9E5FDC3FD31FDF9" box="[491,645,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was flowers of 
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AB39FDC3FC6BFDF9" box="[823,991,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AB39FDC3FC6FFDF9" box="[823,987,548,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">H. verrucifera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but only males were observed on them. Both plant species were in blossom during the second half of summer. The wasps, however, were observed in June and the first half of July as well. Flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AA95FD8AFCF9FD40" box="[667,845,620,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AA95FD8AFCF9FD40" box="[667,845,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Achillea nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AB71FD8AFC49FD41" box="[895,1021,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) were the main nectar source for 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AD8AFD8BFEA6FD6D" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AD8AFD8BFEA6FD6D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at that period and the additional nectar sources were flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73ABE8FD77FB72FD6D" box="[998,1222,657,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitatum">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73ABE8FD77FB72FD6D" box="[998,1222,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Teucrium capitatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73ACFBFD69FAC1FD6D" authorityName="" authorityYear="1820" box="[1269,1397,655,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
). A single visit to an extrafloral nectary on an unripe fruit of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AB15FD52FB06FD08" authority="M. Bieb." authorityName="M. Bieb." box="[795,1202,692,717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Ferula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caspica">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AB15FD52FC70FD09" box="[795,964,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Ferula caspica</emphasis>
M. Bieb. (Apiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
by a male wasp was also observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C4AAE73A8C9FD1AFE05FBD5" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">
Plants visited by 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A98BFD1BFDABFCD1" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[389,543,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A98BFD1BFDABFCD1" box="[389,543,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for feeding at the coast of the Sivash Gulf were different. Most specimens (both females and males) were recorded there on flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AAF4FCC7FC55FCFD" box="[762,993,801,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campestre">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AAF4FCC7FC55FCFD" box="[762,993,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Eryngium campestre</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AC1EFCF9FBC8FCFD" box="[1040,1148,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
) and on inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A899FCA2FE29FC98" box="[151,413,836,861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A899FCA2FE29FC98" box="[151,413,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Verbascum phlomoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A9DFFCA2FD2DFC98" box="[465,665,836,861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Scrophulariaceae</taxonomicName>
). The wasps did not visit the flowers of the latter species, though. Instead, they took liquid from its sepals, rachis, and bracts (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73AB5CFC81FC1DFC45" box="[850,937,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). The liquid was sucked out through small punctures in the plant epidermis. It was uncertain, however, whether the wasps made those punctures themselves or used punctures made by other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AA69FC56FCB6FC0D" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[615,770,944,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, which were abundant and diverse on the inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73A899FC33FE83FC28" box="[151,311,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A899FC33FE83FC28" box="[151,311,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">V. phlomoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at that site. One female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73AA71FC33FCA9FC29" authorityName=": Giordani Soika" authorityYear="1970" box="[639,797,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Brachyodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnificus">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73AA71FC33FCA9FC29" box="[639,797,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">B. magnificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also recorded there on flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73ACE2FC32FE19FBD5" authority="(Huds.) Link" authorityName="(Huds.) Link" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Torilis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73ACE2FC32FA28FC29" box="[1260,1436,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Torilis arvensis</emphasis>
(Huds.) Link (Apiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319EAD16C4AAE73A8C9FBFAFBC2FAC9" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBCB95A6C4AAE73A8C9FBFAFBC2FAC9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73A8C9FBFAFECEFBF0" bold="true" box="[199,378,1052,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Male behavior.</emphasis>
Males spent their time feeding on flowers and searching for females at their nesting sites, as well as at the hunting site of the dry riverbed. They made rapid flights around the plant of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73ACADFBA7FAF1FB9D" box="[1187,1349,1088,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73ACADFBA7FAF1FB9D" box="[1187,1349,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at both 
<typeStatus id="54B807F86C4AAE73A899FB83FF66FBB8" box="[151,210,1125,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">types</typeStatus>
of sites and rarely made slow flights above the soil cracks at the nesting sites. Several times males were observed attacking hunting or nesting females, but the latter rejected them. Thus, courtship and copulation were not observed. In the evening (after 18.00) males set on inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C03C2D96C4AAE73ABAAFB4BFBF1FB01" box="[932,1093,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Halimione" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucifera">
<emphasis id="B97765486C4AAE73ABAAFB4BFBF1FB01" box="[932,1093,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">H. verrucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and began to sleep there (
<figureCitation id="1338A5DF6C4AAE73AD61FB4AFF02FB2D" captionStart="FIGURES 10 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1688,1711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 10 – 15. Bionomics of Brachyodynerus magnificus magnificus. 10. Two cells of the complete nest containing caterpillars of Aporiptura ochroflava; 11. A cell from the complete nest containing a prepupa; 12. A female feeding on a fresh flower of Limonium scoparium; 13. A female feeding on a faded flower of L. scoparium; 14. A female feeding on a bud of Verbascum phlomoides; 15. A male sleeping on an inflorescence of Halimione verrucifera. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852938/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="351">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). Up to three males were observed on a square meter of these plants but more than one male was never observed on one inflorescence. A female sleeping in the manner of males was also observed once.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>