2962 lines
356 KiB
XML
2962 lines
356 KiB
XML
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SUBCLASS
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<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF5EFC00FE4F84B0" ID-CoL="7NF5F" authority="Collins, 2000" authorityName="Collins" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,476,898,924]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subTribe" subClass="Hydroidolina" subTribe="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina Collins, 2000</taxonomicName>
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includes
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,
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, and
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(see
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FEDCFC28FD9184E8" author="Collins" box="[277,514,938,964]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
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Collins
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<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FEBBFC28FE3E84EF" box="[370,429,938,963]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
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2006a
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FD35FC28FC0B84E8" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[764,920,938,964]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
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is well supported by phylogenetic analyses of molecular (
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<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FEF6FC50FD8E84C0" author="Bridge" box="[319,541,978,1004]" pageId="26" pageNumber="174" refString="Bridge, D., Cunningham, C. W., DeSalle, R. & Buss, L. W. (1995) Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: Molecular and morphological evidence. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12 (4), 679 - 689." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Bridge
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<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FE50FC50FE4584C7" box="[409,470,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
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1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Collins 2002;
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<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FD1CFC50FC5184C0" author="Collins" box="[725,962,978,1004]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
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Collins
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<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FCFAFC50FCE384C7" box="[819,880,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
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2006a
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and morphological (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FB0AFC50FF718338" author="Bouillon" pageId="26" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000 a) The Hydrozoa: a new classification in the light of old knowledge. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Bouillon & Boero 2000a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FF24FC78FD838338" author="Marques" box="[237,528,1018,1044]" pageId="26" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (1), 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Marques & Collins 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) data. The statocysts of
|
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<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FCE3FC78FC598338" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[810,970,1018,1044]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
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, when present, are ectodermal in origin.
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<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF5EFBA0FEA08310" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[151,307,1058,1084]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
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polyps may be solitary or colonial, and the colonies may be polymorphic, a state that is only present in one genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FE5CFBC9FDD98348" ID-CoL="7PKF9" box="[405,586,1099,1124]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Monobrachiidae" genus="Monobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FE5CFBC9FDD98348" box="[405,586,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">Monobrachium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FDB3FBC8FD6F8348" ID-CoL="7889a3a1-b120-4eb1-8d3c-3c9b9f081730" box="[634,764,1098,1124]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The relationships between major groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FAC9FBC8FA0F8348" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[1280,1436,1098,1124]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF56FBF0FEA883A0" ID-CoL="8ZXH6" box="[159,315,1138,1164]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FE8FFBF0FE6183A0" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" box="[326,498,1138,1164]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FE37FBF0FD2183A0" ID-CoL="8ZXJ6" box="[510,690,1138,1164]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophorae</taxonomicName>
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) are uncertain (Collins 2002;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FBD9FBF0FB6983A0" author="Collins" box="[1040,1274,1138,1164]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
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Collins
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<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FBA5FBF1FB3483A0" box="[1132,1191,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
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2006a
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD10F3160D54FFB4FF5EFB6AFE1F822E" blockId="26.[151,396,1256,1282]" box="[151,396,1256,1282]" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">
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Order
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<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF2AFB6AFE1F822E" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" box="[227,396,1256,1282]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
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|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF5EFAB0FD918260" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" authority="Cornelius, 1992" authorityName="Cornelius" authorityYear="1992" box="[151,514,1330,1356]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata Cornelius, 1992</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two suborders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FCF0FAB0FC1C8260" box="[825,911,1330,1356]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FC0EFAB0FBBF8260" box="[967,1068,1330,1356]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" genus="Capitata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and approximately 1,140 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FF32FAD8FE7F8258" author="Bouillon" box="[251,492,1370,1396]" pageId="26" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FEA2FAD9FE368258" box="[363,421,1371,1396]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The polyps do not have a skeletal covering and can be solitary or colonial. The medusae do not have statocysts and the gametogenic tissue is confined to the manubrium. Molecular phylogenetic studies do not support monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FD54FA28FCDA82E8" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" box="[669,841,1450,1476]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting instead that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FBB0FA28FAB182E8" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" box="[1145,1314,1450,1476]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a paraphyletic assemblage that gave rise to one or more of the other suborders of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FB83FA50FB7582C0" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[1098,1254,1490,1516]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FB32FA50FF708138" author="Collins" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FA95FA51FA0F82C0" box="[1372,1436,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D54FFB4FF5EF9C8FEF38148" blockId="26.[151,352,1610,1636]" box="[151,352,1610,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FEC3F9C8FEF38148" box="[266,352,1610,1636]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D54FFB4FF5EF91FFD428003" blockId="26.[151,1436,1693,1839]" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF5EF91FFF7E819B" box="[151,237,1693,1719]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 22 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FDCEF91FFD5C819B" author="Schuchert" box="[519,719,1693,1719]" pageId="26" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 765 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FB54F91FFA03819B" author="Bouillon" box="[1181,1424,1693,1719]" pageId="26" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FAC4F91FFADA819A" box="[1293,1353,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the suborder has the putative morphological synapomorphies of filiferan tentacles on the feeding polyps and desmoneme and eurytele nematocysts, molecular phylogenetic analyses do not support its monophyly (Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FE58F897FDFF8003" author="Collins" box="[401,620,1813,1839]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FE25F897FDB48002" box="[492,551,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FDB1F897FD578003" author="Collins" box="[632,708,1813,1839]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D54FFB4FF5EF8E7FEF28052" blockId="26.[151,1436,1893,1999]" box="[151,353,1893,1918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FF5EF8E7FEF28052" box="[151,353,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D54FFB5FF5EF80FFC42862E" blockId="26.[151,1436,1893,1999]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D54FFB4FF5EF80FFDA0808B" ID-CoL="7NHG3" authority="Russell 1971" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,563,1933,1959]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Australomedusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="153" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FF5EF80FFDA0808B" bold="true" box="[151,563,1933,1959]" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">Australomedusidae Russell 1971</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FCAAF80FFBBD808B" author="Schuchert" box="[867,1070,1933,1959]" pageId="26" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D54FFB4FE92F837FDDF80E3" author="Bouillon" box="[347,588,1973,1999]" pageId="26" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D54FFB4FE03F837FD9680E2" box="[458,517,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="153">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and its members have never been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. This family is distinguished by polyps with large extensible hypostomes and medusae with (usually) four radial canals and four clusters of tentacles at the perradii of the bell margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFE8DFD278656" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFE8DFE5B8605" ID-CoL="7NG43" authority="Stechow 1922" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,456,271,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Balellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFE8DFE5B8605" bold="true" box="[151,456,271,297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Balellidae Stechow 1922</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCC7FE92FB968606" author="Bouillon" box="[782,1029,272,298]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FC49FE92FC2D8605" box="[896,958,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by polyps with two widely separated whorls of filiform tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFE05FDD68596" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFE05FD9D868D" ID-CoL="7NG62" authority="Lutken, 1850" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,526,391,417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFE05FD9D868D" bold="true" box="[151,526,391,417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Bougainvilliidae Lütken, 1850</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 13 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCDEFE0AFC4C868E" author="Schuchert" box="[791,991,392,418]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 100 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FE32FD8786E6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,532,432,458]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FEB3FE32FE5286E5" box="[378,449,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FDFAFE32FD6586E6" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[563,758,432,458]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FCB6FE32FBB786E5" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[895,1060,432,457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FCB6FE32FBB786E5" box="[895,1060,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is not found within Schuchert's (2007b) classification (2007a). Molecular phylogenetic analyses that include two species from two genera were ambiguous with regard to monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FC22FD82FB738536" author="Collins" box="[1003,1248,512,538]" pageId="27" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FB84FD82FB188535" box="[1101,1163,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the group awaits a thorough phylogenetic investigation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FCD1FDAAFC48856E" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[792,987,552,578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks morphological synapomorphies and shares many features with other families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCC4FDD2FC318546" author="Calder" box="[781,930,592,618]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: The Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007c). Some genera classified elsewhere by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE51FDFAFDE185BE" author="Schuchert" box="[408,626,632,658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert (2007a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FD71FDFAFD6D85BD" ID-CoL="7PBZY" box="[696,766,632,657]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rathkeidae" genus="Lizzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FD71FDFAFD6D85BD" box="[696,766,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Lizzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FCEDFDFAFC3885BE" ID-CoL="7NKT9" box="[804,939,632,658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rathkeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rathkeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been considered part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FAD9FDFAFDD38596" ID-CoL="7NG62" authority="Bouillon et al. 2006" authorityName="Bouillon et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Bougainvilliidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE8EFD22FDAB8596" author="Bouillon" box="[327,568,672,698]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FE7EFD22FE618595" box="[439,498,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFD45FD3A8486" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFD45FE7285CD" ID-CoL="7NG79" authority="Maas, 1905" authorityName="Maas" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,481,711,737]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFD45FE7285CD" bold="true" box="[151,481,711,737]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Bythotiaridae Maas, 1905</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises nine genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCC7FD4AFC4985CE" author="Schuchert" box="[782,986,712,738]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FD72FE638426" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,752,778]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FEA7FD72FE3A8425" box="[366,425,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. Hydroids from this family can be distinguished by their habit of living inside the prebranchial cavity of ascidians. Medusae are recognized by marginal tentacles that have tiny or absent basal bulbs and terminate in a cluster of cnidae, but these features are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FDC9FC12FD368486" ID-CoL="7NJDJ" box="[512,677,912,938]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eucodoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Eucodoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFC35FA84830E" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFC35FCF184FD" ID-CoL="7NHYJ" authority="Pena Cantero, Vervoort & Watson, 2003" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Vervoort & Watson" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,866,951,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clathrozoellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFC35FCF184FD" bold="true" box="[151,866,951,977]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Clathrozoellidae Peña Cantero, Vervoort & Watson, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FB58FC3AFACA84FE" author="Schuchert" box="[1169,1369,952,978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with four valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE11FC62FD5E84D6" author="Bouillon" box="[472,717,992,1018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FD80FC62FD1684D5" box="[585,645,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by a pseudohydrotheca covering the polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFBADFD4483C6" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFBADFE718365" ID-CoL="7NH4S" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,482,1071,1097]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cytaeididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFBADFE718365" bold="true" box="[151,482,1071,1097]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Cytaeididae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FEFEFBADFE718365" author="Agassiz" box="[311,482,1071,1097]" pageId="27" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCDDFBB2FC4C8366" author="Schuchert" box="[788,991,1072,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FBDAFE63835E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,1112,1138]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FEA7FBDAFE3A835D" box="[366,425,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. There are no known morphological synapomorphies for this group and the validity of one of the genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FBA7FB2AFB4E83ED" ID-CoL="7PSYZ" box="[1134,1245,1192,1217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cytaeididae" genus="Perarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FBA7FB2AFB4E83ED" box="[1134,1245,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Perarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is questionable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FB52FE7D83C6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,494,1232,1258]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FEA7FB52FE3A83C5" box="[366,425,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFB75FC5B824E" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFB75FD89823D" ID-CoL="7NJDJ" authority="Schuchert, 1996" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,538,1271,1297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eucodoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFB75FD89823D" bold="true" box="[151,538,1271,1297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Eucodoniidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE84FB75FD89823D" author="Schuchert" box="[333,538,1271,1297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCACFB7AFBB7823E" author="Schuchert" box="[869,1060,1272,1298]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by four clusters of embedded nematocysts around the mouth margin of medusae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FD37FACAFC28824E" author="Schuchert" box="[766,955,1352,1378]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EFAEDFB5B812E" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EFAEDFE6482A5" ID-CoL="7NHK3" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,503,1391,1417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EFAEDFE6482A5" bold="true" box="[151,503,1391,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Eudendriidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE85FAEDFE6482A5" author="Agassiz" box="[332,503,1391,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCDEFAF2FC7182A6" author="Schuchert" box="[791,994,1392,1418]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 85 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FA1AFE3C829E" author="Marques" box="[255,431,1432,1458]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. (1996) A critical analysis of a cladistic study of the genus Eudendrium (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with some comments on the family Eudendriidae. Journal of Computational Biology, 1, 153 - 162." type="journal article" year="1996">Marques 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FF36FA42FE6682F6" author="Collins" box="[255,501,1472,1498]" pageId="27" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FEA9FA42FE0D82F5" box="[352,414,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Possible synapomorphies for this group include the absence of desmoneme nematocysts, a styloid gonophore, and trumpet-shaped hypostome (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FBC5FA6AFB28812E" author="Marques" box="[1036,1211,1512,1538]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. (1996) A critical analysis of a cladistic study of the genus Eudendrium (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with some comments on the family Eudendriidae. Journal of Computational Biology, 1, 153 - 162." type="journal article" year="1996">Marques 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB5FF5EF98DFD538036" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EF98DFD968105" ID-CoL="7NHW5" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,517,1551,1577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EF98DFD968105" bold="true" box="[151,517,1551,1577]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Hydractiniidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FE95F98DFD968105" author="Agassiz" box="[348,517,1551,1577]" pageId="27" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises seven genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FCFFF992FC6C8106" author="Schuchert" box="[822,1023,1552,1578]" pageId="27" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 100 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FEFCF9BAFDB9817E" author="Bouillon" box="[309,554,1592,1618]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FE6FF9BAFE71817D" box="[422,482,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eleven species representing two genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which supported monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FC37F9E2FAAE8156" author="Cunningham" box="[1022,1341,1632,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="175" refString="Cunningham, C. W. & Buss, L. W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21 (1), 57 - 69." type="journal article" year="1993">Cunningham & Buss 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, taxon sampling in this analysis was not broad. The hydractiniid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FBBFF90AFB2F818D" ID-CoL="7NT2Z" box="[1142,1212,1672,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Clava" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FBBFF90AFB2F818D" box="[1142,1212,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Clava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sometimes classified together with genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FD9EF932FD4081E6" box="[599,723,1712,1738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Oceanidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FCBFF932FC4D81E6" box="[886,990,1712,1738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clavidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FBD5F932FA9881E6" author="Bouillon" box="[1052,1291,1712,1738]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FB43F932FB5681E5" box="[1162,1221,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that its phylogenetic status is uncertain. Hydroids of the family are distinguished by stolonal, polymorphic colonies that may bear spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D55FFB2FF5EF8A5FED087F6" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF5EF8A5FE4C806D" ID-CoL="7NJW9" authority="Bouillon, 1978" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,479,1831,1857]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Magapiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FF5EF8A5FE4C806D" bold="true" box="[151,479,1831,1857]" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Laingiidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FEEEF8A5FE4C806D" author="Bouillon" box="[295,479,1831,1857]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie, Nouvelle-Guinee). II. Limnomedusa, Narcomedusa, Trachymedusa et Laingiomedusa (sous-classe nov.). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 19, 473 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Bouillon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera and four valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FBE3F8AAFB4F806E" author="Bouillon" box="[1066,1244,1832,1858]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie, Nouvelle-Guinee). II. Limnomedusa, Narcomedusa, Trachymedusa et Laingiomedusa (sous-classe nov.). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 19, 473 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Bouillon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FB25F8AAFEA48046" author="Bouillon" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FA94F8AAFA0F806D" box="[1373,1436,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FBAEF8D2FAC78046" author="Collins" box="[1127,1364,1872,1898]" pageId="27" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FB0CF8D2FA938045" box="[1221,1280,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This group was originally classified as its own subclass by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FC45F8FAFBD880BE" author="Bouillon" box="[908,1099,1912,1938]" pageId="27" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie, Nouvelle-Guinee). II. Limnomedusa, Narcomedusa, Trachymedusa et Laingiomedusa (sous-classe nov.). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 19, 473 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Bouillon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that at least one member of the group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FC15F822FB588095" ID-CoL="3DQZQ" box="[988,1227,1952,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Magapiidae" genus="Fabienna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sphaerica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FC15F822FB588095" box="[988,1227,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">Fabienna sphaerica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FF3EF84AFE0080CE" ID-CoL="7NF5F" box="[247,403,1992,2018]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Hydroidolina">Hydroidolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
and closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D55FFB5FD6AF84AFC1180CE" ID-CoL="7NKMN" box="[675,898,1992,2018]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="154" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Proboscidactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D55FFB5FC0BF84AFB2380CE" author="Collins" box="[962,1200,1992,2018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D55FFB5FBD6F84AFBCF80CD" box="[1055,1116,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This hypothesis is supported by morphological data, including a solid radial canal and macrobasic euryteles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FAECFF1AFEA587F6" author="Schuchert" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFF65FB7D867E" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFF65FE41862D" ID-CoL="7NK4Y" authority="Peterson, 1979" authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,466,231,257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Niobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFF65FE41862D" bold="true" box="[151,466,231,257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Niobiidae Peterson, 1979</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FCDDFF6AFB9A862E" author="Bouillon" box="[788,1033,232,258]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FC4CFF6AFC51862D" box="[901,962,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The hydroid stage is unknown and the medusae are distinguished by marginal tentacle bulbs that develop into medusae buds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FBFCFEBAFB72867E" author="Petersen" box="[1077,1249,312,338]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1979) Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G. & Rosen, B. R. (Eds), Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms. Academic Press, London, pp. 105 - 139." type="book chapter" year="1979">Petersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFEDDFD82856E" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFEDDFD928655" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,513,351,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFEDDFD928655" bold="true" box="[151,513,351,377]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Oceanidae Eschscholtz, 1829</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises eight genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FCE2FEE2FC7B8656" author="Schuchert" box="[811,1000,352,378]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families of Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36FE0AFE7C868E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,495,392,418]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEA7FE0AFE3B868D" box="[366,424,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Representatives of the family have not been included in any phylogenetic analyses. The family is distinguished by scattered filiform tentacles on the polyps, but this character is not specific to this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FDC0FE5AFD3286DE" author="Calder" box="[521,673,472,498]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: The Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FD78FE5AFCE286DE" author="Schuchert" box="[689,881,472,498]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families of Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several genera of this family are sometimes classified with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FE65FD82FE618535" ID-CoL="7NT2Z" box="[428,498,512,537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Clava" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FE65FD82FE618535" box="[428,498,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Clava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FD57FD82FC958536" box="[670,774,512,538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Clavidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FC81FD82FBAE8536" author="Bouillon" box="[840,1085,512,538]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FC71FD82FC668535" box="[952,1013,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that its phylogenetic status is uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFDCDFDCD8426" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFDCDFE4E8545" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,477,591,617]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFDCDFE4E8545" bold="true" box="[151,477,591,617]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Pandeidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FEEEFDCDFE4E8545" author="Haeckel" box="[295,477,591,617]" pageId="28" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 23 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FD37FDD2FC5E8546" author="Schuchert" box="[766,973,592,618]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 75 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36FDFAFE6085BE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,499,632,658]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEA6FDFAFE3885BD" box="[367,427,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FAE1FDFAFEFA8596" author="Collins" pageId="28" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FA4EFDFAFE868595" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no explicit analyses of its phylogeny have been attempted. There are no known synapomorphies for this group and it is probably not monophyletic, as it encompasses a diverse assemblage of genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FE73FD72FDC28426" author="Calder" box="[442,593,752,778]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: The Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFC95FCE88486" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFC95FD74841D" ID-CoL="7NKMN" authority="Hand & Hendrickson, 1950" authorityName="Hand & Hendrickson" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,743,791,817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFC95FD74841D" bold="true" box="[151,743,791,817]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Proboscidactylidae Hand & Hendrickson, 1950</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FBE9FC9AFB7A841E" author="Schuchert" box="[1056,1257,792,818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with six valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FE96FCC2FDCF8476" author="Bouillon" box="[351,604,832,858]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FE1BFCC2FD828475" box="[466,529,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36FCEAFE6684AE" author="Collins" box="[255,501,872,898]" pageId="28" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEA9FCEAFE0D84AD" box="[352,414,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hydroids of this family are distinguished by polymorphic stolonal colonies bearing gastrozooid polyps with two filiform tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFC35FC5C8366" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFC35FE4C84FD" ID-CoL="7NKNV" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,479,951,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Protiaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFC35FE4C84FD" bold="true" box="[151,479,951,977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Protiaridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FEE6FC35FE4C84FD" author="Haeckel" box="[303,479,951,977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FD37FC3AFC5B84FE" author="Schuchert" box="[766,968,952,978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately eight valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36FC62FE6984D6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,506,992,1018]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEBBFC62FE2384D5" box="[370,432,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Medusae of this family are distinguished by large, hollow tentacular bulbs and four well-developed tentacles that are often interspersed with short, solid tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFBD5FC2D83EE" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFBD5FE62835D" ID-CoL="7NKS8" authority="Coward, 1909" authorityName="Coward" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,497,1111,1137]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptilocodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFBD5FE62835D" bold="true" box="[151,497,1111,1137]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Ptilocodiidae Coward, 1909</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FD37FBDAFC55835E" author="Schuchert" box="[766,966,1112,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and eight valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FB38FBDAFEA483B6" author="Bouillon" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FAA8FBDAFA0F835D" box="[1377,1436,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The group has not been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. Hydroids of this family are distinguished by the absence of tentacles on the feeding polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFB4DFBF982A6" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFB4DFE4E83C5" ID-CoL="7NKT9" authority="Russell, 1954" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,477,1231,1257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rathkeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFB4DFE4E83C5" bold="true" box="[151,477,1231,1257]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Rathkeidae Russell, 1954</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FCC8FB52FC4383C6" author="Schuchert" box="[769,976,1232,1258]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36FB7AFE61823E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,498,1272,1298]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEA6FB7AFE39823D" box="[367,426,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three species representing three genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and in phylogenetic analyses, and these support familial monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FAECFAA2FED0824E" author="Schuchert" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Species of this family are distinguished by primary medusae buds arising from stolons and secondary medusae buds arising interradially from the medusa manubrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EFA15FD6C8106" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EFA15FD91829D" ID-CoL="7NKW4" authority="Brinckmann, 1965" authorityName="Brinckmann" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,514,1431,1457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhysiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EFA15FD91829D" bold="true" box="[151,514,1431,1457]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Rhysiidae Brinckmann, 1965</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FCFEFA1AFC6C829E" author="Schuchert" box="[823,1023,1432,1458]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FAFDFA1AFEE482F6" author="Bouillon" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF3EFA42FEA282F5" box="[247,305,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by dactylozooids covered with perisarc to the capitate apical tip and female gonozooids that transform into a sporosac-like structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EF9B5FC3881E6" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EF9B5FE4F817D" authority="Kramp, 1957" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,476,1591,1617]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Russelliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EF9B5FE4F817D" bold="true" box="[151,476,1591,1617]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Russelliidae Kramp, 1957</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FCD3F9BAFB9F817E" author="Bouillon" box="[794,1036,1592,1618]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FC42F9BAFC5B817D" box="[907,968,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The hydroid stage is unknown and the medusa possesses marginal tentacles in groups of three: one large and two small hollow tentacles. The large tentacles are sunk into the umbrella margin, forming a furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D52FFB2FF5EF955FD7480BE" blockId="28.[151,1437,152,1938]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D52FFB2FF5EF955FE4781DD" ID-CoL="7NL77" authority="Gray, 1847" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[151,468,1751,1777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="155" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FF5EF955FE4781DD" bold="true" box="[151,468,1751,1777]" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">Stylasteridae Gray, 1847</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 26 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FD3DF95AFC5181DE" author="Schuchert" box="[756,962,1752,1778]" pageId="28" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 260 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FF36F882FE6F8036" author="Bouillon" box="[255,508,1792,1818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D52FFB2FEBAF882FE218035" box="[371,434,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="155">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D52FFB2FDDDF882FD5B8036" author="Cairns" box="[532,712,1792,1818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="174" refString="Cairns, S. D. (1984 b) A generic revision of the Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa), Part 2: Phylogenetic analysis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 35, 38 - 53." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Cairns (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
published a cladistic analysis of the genera of this diverse group, but its monophyly was not tested because only one outgroup was considered. Nevertheless, species of the group are readily distinguished by a massive calcareous exoskeleton, often brightly pigmented, and they very likely form a clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFF15FA05862E" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,418]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFF15FE76879D" ID-CoL="7NLDW" authority="Hincks, 1868" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,485,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Trichydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFF15FE76879D" bold="true" box="[151,485,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Trichydridae Hincks, 1868</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FCE9FF1AFB82879E" author="Bouillon" box="[800,1041,152,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FC58FF1AFC5F879D" box="[913,972,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage, but medusae are distinguished by the possession of many tiny, anastomosing centripetal canals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFE8DFC2E868E" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,418]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFE8DFC8F8605" bold="true" box="[151,796,271,297]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFE8DFE538605" ID-CoL="7NLG7" authority="Moura" authorityName="Moura" box="[151,448,271,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubiclavoididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Tubiclavoididae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEA1FE8DFE538605" author="Moura" box="[360,448,271,297]" pageId="29" pageNumber="178" refString="Moura, C. J., Cunha, M. R. & Schuchert, P. S. (2007) Tubiclavoides striatum gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) a new bathyal hydroid from the Gulf of Cadiz, north-east Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 421 - 428." type="journal article" year="2007">Moura</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C5B8B3860D53FFB3FE19FE8DFDB68605" box="[464,549,271,297]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Cunha</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Schuchert, 2007
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FC8DFE92FCC28606" author="Moura" box="[836,849,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="178" refString="Moura, C. J., Cunha, M. R. & Schuchert, P. S. (2007) Tubiclavoides striatum gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) a new bathyal hydroid from the Gulf of Cadiz, north-east Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 421 - 428." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FBA8FE92FAAD8606" author="Moura" box="[1121,1342,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="178" refString="Moura, C. J., Cunha, M. R. & Schuchert, P. S. (2007) Tubiclavoides striatum gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) a new bathyal hydroid from the Gulf of Cadiz, north-east Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 421 - 428." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Moura
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FB72FE92FB6A8605" box="[1211,1273,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FBDDFEBAFB7D867E" author="Moura" box="[1044,1262,312,338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="178" refString="Moura, C. J., Cunha, M. R. & Schuchert, P. S. (2007) Tubiclavoides striatum gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) a new bathyal hydroid from the Gulf of Cadiz, north-east Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 421 - 428." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Moura
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FBA5FEBAFB3B867D" box="[1132,1192,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the results of which have not been published. The species is characterized by elongate polyps with scattered filiform tentacles and hydrocauli covered with striated perisarc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFE48FEFF86C8" blockId="29.[151,364,458,484]" box="[151,364,458,484]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FEC3FE48FEFF86C8" box="[266,364,458,484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" genus="Capitata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFD8FFEF384A3" blockId="29.[151,1436,525,911]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFD8FFF6A850B" box="[151,249,525,551]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" genus="Capitata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 26 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FDC6FD8FFD44850B" author="Schuchert" box="[527,727,525,551]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 375 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FB69FD8FFA03850B" author="Bouillon" box="[1184,1424,525,551]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FAC6FD8FFADA850A" box="[1295,1353,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapormorphies are stenotele nematocysts and capitate tentacles on the polyps or filiform tentacles in separated whorls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FE1EFDDFFC95855B" author="Bouillon" box="[471,774,605,631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. (2000 b) Synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world, with a list of worldwide species. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 47 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">Bouillon & Boero 2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FAF3FDDFFA0F855B" box="[1338,1436,605,631]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" genus="Capitata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a paraphyletic assemblage containing two clades, Aplanulata and the other capitates (Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FA8EFD07FE8E85EB" author="Collins" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFD2FFF4685EA" box="[151,213,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEE5FD2FFEEA85EB" author="Collins" box="[300,377,685,711]" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The synapomorphy for Aplanulata is the absence of a ciliated planula larva (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FAFEFD2FFF4585C3" author="Petersen" pageId="29" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FE61FD57FDD385C3" ID-CoL="7NLG6" box="[424,576,725,751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Tubulariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FD98FD57FC9F85C3" ID-CoL="7NGYC" box="[593,780,725,751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corymorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Corymorphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FCD4FD57FC5A85C3" ID-CoL="7NGBH" box="[797,969,725,751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Candelabridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FBDAFD57FB1385C3" ID-CoL="7NHW6" box="[1043,1152,725,751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been sampled in molecular phylogenetic analyses that support monophyly of Aplanulata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FBCEFD7FFB7C843B" author="Collins" box="[1031,1263,765,791]" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FBA1FD7FFB35843A" box="[1128,1190,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FB37FD7FFF708413" author="Collins" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FA97FD7FFA0F843A" box="[1374,1436,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is likely that other families are part of this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FC4DFCA7FBBC8413" author="Petersen" box="[900,1071,805,831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FBF5FCA7FAB58413" author="Collins" box="[1084,1318,805,831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FB51FCA7FB418412" box="[1176,1234,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mosaics of features, very few of which appear to be unique to any particular family, distinguish the medusa stages of capitate families.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFC3AFEF284FD" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" box="[151,353,952,977]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFC3AFEF284FD" box="[151,353,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D53FFB3FF5EFC5DFCC3835E" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFC5DFCC3835E" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFC5DFE2484D5" authority="Fraser, 1924" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,439,991,1017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Acaulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFC5DFE2484D5" bold="true" box="[151,439,991,1017]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Acaulidae Fraser, 1924</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera and five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FC2FFC62FB4984D6" author="Bouillon" box="[998,1242,992,1018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FB9FFC62FB0184D5" box="[1110,1170,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Members of this family are distinguished by scattered capitate tentacles on the distal portions of their solitary polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D53FF8EFF5EFBFDFEE98528" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFBFDFD2D823E" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFBFDFDB083B5" ID-CoL="7NHKZ" authority="Bouillon, 1985" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,547,1151,1177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Boeromedusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFBFDFDB083B5" bold="true" box="[151,547,1151,1177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Boeromedusidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEA6FBFDFDB083B5" author="Bouillon" box="[367,547,1151,1177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1985) Essai de classification des hydropolypes-hydromeduses (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology, 2, 29 - 243." type="journal article" year="1985">Bouillon, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FC96FB02FBDC83B6" author="Bouillon" box="[863,1103,1152,1178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FC06FB02FB9883B5" box="[975,1035,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Hydroids are unknown; medusae have an apical projection, four tentacles terminating in nematocyst clusters, and four perradial pouches bearing gametes hanging from the manubrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFA9DFB52829E" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFA9DFD9C8215" ID-CoL="7NHLK" authority="Wesblad, 1947" authorityName="Wesblad" authorityYear="1947" box="[151,527,1311,1337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Boreohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFA9DFD9C8215" bold="true" box="[151,527,1311,1337]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Boreohydridae Wesblad, 1947</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FCEEFAA2FC408216" author="Bouillon" box="[807,979,1312,1338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1985) Essai de classification des hydropolypes-hydromeduses (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology, 2, 29 - 243." type="journal article" year="1985">Bouillon 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and two valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FB39FAA2FEA4824E" author="Bouillon" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FAA8FAA2FA0F8215" box="[1377,1436,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. This family is distinguished by small solitary polyps that possess a whorl of three to five diminutive tentacles (Schuchert 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EFA3DFC108156" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EFA3DFD9B82F5" ID-CoL="7NGBH" authority="Stechow, 1921" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,520,1471,1497]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Candelabridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EFA3DFD9B82F5" bold="true" box="[151,520,1471,1497]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Candelabridae Stechow, 1921</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (Schuchert 2006) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FF36FA6AFE7C812E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,495,1512,1538]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FEA7FA6AFE3A812D" box="[366,425,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Just a single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEE4F992FD828106" author="Collins" box="[301,529,1552,1578]" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FE44F992FE598105" box="[397,458,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted. The family is distinguished by its solitary or pseudo-colonial polyps that are relatively large and bear numerous scattered capitate tentacles (Schuchert 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EF905FED0806E" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EF905FD9F818D" ID-CoL="7NGSZ" authority="Allman, 1872" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,524,1671,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladocorynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EF905FD9F818D" bold="true" box="[151,524,1671,1697]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">Cladocorynidae Allman, 1872</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (Schuchert 2006) and seven valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FADFF90AFECF81E6" author="Bouillon" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FA4EF90AFE8681E5" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FA8CF932FEE481DE" author="Collins" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF3EF95AFEA081DD" box="[247,307,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted. The putative synapomorphy for the family is patches of macrobasic euryteles on the body wall of the polyp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FAFFF882FEA5806E" author="Petersen" pageId="29" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D53FFB3FF5EF8CDFA1880CE" blockId="29.[151,1437,952,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D53FFB3FF5EF8CDFDAD8045" ID-CoL="7NGT3" authority="Gegenbaur, 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,574,1871,1897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cladonematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FF5EF8CDFDAD8045" bold="true" box="[151,574,1871,1897]" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Cladonematidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEA2F8CDFDAD8045" author="Gegenbaur" box="[363,574,1871,1897]" pageId="29" pageNumber="176" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, 8, 202 - 273." type="journal article" year="1856">Gegenbaur, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (Schuchert 2006) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FEFEF8FAFDA780BE" author="Bouillon" box="[311,564,1912,1938]" pageId="29" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FE62F8FAFE7A80BD" box="[427,489,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Phylogenetic analyses including three species representing two genera support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FDB6F822FCC88096" author="Collins" box="[639,859,1952,1978]" pageId="29" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D53FFB3FD15F822FC858095" box="[732,790,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="156">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The family is distinguished by benthic medusae with branched tentacles and adhesive structures at the tips of the medusae tentacles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D53FFB3FB1AF84AFAEC80CE" author="Petersen" box="[1235,1407,1992,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFF15FD418606" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFF15FD9C879D" ID-CoL="7NGYC" authority="Allman, 1872" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,527,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corymorphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFF15FD9C879D" bold="true" box="[151,527,151,177]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Corymorphidae Allman, 1872</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 10 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FCD4FF1AFC74879E" author="Schuchert" box="[797,999,152,178]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 45 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FF36FF42FE6787F6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,500,192,218]" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FEB9FF42FE3F87F5" box="[368,428,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species from one genus were included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, the results of which contradicted monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FC87FF6AFBA1862E" author="Collins" box="[846,1074,232,258]" pageId="30" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FC64FF6AFC79862D" box="[941,1002,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no known synapomorphies for this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FDD0FE92FD568606" author="Petersen" box="[537,709,272,298]" pageId="30" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFEB5FE5A86DE" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFEB5FE4C867D" ID-CoL="7NGYG" authority="Johnston, 1836" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,479,311,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFEB5FE4C867D" bold="true" box="[151,479,311,337]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Corynidae Johnston, 1836</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises seven genera and approximately 90 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FB7DFEBAFAE1867E" author="Schuchert" box="[1204,1394,312,338]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A molecular phylogenetic analysis sampling 13 species from four genera strongly contradicted monophyly of the group, with some species being closely allied to members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FB90FE0AFEAC86E6" authority="Collins et al. 2005" authorityName="Collins et al." authorityYear="2005" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Polyorchidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FACAFE0AFEA486E6" author="Collins" pageId="30" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FAA8FE0AFA0F868D" box="[1377,1436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Not surprisingly, no morphological synapomorphies have been identified for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FAEBFE32FE5686DE" ID-CoL="7NGYG" authority="Schuchert 2001" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="2001" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Corynidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FF37FE5AFE2F86DE" author="Schuchert" box="[254,444,472,498]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001) Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (4), 739 - 878." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFE7DFE0185CE" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFE7DFD7C8535" ID-CoL="7NHRB" authority="Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980" authorityName="Arai & Brinckmann-Voss" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,751,511,537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halimedusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFE7DFD7C8535" bold="true" box="[151,751,511,537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Halimedusidae Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FBE8FD82FB3A8536" author="Mills" box="[1057,1193,512,538]" pageId="30" pageNumber="178" refString="Mills, C. E. (2000) The life cycle of Halimedusa typus, with discussion of other species closely related to the family Halimedusidae (Hydrozoa, Capitata, Anthomedusae). Scientia Marina, 64, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Mills 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FB0AFD82FA1C8536" author="Schuchert" box="[1219,1423,512,538]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), each with a single valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FD46FDAAFC1E856E" author="Bouillon" box="[655,909,552,578]" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FCCAFDAAFCD1856D" box="[771,834,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Species of this family have small solitary polyps that give rise to medusae with distinct interradial peaks in jelly above the manubrium base, a feature also present in medusae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FB1EFD22FE1D85CE" ID-CoL="7NHKZ" authority="Mills 2000" authorityName="Mills" authorityYear="2000" class="Hydrozoa" family="Boeromedusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Boeromedusidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FF36FD4AFE1585CE" author="Mills" box="[255,390,712,738]" pageId="30" pageNumber="178" refString="Mills, C. E. (2000) The life cycle of Halimedusa typus, with discussion of other species closely related to the family Halimedusidae (Hydrozoa, Capitata, Anthomedusae). Scientia Marina, 64, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="2000">Mills 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFD6DFEDE84D6" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFD6DFE468425" ID-CoL="7NHW6" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,469,751,777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFD6DFE468425" bold="true" box="[151,469,751,777]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Hydridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FEDEFD6DFE468425" author="Linnaeus" box="[279,469,751,777]" pageId="30" pageNumber="177" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FCDBFD72FC4F8426" author="Schuchert" box="[786,988,752,778]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately 30 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FF36FC9AFE6B841E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,504,792,818]" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FEB8FC9AFE3D841D" box="[369,430,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A molecular phylogenetic analysis sampling three species representing both the green and brown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FE3CFCC2FDAB8476" ID-CoL="7P6HZ" box="[501,568,832,858]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydridae" genus="Hydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="177" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">hydra</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups supported monophyly of the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FB9BFCC2FAD78476" author="Collins" box="[1106,1348,832,858]" pageId="30" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FB7BFCC2FB7D8475" box="[1202,1262,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FA90FCC2FE4784AE" pageId="30" pageNumber="177" refString="Hemmrich, G., Anokhin, B., Zacharias, H. & Bosch, T. C. G. (2007) Molecular phylogenetics in Hydra, a classical model in evolutionary developmental biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 281 - 290." type="journal article">
|
||
Hemmrich
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FE8AFCEAFEED84AD" box="[323,382,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sampled additional taxa (mainly focused on laboratory strains) and also found the group to be monophyletic, although this study aimed at elucidating relationships within the group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF3EFC3AFEF784FE" ID-CoL="7NHW6" box="[247,356,952,978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by the absence of medusae, its freshwater habitat, and lateral budding of polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFB85FDB683EE" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFB85FE7E830D" ID-CoL="7NHWC" authority="Rees, 1957" authorityName="Rees" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,493,1031,1057]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydrocorynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFB85FE7E830D" bold="true" box="[151,493,1031,1057]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Hydrocorynidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FEA3FB85FE7E830D" author="Rees" box="[362,493,1031,1057]" pageId="30" pageNumber="179" refString="Rees, W. J. & White, E. (1957) Two new records of Tetraplatia chuni Carlgren from the South Atlantic. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology, 13, 101 - 104." type="journal article" year="1957">Rees, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FCCAFB8AFC58830E" author="Schuchert" box="[771,971,1032,1058]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FB3BFB8AFEA48366" author="Bouillon" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FAABFB8AFA0F830D" box="[1378,1436,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Hydroids of the group are colonial, with hydranths arising from a chitinized hydrorhizal plate. No putative synapomorphies have been identified for the medusa stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFB4DFAEA8216" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFB4DFE6F83C5" ID-CoL="7NJN7" authority="Uchida, 1927" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,508,1231,1257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFB4DFE6F83C5" bold="true" box="[151,508,1231,1257]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Margelopsidae Uchida, 1927</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (Schuchert 2006) and six valid species. No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. The family is distinguished by its small, pelagic, solitary polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFAC5FC5182F6" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFAC5FE6A824D" ID-CoL="7NJT7" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[151,505,1351,1377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFAC5FE6A824D" bold="true" box="[151,505,1351,1377]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Milleporidae Fleming, 1828</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with approximately seven valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FAE7FACAFE2F82A6" author="Razak" pageId="30" pageNumber="179" refString="Razak, T. B. & Hoeksema, B. W. (2003) The hydrocoral genus Millepora (Hydrozoa: Capitata: Milleporidae) in Indonesia. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 345, 313 - 336." type="journal article" year="2003">Razak & Hoeksema 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species has been sampled for molecular analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FBA9FAF2FAC182A6" author="Collins" box="[1120,1362,1392,1418]" pageId="30" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FB76FAF2FB6F82A5" box="[1215,1276,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by colonies that build massive calcareous skeletons, polyps with capitate tentacles, and dimorphism with gastrozooids and dactylozooids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EFA65FB48818E" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EFA65FE5A812D" ID-CoL="7NJTN" authority="Poche, 1914" authorityName="Poche" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,457,1511,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Moerisiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EFA65FE5A812D" bold="true" box="[151,457,1511,1537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Moerisiidae Poche, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FD39FA6AFC2A812E" author="Schuchert" box="[752,953,1512,1538]" pageId="30" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and fewer than 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FA86FA6AFE348106" author="Bouillon" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FEEDF992FECC8105" box="[292,351,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FAE1F992FEC8817E" author="Collins" pageId="30" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FA4EF992FE86817D" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the family has never been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Polyp stages of this family, where known, are solitary with scattered filiform tentacles. Medusae are recognized by a manubrium with radial lobes that extend toward and connect with the radial canals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB0FF5EF92DFCF5806E" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EF92DFE6581E5" ID-CoL="7NKB4" authority="Picard, 1957" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,502,1711,1737]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Paracorynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EF92DFE6581E5" bold="true" box="[151,502,1711,1737]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Paracorynidae Picard, 1957</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FCFDF932FBB981E6" author="Bouillon" box="[820,1066,1712,1738]" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FC6FF932FC7181E5" box="[934,994,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by a flat, highly organized colony, with polymorphic zooids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D50FFB0FD43F882FCD58036" author="Bouillon" box="[650,838,1792,1818]" pageId="30" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1974) Sur la structure de Paracoryne huvei Picard, 1957 (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Athecata). Memoires Academie Royale de Belgique, Classes des Sciences, 18 (3), 5 - 45." type="journal article" year="1974">Bouillon (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FC34F882FB1B8035" ID-CoL="7PRQ6" box="[1021,1160,1792,1817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Paracorynidae" genus="Paracoryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FC34F882FB1B8035" box="[1021,1160,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Paracoryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be interpreted as an individual flattened polyp, rather than as a colony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D50FFB1FF5EF8CDFE7E879E" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D50FFB0FF5EF8CDFE6F8045" ID-CoL="7NKDB" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,508,1871,1897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="157" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D50FFB0FF5EF8CDFE6F8045" bold="true" box="[151,508,1871,1897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="157">Pennariidae McCrady, 1859</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with two valid species (Schuchert 2006). A single, widespread representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted. The family is distinguished by a pinnate hydroid colony with polyps that contain an aboral whorl of filiform tentacles and capitate tentacles scattered towards the oral end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFF3DFC598656" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFF3DFE7987F5" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,490,191,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFF3DFE7987F5" bold="true" box="[151,490,191,217]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Polyorchidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FE8BFF3DFE7987F5" author="Agassiz" box="[322,490,191,217]" pageId="31" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCC7FF42FC4587F6" author="Schuchert" box="[782,982,192,218]" pageId="31" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FB38FF42FEA4862E" author="Bouillon" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FAA8FF42FA0F87F5" box="[1377,1436,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three species from two genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which strongly supported monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCC7FE92FC608606" author="Collins" box="[782,1011,272,298]" pageId="31" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FCA4FE92FC398605" box="[877,938,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hydroid is unknown. Its large medusae are distinguished by a conspicuous gastric peduncle, a manubrium with four oral lips studded with nematocysts, numerous tentacles, and abaxial ocelli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFE05FD92856E" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFE05FE4C868D" ID-CoL="7NKM3" authority="Goldfuss, 1818" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,479,391,417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Porpitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFE05FE4C868D" bold="true" box="[151,479,391,417]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Porpitidae Goldfuss, 1818</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FBD2FE0AFAC7868E" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[1051,1364,392,418]" pageId="31" pageNumber="177" refString="Kirkpatrick, P. A. & Pugh, P. R. (1984) Siphonophores and Velellids: Keys and notes for the identification of the species. In: Kermack, D. M., Barnes, R. S. K. (Eds), Synopses of the British Fauna: New Series. E. J. Brill, London, pp. 1 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1984">Kirkpatrick & Pugh 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species from each genus was sampled in a molecular phylogenetic analysis, and the family was found to be monophyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FE31FE5AFD7B86DE" author="Collins" box="[504,744,472,498]" pageId="31" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FD95FE5AFD0F86DD" box="[604,668,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by a highly polymorphic, pelagic colonial stage, although it has been argued that this is not a colony but a modified individual polyp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FE80FDAAFE67856E" author="Petersen" box="[329,500,552,578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFDCDFBE785CE" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFDCDFE6A8545" ID-CoL="7NKP3" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,505,591,617]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Protohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFDCDFE6A8545" bold="true" box="[151,505,591,617]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Protohydridae Allman, 1888</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with two valid species (Schuchert 2006). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. The family is distinguished by small polyps that lack tentacles and gonophores and a pedal disk that is epidermal in origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FC72FD4AFBF585CE" author="Petersen" box="[955,1126,712,738]" pageId="31" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFD6DFEBC8486" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFD6DFD9E8425" ID-CoL="7NL33" authority="Marshall, 1873" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,525,751,777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solanderiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFD6DFD9E8425" bold="true" box="[151,525,751,777]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Solanderiidae
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C5B8B3860D51FFB1FE87FD6DFE518425" box="[334,450,751,777]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Marshall</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1873
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FC99FD72FB9D8426" author="Schuchert" box="[848,1038,752,778]" pageId="31" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately seven valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FE93FC9AFDDF841E" author="Bouillon" box="[346,588,792,818]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FE03FC9AFD96841D" box="[458,517,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Species of the family are easily recognized by their large, branching colonies with chitinous, anastomosing internal skeletons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFC35FC1683B6" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFC35FD8D84FD" ID-CoL="7NL4D" authority="Prevot, 1959" authorityName="Prevot" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,542,951,977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaerocorynidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFC35FD8D84FD" bold="true" box="[151,542,951,977]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Sphaerocorynidae Prévot, 1959</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCFCFC3AFC4D84FE" author="Petersen" box="[821,990,952,978]" pageId="31" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FF36FC62FE6384D6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,992,1018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FEA7FC62FE3A84D5" box="[366,425,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Hydroids of the family are long-stemmed and scattered with capitate tentacles at the broadest part of the hydranth. Medusae possess apical projections with an apical chamber and a single abaxial ocellus on each of four tentacles; each tentacle terminates in an elliptical nematocyst pad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFB25FCA1824E" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFB25FE7C83ED" ID-CoL="7NL9F" authority="Bouillon, 1974" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,495,1191,1217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Teissieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFB25FE7C83ED" bold="true" box="[151,495,1191,1217]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Teissieridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FEFFFB25FE7C83ED" author="Bouillon" box="[310,495,1191,1217]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1974) Sur la structure de Paracoryne huvei Picard, 1957 (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Athecata). Memoires Academie Royale de Belgique, Classes des Sciences, 18 (3), 5 - 45." type="journal article" year="1974">Bouillon, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCEEFB2AFC4683EE" author="Petersen" box="[807,981,1192,1218]" pageId="31" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FF36FB52FE6383C6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,1232,1258]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FEA7FB52FE3A83C5" box="[366,425,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. Two genera are sometimes classified in a separate family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FDAEFAA2FCC88216" author="Bouillon" box="[615,859,1312,1338]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FD1EFAA2FC818215" box="[727,786,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by a colony with a unique basal plate of periderm that forms spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFAEDFC3982F6" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFAEDFE6282A5" ID-CoL="7NLDX" authority="Kramp, 1949" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,497,1391,1417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tricyclusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFAEDFE6282A5" bold="true" box="[151,497,1391,1417]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Tricyclusidae Kramp, 1949</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (Schuchert 2006) whose sole member has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by solitary polyps that have a gelatinous perisarc and three whorls of capitate tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FFB1FF5EFA65FCD1806E" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EFA65FE64812D" ID-CoL="7NLG6" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[151,503,1511,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EFA65FE64812D" bold="true" box="[151,503,1511,1537]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Tubulariidae Fleming, 1828</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCD8FA6AFC4E812E" author="Schuchert" box="[785,989,1512,1538]" pageId="31" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 60 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FF36F992FE6A8106" author="Bouillon" box="[255,505,1552,1578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FEB8F992FE3C8105" box="[369,431,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four species from three different genera have been sampled in a molecular phylogenetic analysis and found to be monophyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCA0F9BAFBD5817E" author="Collins" box="[873,1094,1592,1618]" pageId="31" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FC0FF9BAFB92817D" box="[966,1025,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although no explicit test of the group’s monophyly was conducted, a larger study subjected 32 species to morphological phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FE65F90AFD72818E" author="Marques" box="[428,737,1672,1698]" pageId="31" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. & Migotto, A. E. (2001) Cladistic analysis and new classification of the family Tubulariidae (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 41, 465 - 488." type="journal article" year="2001">Marques & Migotto 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This study did support reciprocal monophyly of two subfamilies, Ectopleurinae and Tubulariinae. The family is distinguished by polyps possessing two sets of tentacles, an aboral and oral whorl with gonophores developing between the sets of tentacles. The medusae often have a manubrium surrounded by gametogenic tissue. Based on these features and the molecular data, monophyly of the family is likely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D51FF8EFF5EF8CDFB2287F6" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1436,152,418]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D51FFB1FF5EF8CDFE468045" ID-CoL="7NLL4" authority="Russell, 1953" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,469,1871,1897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="158" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FF5EF8CDFE468045" bold="true" box="[151,469,1871,1897]" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">Zancleidae Russell, 1953</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FCCFF8D2FC408046" author="Schuchert" box="[774,979,1872,1898]" pageId="31" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FF36F8FAFE6A80BE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,505,1912,1938]" pageId="31" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FEB8F8FAFE3C80BD" box="[369,431,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species from one genus have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D51FFB1FEA2F822FDDC8096" author="Collins" box="[363,591,1952,1978]" pageId="31" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D51FFB1FE02F822FD948095" box="[459,519,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="158">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no detailed analyses of the groups' phylogenetic status have been conducted. Phylogenetic analyses contradict monophyly, although the node separating these species was poorly supported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFDCDFF1AFD77879E" author="Collins" box="[516,740,152,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. & Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 s rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34 (1), 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFDABFF1AFD0E879D" box="[610,669,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hydroids of the family possess no obvious putative synapomorphies. Zancleid medusae have four perradial exumbrellar nematocyst pads.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFF65FC23868E" blockId="32.[151,1436,152,418]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF5EFF65FD9A862D" ID-CoL="7NLL5" authority="Bouillon, 1978" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,521,231,257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EFF65FD9A862D" bold="true" box="[151,521,231,257]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Zancleopsidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFE9AFF65FD9A862D" author="Bouillon" box="[339,521,231,257]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie, Nouvelle-Guinee). II. Limnomedusa, Narcomedusa, Trachymedusa et Laingiomedusa (sous-classe nov.). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 19, 473 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Bouillon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCEEFF6AFC41862E" author="Petersen" box="[807,978,232,258]" pageId="32" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and six valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFB24FF6AFEA48606" author="Bouillon" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFA96FF6AFA0F862D" box="[1375,1436,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of an explicit phylogenetic analysis. The hydroid phase is unknown. Medusae have a conical or dome-shaped umbrella without an apical chamber, and usually have two opposed capitate tentacles that typically have capitate side branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFE68FEE98528" blockId="32.[151,378,490,516]" box="[151,378,490,516]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF2AFE68FEE98528" ID-CoL="8ZXH6" box="[227,378,490,516]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6EFF8EFF5EFDB7FEF28200" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFDB7FE22849B" blockId="32.[151,1436,565,951]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFBF1FDB7FA0F8563" authority="Cornelius, 1982" authorityName="Cornelius" authorityYear="1982" box="[1080,1436,565,591]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata Cornelius, 1982</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFF15FDDFFE58855B" author="Collins" box="[220,459,605,631]" pageId="32" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFEF3FDDFFEE4855A" box="[314,375,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFE13FDDFFD51855B" author="Leclere" box="[474,706,605,631]" pageId="32" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFDF2FDDFFDEB855A" box="[571,632,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The synapomorphy for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFC3BFDDFFB1A855B" box="[1010,1161,605,631]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the theca, a skeletal covering on the polyps (hydrotheca) and gonophores (gonotheca). However, some phylogenetic analyses have identified a theca-less taxon as the earliest diverging lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFC5BFD2FFBBE85EB" box="[914,1069,685,711]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that the theca may have evolved after the origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFDC4FD57FD3B85C3" box="[525,680,725,751]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Leptothecate polyps are always colonial and the tentacles of the polyps are arranged in a single whorl. The medusae usually have shallow bells with gametogenic tissue restricted to the radial canals. The approximately 2,000 valid species are classified into two suborders, Conica and Proboscidoidea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFE45FCCFFDED844B" author="Bouillon" box="[396,638,845,871]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFE35FCCFFDA4844A" box="[508,567,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When families of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFCAAFCCFFC69844B" box="[867,1018,845,871]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinguished based on features of the medusa stage, suites of characters are typically used although very few individual characters are unique to any particular family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFC60FECE84D0" blockId="32.[151,349,994,1020]" box="[151,349,994,1020]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">Suborder Conica</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFBAAFE8283CE" blockId="32.[151,1437,1064,1250]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Conica is the more diverse of the two orders of leptothecates, comprising approximately 1,770 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFF56FBD2FE028346" author="Bouillon" box="[159,401,1104,1130]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFED9FBD2FEDF8345" box="[272,332,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in 29-31 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFDB7FBD2FCE18346" author="Bouillon" box="[638,882,1104,1130]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFD26FBD2FCB88345" box="[751,811,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCB6FBD2FBDA8346" author="Schuchert" box="[895,1097,1104,1130]" pageId="32" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presumed synapomorphy of the suborder is a conical hypostome on the polyps.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCF5FBFAFBBA83BE" box="[828,1065,1144,1170]" pageId="32" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFC52FBFAFC4783BD" box="[923,980,1144,1169]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not recover a monophyletic Conica; however this work addressed a different question and support in the relevant part of the topologies was weak.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFA91FEF28200" blockId="32.[151,1437,1299,2004]" box="[151,353,1299,1324]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EFA91FEF28200" box="[151,353,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6EFF8FFF5EFAB8FC7285BE" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EFAB8FD8582D8" blockId="32.[151,1437,1299,2004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF5EFAB8FD888278" ID-CoL="7NFV5" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,539,1338,1364]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aequoreidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EFAB8FD888278" bold="true" box="[151,539,1338,1364]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">Aequoreidae Eschscholtz, 1829</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCF3FAB8FB978278" author="Schuchert" box="[826,1028,1338,1364]" pageId="32" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFEFDFAE0FDB48250" author="Bouillon" box="[308,551,1378,1404]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFE6DFAE1FE4C8250" box="[420,479,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species has been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFAAFFAE0FE588288" author="Collins" pageId="32" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFEE6FA09FEE28288" box="[303,369,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage. The family is distinguished by relatively large medusae that possess a large number of (greater than 16) radial canals (Cornelius 1992).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EF980FE7D81C8" blockId="32.[151,1437,1299,2004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF5EF980FD9F8130" ID-CoL="7NFVF" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,524,1538,1564]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EF980FD9F8130" bold="true" box="[151,524,1538,1564]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Aglaopheniidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFEAAF980FD9F8130" author="Agassiz" box="[355,524,1538,1564]" pageId="32" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises eight genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCFCF980FC6D8130" author="Schuchert" box="[821,1022,1538,1564]" pageId="32" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 250 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFEFFF9A8FDBE8168" author="Bouillon" box="[310,557,1578,1604]" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFE61F9A9FE768168" box="[424,485,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eleven species, including four genera, have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses; their monophyly was strongly supported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFC37F9D0FB758140" author="Leclere" box="[1022,1254,1618,1644]" pageId="32" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFBA8F9D1FB0D8140" box="[1121,1182,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The family is distinguished by one median nematotheca below each hydrotheca and a pair of lateral nematotheca fused with the hydrotheca. Fused lateral nematotheca are thought to be a pleisiomorphy for the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFF36F948FE7181C8" author="Leclere" box="[255,482,1738,1764]" pageId="32" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFEA9F949FE0981C8" box="[352,410,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8EFF5EF970FEFB80A8" blockId="32.[151,1437,1299,2004]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF5EF970FCC98020" ID-CoL="7NHHG" authority="Bouillon, Gili, Pages, Palanques & Puig, 1999" authorityName="Bouillon, Gili, Pages, Palanques & Puig" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,858,1778,1804]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Barcinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EF970FCC98020" bold="true" box="[151,858,1778,1804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Barcinidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFEEFF970FCC98020" author="Bouillon" box="[294,858,1778,1804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="176" refString="Gili, J. M., Bouillon, J., Pages, F., Palanques, A. & Puig, P. (1999) Submarine canyons as habitats of prolific plankton populations: three new deep-sea Hydroidomedusae in western Mediterranean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 313 - 329." type="journal article" year="1999">Bouillon, Gili, Pagès, Palanques & Puig, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFB46F970FAD18020" author="Gili" box="[1167,1346,1778,1804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="176" refString="Gili, J. M., Bouillon, J., Pages, F., Palanques, A. & Puig, P. (1999) Submarine canyons as habitats of prolific plankton populations: three new deep-sea Hydroidomedusae in western Mediterranean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 313 - 329." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Gili
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFB0CF971FB6C8020" box="[1221,1279,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole member has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Hydroids of the family are unknown; medusae are distinguished by the presence of closed statocysts and adaxial ocelli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFA87F8C0FEC880A8" author="Gili" pageId="32" pageNumber="176" refString="Gili, J. M., Bouillon, J., Pages, F., Palanques, A. & Puig, P. (1999) Submarine canyons as habitats of prolific plankton populations: three new deep-sea Hydroidomedusae in western Mediterranean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 313 - 329." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Gili
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFA4EF8C1FE8680A8" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6EFF8FFF5EF810FAAE87F6" blockId="32.[151,1437,1299,2004]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6EFF8EFF5EF810FD988080" ID-CoL="7NG56" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,523,1938,1964]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Blackfordiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="159" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF5EF810FD988080" bold="true" box="[151,523,1938,1964]" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">Blackfordiidae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFCF2F810FB908080" author="Schuchert" box="[827,1027,1938,1964]" pageId="32" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6EFF8EFAFDF810FEE880F8" author="Bouillon" pageId="32" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6EFF8EFF3EF839FEA080F8" box="[247,307,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage; the medusae have four long fluted lips and numerous marginal tentacles with endodermal cores that extend into the mesoglea of the bell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFF65FB6E868E" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFF65FDBC862D" ID-CoL="7NGB3" authority="Johnston, 1836" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,559,231,257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFF65FDBC862D" bold="true" box="[151,559,231,257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Campanulinidae Johnston, 1836</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 13 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFCF7FF6AFB9B862E" author="Schuchert" box="[830,1032,232,258]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 40 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFEFCFE92FDB98606" author="Bouillon" box="[309,554,272,298]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFE6FFE92FE718605" box="[422,482,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of its species have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage and the group is almost certainly a polyphyletic assemblage of genera that have a tubular hydrotheca with a pointed, segmental or pleated operculum, and that lack a medusa stage (Cornelius 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFBC8FE0AFB62868E" author="Bouillon" box="[1025,1265,392,418]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFBA6FE0AFB39868D" box="[1135,1194,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFE2DFB4A8536" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFE2DFDBB86E5" ID-CoL="7NGSR" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,552,431,457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cirrholoveniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFE2DFDBB86E5" bold="true" box="[151,552,431,457]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Cirrholoveniidae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFC96FE32FBBB86E6" author="Schuchert" box="[863,1064,432,458]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with two valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFA99FE32FE3586DE" author="Bouillon" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFEEDFE5AFECC86DD" box="[292,351,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neither of its species have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, and no putative synapomorphies have been proposed for either the hydroid or medusa stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFDA5FC7285BE" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFDA5FD95856D" ID-CoL="7NHYL" authority="Hirohito, 1967" authorityName="Hirohito" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,518,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clathrozoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFDA5FD95856D" bold="true" box="[151,518,551,577]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Clathrozoidae Hirohito, 1967</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two monospecific genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFC05FDAAFB51856E" author="Bouillon" box="[972,1218,552,578]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFBF4FDAAFBE9856D" box="[1085,1146,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), neither of which have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Members of this family are distinguished by a hydroid skeleton consisting of anastomosed chitinous stolons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6FFF8FFF5EFD1DFB5C841E" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFD1DFB5C841E" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFD1DFDB78595" authority="Boeck, 1866" authorityName="Boeck" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,548,671,697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Dipleurosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFD1DFDB78595" bold="true" box="[151,548,671,697]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Dipleurosomatidae Boeck, 1866</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera and approximately eight valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFADCFD22FECE85CE" author="Bouillon" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFA4EFD22FE8685CD" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and no putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage. Medusae of this family are distinguished by branched or irregularly arranged radial canals and a manubrium with a narrow base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6FFF8FFF5EFCBDFA0F80CD" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFCBDFEA084D6" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFCBDFE548475" ID-CoL="7NHG6" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,455,831,857]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFCBDFE548475" bold="true" box="[151,455,831,857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
Eirenidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFED1FCBDFE548475" author="Haeckel" box="[280,455,831,857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises nine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFD47FCC2FCC58476" author="Schuchert" box="[654,854,832,858]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or 10 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFBC1FCC2FB648476" author="Bouillon" box="[1032,1271,832,858]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFBB1FCC2FB208475" box="[1144,1203,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 65 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFDE9FCEAFC8584AE" author="Bouillon" box="[544,790,872,898]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFD58FCEAFD5D84AD" box="[657,718,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of its species have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies have been proposed for either the medusa or hydroid stages, the latter of which is recognized by elongate polyps and diminutive or absent hydrothecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFB85FED283C6" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFB85FE5E830D" ID-CoL="7NHR8" authority="Hincks, 1868" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,461,1031,1057]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFB85FE5E830D" bold="true" box="[151,461,1031,1057]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Haleciidae Hincks, 1868</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFD32FB8AFC5B830E" author="Schuchert" box="[763,968,1032,1058]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 120 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFF36FBB2FE628366" author="Bouillon" box="[255,497,1072,1098]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFEA7FBB2FE3A8365" box="[366,425,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species representing three genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which contradict monophyly of this group, albeit with low support for the nodes separating its representatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFD97FB02FCD583B6" author="Leclere" box="[606,838,1152,1178]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFD09FB02FD6E83B5" box="[704,765,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by large polyps that are unable to retract into the hydrotheca. The hydrotheca often appears as a collar at the base of the polyp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFB75FBC882F6" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFB75FD9F823D" ID-CoL="7NHRJ" authority="Millard, 1962" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,524,1271,1297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFB75FD9F823D" bold="true" box="[151,524,1271,1297]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Halopterididae Millard, 1962</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 12 genera and approximately 85 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFB1EFB7AFA04823E" author="Schuchert" box="[1239,1431,1272,1298]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, 162 pp." type="book" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFF3EFAA2FE758216" author="Bouillon" box="[247,486,1312,1338]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFEADFAA2FE0C8215" box="[356,415,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eleven species representing three genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which strongly support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFBD4FACAFA92824E" author="Leclere" box="[1053,1281,1352,1378]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFBB7FACAFB29824D" box="[1150,1210,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by one median nematotheca and a pair of lateral nematotheca associated with each hydrotheca. The hydrothecae are found on stems and terminal branches. These morphological characters are interpreted as pleisiomorphies for the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFCA5FA42FBDD82F6" author="Leclere" box="[876,1102,1472,1498]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFC04FA42FB9B82F5" box="[973,1032,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EFA65FD4C81DE" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EFA65FE2D812D" ID-CoL="7NHS8" authority="Fraser, 1912" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,446,1511,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EFA65FE2D812D" bold="true" box="[151,446,1511,1537]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Hebellidae Fraser, 1912</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFD03FA6AFC01812E" author="Schuchert" box="[714,914,1512,1538]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 40 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFA86FA6AFE3B8106" author="Bouillon" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFEECF992FEF28105" box="[293,353,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species representing two genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which provide low support for monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFCB8F9BAFBC5817E" author="Leclere" box="[881,1110,1592,1618]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFC1AF9BAFB9D817D" box="[979,1038,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFAD4F9BAFA0F817E" ID-CoL="7NHS8" box="[1309,1436,1592,1618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hebellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hebellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(without the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFE1EF9E2FDFF8155" box="[471,620,1632,1657]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Staurodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFE1EF9E2FDFF8155" box="[471,620,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Staurodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is sometimes considered to be a part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFB51F9E2FABA8156" ID-CoL="7NJ6Z" box="[1176,1321,1632,1658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Laodiceidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was also supported in a phylogenetic analysis based on morphology (Marques
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFBFFF90AFBE0818D" box="[1078,1139,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006). None of its diagnostic characters are unique to the group, many of them being present in members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFACCF932FAE981E6" ID-CoL="7NJ62" box="[1285,1402,1712,1738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Lafoeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or putative outgroups (Marques
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFD98F95AFD1881DD" box="[593,651,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EF97DFC9580BE" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EF97DFDA88035" ID-CoL="7NJ3V" authority="Stechow, 1921" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,571,1791,1817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EF97DFDA88035" bold="true" box="[151,571,1791,1817]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Kirchenpaueriidae Stechow, 1921</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFC91F882FBB28036" author="Schuchert" box="[856,1057,1792,1818]" pageId="33" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 40 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFAFDF882FEE4806E" author="Bouillon" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF3EF8AAFEA2806D" box="[247,305,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four species from three genera have been sampled for molecular analysis, which strongly support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFD5BF8D2FCEE8046" author="Leclere" box="[658,893,1872,1898]" pageId="33" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFD3FF8D2FCA78045" box="[758,820,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by having one median nematotheca below each hydrotheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6FFF8FFF5EF81DFA0F80CD" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFF5EF81DFE568095" ID-CoL="7NJ62" authority="Agassiz, 1865" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,453,1951,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFF5EF81DFE568095" bold="true" box="[151,453,1951,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Lafoeidae Agassiz, 1865</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises nine genera (Marques
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFC91F822FC078095" box="[856,916,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006) and approximately 100 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFF36F84AFE6180CE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,498,1992,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFEA6F84AFE3880CD" box="[367,427,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A tenth genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6FFF8FFD73F84AFCB080CD" ID-CoL="7NQRB" box="[698,803,1992,2017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Billardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="160" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFD73F84AFCB080CD" box="[698,803,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">Billardia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is sometimes classified in the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6FFF8FFB39F84AFA0F80CD" author="Bouillon" box="[1264,1436,1992,2018]" pageId="33" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6FFF8FFAA8F84AFA0F80CD" box="[1377,1436,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6CFF8CFF3EFF1AFEF78606" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF3EFF1AFEF78606" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
2006), but its phylogenetic affinity is unclear.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFCD0FF1AFC1D879E" box="[793,910,152,178]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Lafoeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFBD2FF1AFB17879D" box="[1051,1156,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Billardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFBD2FF1AFB17879D" box="[1051,1156,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Billardia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has been shown likely to be monophyletic based on morphology, though putative synapomorphies were dependent on outgroup choice (Marques
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFDD8FF6AFDDE862D" box="[529,589,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006). Most species in the family have gonothecae closely packed in a coppinia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6CFF8DFF5EFEB5FE2C8156" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFEB5FAE986E6" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFEB5FE7B867D" ID-CoL="7NJ6Z" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,488,311,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFEB5FE7B867D" bold="true" box="[151,488,311,337]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Laodiceidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFEF2FEB5FE7B867D" author="Agassiz" box="[315,488,311,337]" pageId="34" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCC1FEBAFC45867E" author="Schuchert" box="[776,982,312,338]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFF36FEE2FE678656" author="Bouillon" box="[255,500,352,378]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEA6FEE2FE388655" box="[367,427,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The family has not been the subject of phylogenetic analysis, and no putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage. Medusae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFC19FE0AFBCC868E" ID-CoL="7NJ6Z" box="[976,1119,392,418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Laodiceidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have marginal cordyli and lack statocysts, but cordyli and cordyli-like structures are known in other families of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFB12FE32FAE586E6" ID-CoL="8ZXH6" box="[1243,1398,432,458]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFE55FBC8856E" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFE55FE7E86DD" ID-CoL="7NJTT" authority="Allman, 1864" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,493,471,497]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lineolariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFE55FE7E86DD" bold="true" box="[151,493,471,497]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Lineolariidae Allman, 1864</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera and four valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFBD5FE5AFA9C86DE" author="Bouillon" box="[1052,1295,472,498]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFB45FE5AFB5486DD" box="[1164,1223,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The group has never been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. Species are recognized by having hydrothecae and gonothecae that are adherent to the substrate for most of their lengths.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFDCDFB9C841E" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFDCDFE7A8545" ID-CoL="7NJJY" authority="Russell, 1953" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,489,591,617]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFDCDFE7A8545" bold="true" box="[151,489,591,617]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Lovenellidae Russell, 1953</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCD9FDD2FC4F8546" author="Schuchert" box="[784,988,592,618]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 30 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFF36FDFAFE6485BE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,503,632,658]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEB8FDFAFE3E85BD" box="[369,429,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two representatives from two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFC12FDFAFBDD85BD" ID-CoL="7P7W7" box="[987,1102,632,657]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Lovenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFC12FDFAFBDD85BD" box="[987,1102,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Lovenella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFB45FDFAFA9885BD" ID-CoL="7NZ9L" box="[1164,1291,632,657]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Eucheilota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFB45FDFAFA9885BD" box="[1164,1291,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Eucheilota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sometimes considered to be in a separate family,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFD64FD22FCC08596" box="[685,851,672,698]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eucheilotidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Eucheilotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), have been sampled for molecular data and found to form a strongly supported monophyletic group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCAAFD4AFB0A85CE" author="Govindarajan" box="[867,1177,712,738]" pageId="34" pageNumber="176" refString="Govindarajan, A. F., Boero, F., Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (3), 820 - 834." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Govindarajan
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFBD9FD4AFBDD85CD" box="[1040,1102,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further sampling is needed for a more explicit test of monophyly. The family is distinguished only by medusae characters, including lateral cirri, numerous statocysts, and a short manubrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFCBDFDB4830E" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFCBDFD958475" ID-CoL="7NJMQ" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,518,831,857]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Malagazziidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFCBDFD958475" bold="true" box="[151,518,831,857]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Malagazziidae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCE0FCC2FC638476" author="Schuchert" box="[809,1008,832,858]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFF36FCEAFE6384AE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,872,898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEA7FCEAFE3A84AD" box="[366,425,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of any phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage. Medusae of this family have gametogenic tissue completely surrounding the radial canals and tentacle bulbs with adaxial excretory papillae, features that are also exhibited by other leptothecate groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFBADFCCC824E" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFBADFE7C8365" ID-CoL="7NJQV" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,495,1071,1097]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Melicertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFBADFE7C8365" bold="true" box="[151,495,1071,1097]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Melicertidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFE88FBADFE7C8365" author="Agassiz" box="[321,495,1071,1097]" pageId="34" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCD6FBB2FC7E8366" author="Schuchert" box="[799,1005,1072,1098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and as many as six valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFF36FBDAFE7C835E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,495,1112,1138]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEA7FBDAFE3B835D" box="[366,424,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species from the family has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, and so monophyly of the group remains untested. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this family may be the sister taxon to the rest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFD62FB2AFCD183EE" ID-CoL="8ZXH6" box="[683,834,1192,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFC9AFB2AFBD383EE" author="Collins" box="[851,1088,1192,1218]" pageId="34" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFC78FB2AFC7F83ED" box="[945,1004,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by the absence of a hydrotheca (though the hydroid is known only for one of the genera), suggesting that the theca may have evolved after the divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFC68FB7AFBA6823E" ID-CoL="7NJQV" box="[929,1077,1272,1298]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Melicertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Melicertidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rest of the leptothecates. Medusae are recognized by eight simple or bifurcating radial canals, a manubrium with a broad base, and the absence of cirri, statocysts and cordyli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EFAEDFED08156" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EFAEDFD9082A5" ID-CoL="7NJTK" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,515,1391,1417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mitrocomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EFAEDFD9082A5" bold="true" box="[151,515,1391,1417]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Mitrocomidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFE9BFAEDFD9082A5" author="Haeckel" box="[338,515,1391,1417]" pageId="34" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 10 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFCDFFAF2FC7282A6" author="Schuchert" box="[790,993,1392,1418]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 30 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFF36FA1AFE65829E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,502,1432,1458]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEB9FA1AFE3E829D" box="[368,429,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The group has never been part of any analysis explicitly assessing its monophyly. Members of the family are distinguished by tubular, sessile hydrothecae in the hydroid stage and by a manubrium attached to the subumbrella along a continuum of the radial canals and open statocysts in the medusa stage. Genera with ocelli associated with open statocysts (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFB6EF992FAA58105" ID-CoL="7PMXC" box="[1191,1334,1552,1577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiaropsidae" genus="Octogonade" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFB6EF992FAA58105" box="[1191,1334,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Octogonade</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFA8CF992FED6817D" ID-CoL="7Q4GH" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiaropsidae" genus="Tiaropsidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFA8CF992FED6817D" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Tiaropsidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFE47F9BAFE69817D" ID-CoL="7Q4GJ" box="[398,506,1592,1617]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiaropsidae" genus="Tiaropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFE47F9BAFE69817D" box="[398,506,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Tiaropsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are sometimes classified separately in family Triaropsidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFB21F9BAFEA48156" author="Bouillon" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFA95F9BAFA08817D" box="[1372,1435,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EF905FC328036" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EF905FC87818D" ID-CoL="7NK66" authority="Bouillon, Boero & Seghers, 1991" authorityName="Bouillon, Boero & Seghers" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,788,1671,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Octocannoididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EF905FC87818D" bold="true" box="[151,788,1671,1697]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Octocannoididae Bouillon, Boero & Seghers, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFB90F90AFAC2818E" author="Bouillon" box="[1113,1361,1672,1698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFB02F90AFA9A818D" box="[1227,1289,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is only known from the medusa stage and is distinguished by multiple club shaped tentaculae at the bell margin in addition to eight normal tentacles; all have dark pigment spots. The gametogenic tissue is divided into lateral halves along the radial canals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6CFF8CFF5EF8A5FDD280CE" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6CFF8CFF5EF8A5FDB6806D" ID-CoL="7NK73" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,549,1831,1857]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Orchistomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="161" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFF5EF8A5FDB6806D" bold="true" box="[151,549,1831,1857]" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">Orchistomatidae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFC95F8AAFBB6806E" author="Schuchert" box="[860,1061,1832,1858]" pageId="34" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6CFF8CFA99F8AAFE3F8046" author="Bouillon" pageId="34" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6CFF8CFEEFF8D2FEF08045" box="[294,355,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the family’s monophyly has not been tested. Hydroid stages are unknown; medusae are distinguished by a short manubrium, a large gastric peduncle, a mouth with many crenulated lips, adaxial ocelli, and laterally compressed tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFF15FDF5867E" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFF15FE4D879D" ID-CoL="7NKF6" authority="Russell, 1953" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,478,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Phialellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFF15FE4D879D" bold="true" box="[151,478,151,177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Phialellidae Russell, 1953</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCC1FF1AFC45879E" author="Schuchert" box="[776,982,152,178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFF36FF42FE6987F6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,506,192,218]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFEBBFF42FE2387F5" box="[370,432,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. This family is distinguished by the absence of marginal cirri from the medusa and a crease line at the base of the hydrothecal operculum. It is questionable whether these characters are synapomorphies for the group (Cornelius 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFEDDFD838536" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFEDDFD838655" ID-CoL="7NKKG" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,528,351,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFEDDFD838655" bold="true" box="[151,528,351,377]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Plumulariidae McCrady, 1859</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCD0FEE2FC728656" author="Schuchert" box="[793,993,352,378]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately170 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFF36FE0AFE6A868E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,505,392,418]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFEB8FE0AFE3C868D" box="[369,431,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fourteen species representing five genera have been sampled for molecular phylogenetic analysis, which strongly supports monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFBA5FE32FACB86E6" author="Leclere" box="[1132,1368,432,458]" pageId="35" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFB19FE32FA9D86E5" box="[1232,1294,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The family is distinguished by attributes of the paired nematothecae, which are either absent or never fused with hydrothecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFDA5FCE485CE" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFDA5FDB0856D" ID-CoL="7NL24" authority="Lamouroux, 1812" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[151,547,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFDA5FDB0856D" bold="true" box="[151,547,551,577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Sertulariidae Lamouroux, 1812</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 26 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCFBFDAAFC68856E" author="Schuchert" box="[818,1019,552,578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 600 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFEFEFDD2FDA28546" author="Bouillon" box="[311,561,592,618]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFE60FDD2FE748545" box="[425,487,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Five species representing four genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, which contradicted monophyly of this group, albeit with low support for the nodes separating the different lineages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFD01FD22FC398596" author="Leclere" box="[712,938,672,698]" pageId="35" pageNumber="177" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. & Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36 (4), 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Leclère
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFCE1FD22FCF08595" box="[808,867,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is characterized by erect colonies and sessile hydrotheca with a hinged operculum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFD6DFB0C8476" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFD6DFE738425" ID-CoL="7NL7Q" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,480,751,777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sugiuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFD6DFE738425" bold="true" box="[151,480,751,777]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Sugiuridae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCEEFD72FB8D8426" author="Bouillon" box="[807,1054,752,778]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFC50FD72FC448425" box="[921,983,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole member has never been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. No putative synapomorphies are known in the hydroid stage. This family is characterized by medusae with multiple manubria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFCE5FEA5830E" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFCE5FD7684AD" ID-CoL="7NL88" authority="Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890" authorityName="Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,741,871,897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Syntheciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFCE5FD7684AD" bold="true" box="[151,741,871,897]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Syntheciidae Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFBD6FCEAFB7E84AE" author="Schuchert" box="[1055,1261,872,898]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 35 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFDEBFC12FC8A8486" author="Bouillon" box="[546,793,912,938]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFD5DFC12FD438485" box="[660,720,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group’s monophyly has not been tested. Species of this family usually have erect colonies that are unbranched or with pinnate stems, with hydrotheca on both sides of the stem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFBADFD0B83EE" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFBADFCF78365" ID-CoL="7NL9B" authority="Bouillon, Gili, Pages, Palanques & Puig, 1999" authorityName="Bouillon, Gili, Pages, Palanques & Puig" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,868,1071,1097]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Teclaiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFBADFCF78365" bold="true" box="[151,868,1071,1097]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Teclaiidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFED7FBADFCF78365" author="Bouillon" box="[286,868,1071,1097]" pageId="35" pageNumber="176" refString="Gili, J. M., Bouillon, J., Pages, F., Palanques, A. & Puig, P. (1999) Submarine canyons as habitats of prolific plankton populations: three new deep-sea Hydroidomedusae in western Mediterranean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125, 313 - 329." type="journal article" year="1999">Bouillon, Gili, Pagès, Palanques & Puig, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFB4AFBB2FADC8366" author="Schuchert" box="[1155,1359,1072,1098]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), each with a single valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFDF0FBDAFCB9835E" author="Bouillon" box="[569,810,1112,1138]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFD60FBDAFD70835D" box="[681,739,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The hydroid stage is unknown and the medusae possess marginal tentacles separated by cordiliform structures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFB4DFE5582A6" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFB4DFD8683C5" ID-CoL="7NLC3" authority="Stechow, 1920" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,533,1231,1257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Thyroscyphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFB4DFD8683C5" bold="true" box="[151,533,1231,1257]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Thyroscyphidae Stechow, 1920</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCE3FB52FC6183C6" author="Schuchert" box="[810,1010,1232,1258]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFF36FB7AFE63823E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,1272,1298]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFEA7FB7AFE3A823D" box="[366,425,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and the group has not been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. Members of this family possess an ectodermal annular fold on the polyp, but this feature is also present in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFB2BFACAFA0F824E" ID-CoL="7NFVF" box="[1250,1436,1352,1378]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aglaopheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFEE1FAF2FE5182A6" ID-CoL="7NL24" box="[296,450,1392,1418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Sertulariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EFA15FB9E8106" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,1578]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EFA15FE75829D" ID-CoL="7NLC6" authority="Russell, 1940" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,486,1431,1457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiarannidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EFA15FE75829D" bold="true" box="[151,486,1431,1457]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Tiarannidae Russell, 1940</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCCEFA1AFC46829E" author="Schuchert" box="[775,981,1432,1458]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 15 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFF36FA42FE6982F6" author="Bouillon" box="[255,506,1472,1498]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFEBBFA42FE2382F5" box="[370,432,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Medusae of this family are distinguished by having the gametogenic tissue folded on the adradial walls of the manubrium and/or on the perradial manubrial pouches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EF9E2FE2C8156" blockId="35.[151,447,1632,1658]" box="[151,447,1632,1658]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Suborder Proboscidoidea</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6DFF8DFF5EF932FEF280BD" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EF932FBAC806E" blockId="35.[151,1436,1712,1858]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Proboscidoidea comprises three families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFD4BF932FCD981E6" author="Schuchert" box="[642,842,1712,1738]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 150 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFADEF932FF6F81DE" author="Bouillon" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFA4EF932FF2681DD" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapomorphy for this suborder is a flared hypostome forming a pregastric cavity. The group was not revealed as monophyletic in the analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFC98F882FB1E8036" box="[849,1165,1792,1818]" pageId="35" pageNumber="176" refString="Govindarajan, A. F., Boero, F., Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (3), 820 - 834." type="journal article">
|
||
Govindarajan
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFC30F882FBA78035" box="[1017,1076,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but this study was not focused on this question and leptothecate taxon sampling was relatively narrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8DFF5EF8FAFEF280BD" blockId="35.[151,1436,1912,2018]" box="[151,353,1912,1937]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EF8FAFEF280BD" box="[151,353,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6DFF8AFF5EF81DFA1585BE" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6DFF8AFF5EF81DFCB48606" blockId="35.[151,1436,1912,2018]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1437,152,658]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6DFF8DFF5EF81DFE788095" ID-CoL="7NG5L" authority="Broch, 1909" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,491,1951,1977]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bonneviellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="35" pageNumber="162" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFF5EF81DFE788095" bold="true" box="[151,491,1951,1977]" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">Bonneviellidae Broch, 1909</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFCD4F822FC768096" author="Schuchert" box="[797,997,1952,1978]" pageId="35" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6DFF8DFF36F84AFE6580CE" author="Bouillon" box="[255,502,1992,2018]" pageId="35" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6DFF8DFEB9F84AFE3E80CD" box="[368,429,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="162">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four representatives, only one of which was identified to species, have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. These analyses supported monophyly of the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFF37FF42FDBD87F6" author="Govindarajan" box="[254,558,192,218]" pageId="36" pageNumber="176" refString="Govindarajan, A. F., Boero, F., Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (3), 820 - 834." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Govindarajan
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFE60FF42FE7687F5" box="[425,485,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but more explicit tests await further sampling. This family has a unique hypostome morphology, with the pregastric cavity separated by the base of the tentacles, projecting into the gastric cavity and fusing to form a ring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFEB5FC618536" blockId="36.[151,1437,152,658]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EFEB5FDA7867D" ID-CoL="7NG9Z" authority="Johnston, 1836" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,564,311,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EFEB5FDA7867D" bold="true" box="[151,564,311,337]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Campanulariidae Johnston, 1836</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 11 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFCFEFEBAFC6D867E" author="Schuchert" box="[823,1022,312,338]" pageId="36" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with approximately 140 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFEFDFEE2FDB48656" author="Bouillon" box="[308,551,352,378]" pageId="36" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFE6DFEE2FE738655" box="[420,480,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Forty six species representing eight genera have been sampled for molecular phylogenetic analysis. The results fail to support monophyly of the group: members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF3EFE32FE3A86E6" ID-CoL="7NG5L" box="[247,425,432,458]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bonneviellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bonneviellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest inside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFDF5FE32FBC286E6" ID-CoL="7NG9Z" authority="Govindarajan et al. 2006" authorityName="Govindarajan et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[572,1105,432,458]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Campanulariidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFCDFFE32FBDA86E6" author="Govindarajan" box="[790,1097,432,458]" pageId="36" pageNumber="176" refString="Govindarajan, A. F., Boero, F., Halanych, K. M. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis with multiple markers indicates repeated loss of the adult medusa stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (3), 820 - 834." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Govindarajan
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFC0BFE32FC6C86E5" box="[962,1023,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFB32FE32FEBB86DE" ID-CoL="7NG9Z" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Campanulariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinguished by the campanulate-shaped skeleton (theca) surrounding the polyp and a peduncled hypostome.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFDCFFD82FD248536" ID-CoL="7NG5L" box="[518,695,512,538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bonneviellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bonneviellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have this feature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFDA5FA1585BE" blockId="36.[151,1437,152,658]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EFDA5FE7E856D" ID-CoL="7NKF7" authority="Bouillon, 1984" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,493,551,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Phialuciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EFDA5FE7E856D" bold="true" box="[151,493,551,577]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Phialuciidae Bouillon, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFCECFDAAFB87856E" author="Bouillon" box="[805,1044,552,578]" pageId="36" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFC5CFDAAFC43856D" box="[917,976,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Hydroids are similar to those of campanulariids, but with a rounded hypostome. Medusae possess rudimentary bulbs between hollow marginal tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6AFF8AFF5EFD72FE078426" box="[151,404,752,778]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFD72FE078426" blockId="36.[151,404,752,778]" box="[151,404,752,778]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF2AFD72FE078426" box="[227,404,752,778]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Siphonophorae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6AFF8AFF5EFCB8FE3E8330" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFCB8FB3084E0" blockId="36.[151,1437,826,972]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EFCB8FD898478" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,538,826,852]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Apolemiidae" genus="Siphonophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Siphonophora Eschscholtz, 1829</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 16 families (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFCFFFCB8FC6C8478" author="Schuchert" box="[822,1023,826,852]" pageId="36" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007 a) The Hydrozoa Directory, Version 15. Available from: http: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / mhng / hydrozoa / hydrozoa-directory. htm. (accessed November 1, 2007)." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and approximately 160 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFF1AFCE0FE088450" author="Dunn" box="[211,411,866,892]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFED4FCE0FECB8457" box="[285,344,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) divided into three suborders: Calycophorae, Cystonectae, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFB4BFCE0FA8B8450" box="[1154,1304,866,892]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Physonectae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly support siphonophore monophyly (Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFB87FC08FA8F8488" author="Dunn" box="[1102,1308,906,932]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFB51FC08FB47848F" box="[1176,1236,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Siphonophores are characterized by their holopelagic, highly polymorphic colonial organization.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFB80FE3E8330" blockId="36.[151,429,1026,1052]" box="[151,429,1026,1052]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Suborder Calycophorae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6AFF8AFF5EFBD0FEF28220" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFBD0FBF98390" blockId="36.[151,1436,1106,1212]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Calycophorae comprises six families and approximately 100 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBDEFBD0FB0E8340" author="Pugh" box="[1047,1181,1106,1132]" pageId="36" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of Calycophorae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFCCCFBF8FC4783B8" author="Dunn" box="[773,980,1146,1172]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFC98FBF9FC1F83B8" box="[849,908,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapomorphies for the group are the absences of an apical pneumatophore and palpons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFC5BFB20FBCE8390" author="Dunn" box="[914,1117,1186,1212]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFC15FB21FB858390" box="[988,1046,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFB71FEF28220" blockId="36.[151,1436,1267,1612]" box="[151,353,1267,1292]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EFB71FEF28220" box="[151,353,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6AFF8BFF5EFA98FE0A8536" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFA98FC5F8280" blockId="36.[151,1436,1267,1612]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EFA98FE2C8218" ID-CoL="7NFS2" authority="Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,447,1306,1332]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Abylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EFA98FE2C8218" bold="true" box="[151,447,1306,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Abylidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFEDEFA98FE2C8218" author="Agassiz" box="[279,447,1306,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="173" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. IV. pt. III. Discophorae. pt. IV. Hydroidae. pt. V. Homologies of the Radiata. Little, Brown, Trubner, Boston, London, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBB6FA98FA978218" author="Pugh" box="[1151,1284,1306,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBADFAC0FAA68270" author="Dunn" box="[1124,1333,1346,1372]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFB79FAC1FB7E8270" box="[1200,1261,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted. This family is distinguished by having two nectophores, with the posterior one lacking a somatocyst.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EFA38FC9E8160" blockId="36.[151,1436,1267,1612]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EFA38FE6782F8" ID-CoL="7NGTQ" authority="Totton, 1954" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,500,1466,1492]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clausophyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EFA38FE6782F8" bold="true" box="[151,500,1466,1492]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Clausophyidae Totton, 1954</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFB74FA38FAD182F8" author="Pugh" box="[1213,1346,1466,1492]" pageId="36" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three species representing two genera have been sampled for molecular analysis, the results of which support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFD9FF988FC8C8108" author="Dunn" box="[598,799,1546,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFD56F989FD498108" box="[671,730,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by the possession of two nectophores, each of which has a somatocyst.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EF900FAD58038" blockId="36.[151,1437,1666,2012]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EF900FDDB81B0" ID-CoL="7NH7Z" authority="Quoy & Gaimard, 1827" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1827" box="[151,584,1666,1692]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EF900FDDB81B0" bold="true" box="[151,584,1666,1692]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Diphyidae Quoy & Gaimard, 1827</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprise eight genera and approximately 50 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFAC3F900FA1C81B0" author="Pugh" box="[1290,1423,1666,1692]" pageId="36" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Seven representatives, representing six genera, have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, the results of which strongly support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBC3F950FB4581C0" author="Dunn" box="[1034,1238,1746,1772]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFB9DF951FB1C81C0" box="[1108,1167,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The possession of two dissimilar nectophores appears to be a synapomorphy for the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBA4F978FAA98038" author="Dunn" box="[1133,1338,1786,1812]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFB71F979FB618038" box="[1208,1266,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6AFF8AFF5EF8A0FC1580F0" blockId="36.[151,1437,1666,2012]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6AFF8AFF5EF8A0FD9F8010" ID-CoL="7NHTM" authority="Kolliker, 1853" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,524,1826,1852]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hippopodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="36" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFF5EF8A0FD9F8010" bold="true" box="[151,524,1826,1852]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">Hippopodiidae Kölliker, 1853</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and five valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFBF2F8A0FB518010" author="Pugh" box="[1083,1218,1826,1852]" pageId="36" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four representatives including species from both genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, the results of which strongly support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFC72F8F0FB1F80A0" author="Dunn" box="[955,1164,1906,1932]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFBCEF8F1FBD080A0" box="[1031,1091,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by multiple nectophores of one
|
||
<typeStatus id="62144DB40D6AFF8AFD1AF818FC968098" box="[723,773,1946,1972]" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">type</typeStatus>
|
||
and the absence of bracts; both of these features appear to be synapomorphies for this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6AFF8AFD67F840FCEA80F0" author="Dunn" box="[686,889,1986,2012]" pageId="36" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6AFF8AFD31F841FCA080F0" box="[760,819,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFF15FC708606" blockId="37.[151,1436,151,458]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFF15FE57879D" ID-CoL="7NKMD" authority="Kolliker, 1853" authorityName="Kolliker" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,452,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFF15FE57879D" bold="true" box="[151,452,151,177]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Prayidae Kölliker, 1853</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises seven genera and 12 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFC35FF1AFB10879E" author="Pugh" box="[1020,1155,152,178]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Six species from five genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results of these phylogenetic analyses contradict monophyly of the group;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFCCEFF6AFC26862E" ID-CoL="7NHTM" box="[775,949,232,258]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hippopodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hippopodiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFB99FF6AFA0A862E" ID-CoL="7NKMD" authority="Dunn et al. 2005" authorityName="Dunn et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[1104,1433,232,258]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Prayidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Prayidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFB0CFF6AFA1C862E" author="Dunn" box="[1221,1423,232,258]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFAC6FF6AFADA862D" box="[1295,1353,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The family is distinguished by two relatively large nectophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFEB5FE1286E6" blockId="37.[151,1436,151,458]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFEB5FD9C867D" ID-CoL="7NL4H" authority="Huxley, 1859" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,527,311,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphaeronectidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFEB5FD9C867D" bold="true" box="[151,527,311,337]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Sphaeronectidae Huxley, 1859</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with four valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFB9AFEBAFB4B867E" author="Pugh" box="[1107,1240,312,338]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFD4FFE0AFCDC868E" author="Dunn" box="[646,847,392,418]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFD19FE0AFC99868D" box="[720,778,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by a single spherical nectophore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFD82FE0A8536" blockId="37.[151,409,512,538]" box="[151,409,512,538]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Suborder Cystonectae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6BFF8BFF5EFDD2FEF2841D" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFDD2FE0485CE" blockId="37.[151,1437,592,738]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
Cystonectae comprises two families and five recognized species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFC53FDD2FB8C8546" author="Pugh" box="[922,1055,592,618]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that Cystonectae is monophyletic and the sister group to all other siphonophores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFADEFDFAFF448596" author="Dunn" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFAA8FDFAFA0F85BD" box="[1377,1436,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapomorphy of Cystonectae is the absence of a nectosome or bracts and a relatively large pneumatophore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFC9AFEF2841D" blockId="37.[151,1436,792,1138]" box="[151,353,792,817]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFC9AFEF2841D" box="[151,353,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D6BFF88FF5EFCBDFE338330" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFCBDFDA084FE" blockId="37.[151,1436,792,1138]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFCBDFE438475" ID-CoL="7NKGP" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,464,831,857]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFCBDFE438475" bold="true" box="[151,464,831,857]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Physaliidae Brandt, 1835</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFCCDFCC2FC1B8476" author="Pugh" box="[772,904,832,858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although its sole species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFD7FFCEAFC1C84AE" author="Dunn" box="[694,911,872,898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFCCCFCEAFCD784AD" box="[773,836,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFC69FCEAFB0B84AE" author="Collins" box="[928,1176,872,898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFBC9FCEAFBD384AD" box="[1024,1088,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there have been no explicit investigations of cryptic diversity within the group. This family is distinguished by a large, horizontal pneumatophore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFC5DFC7E835E" blockId="37.[151,1436,792,1138]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFC5DFE6E84D5" ID-CoL="7NKVK" authority="Brandt, 1825" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,509,991,1017]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhizophysidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFC5DFE6E84D5" bold="true" box="[151,509,991,1017]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Rhizophysidae Brandt, 1825</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and four recognized species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFBA6FC62FB6684D6" author="Pugh" box="[1135,1269,992,1018]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species have been sampled for molecular analysis, the results of which do not support monophyly:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFAF5FB8AFEBB8366" ID-CoL="7NKGP" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Physaliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests within this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFD9CFBB2FCBB8366" author="Dunn" box="[597,808,1072,1098]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFD6BFBB2FD4C8365" box="[674,735,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further sampling is needed to test this result. This family is distinguished by an apical and vertical pneumatophore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFB2AFE0F83EE" blockId="37.[151,412,1192,1218]" box="[151,412,1192,1218]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
Suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFEC3FB2AFE0F83EE" box="[266,412,1192,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Physonectae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFB7AFCAC82A6" blockId="37.[151,1436,1272,1418]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFB7AFEB9823E" box="[151,298,1272,1298]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Physonectae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises seven families and approximately 50 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFBC5FB7AFB03823E" author="Pugh" box="[1036,1168,1272,1298]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapomorphies are the relatively small apical pneumatophore and a series of identical nectophores located beneath the pneumatophore. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFBCFFACAFB0A824E" box="[1030,1177,1352,1378]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Physonectae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Physonectae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is paraphyletic with respect to Calycophorae (Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFDA0FAF2FCA082A6" author="Dunn" box="[617,819,1392,1418]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFD78FAF2FD7F82A5" box="[689,748,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFA42FEF282F5" blockId="37.[151,1436,1472,2018]" box="[151,353,1472,1497]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFA42FEF282F5" box="[151,353,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EFA65FBB68156" blockId="37.[151,1436,1472,2018]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EFA65FE74812D" ID-CoL="7NFVB" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,487,1511,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EFA65FE74812D" bold="true" box="[151,487,1511,1537]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Agalmatidae Brandt, 1835</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises nine genera and approximately 25 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFB0DFA6AFADF812E" author="Pugh" box="[1220,1356,1512,1538]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nine species representing three genera have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, the results of which contradict monophyly and indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFCF5F9BAFC41817E" ID-CoL="7NFVB" box="[828,978,1592,1618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Agalmatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a polyphyletic assemblage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFAF5F9BAFECF8156" author="Dunn" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFA4EF9BAFE868155" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are no unique morphological features for this family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF8BFF5EF905FB30806E" blockId="37.[151,1436,1472,2018]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EF905FE45818D" ID-CoL="7NFYM" authority="Huxley, 1859" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,470,1671,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Apolemiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EF905FE45818D" bold="true" box="[151,470,1671,1697]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Apolemidae Huxley, 1859</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises three monospecific genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFC68F90AFBB5818E" author="Pugh" box="[929,1062,1672,1698]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four representatives from one genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFE84F932FE2681E5" ID-CoL="95HP5" box="[333,437,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Apolema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFE84F932FE2681E5" box="[333,437,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Apolema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, although none were identified to species. The results of these phylogenetic analyses strongly support monophyly of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFF36F882FE588036" author="Dunn" box="[255,459,1792,1818]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFE80F882FE178035" box="[329,388,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although further sampling is needed to explicitly test this hypothesis. This family is distinguished by a hollowed nectophore that forms a pair of large axial wings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D6BFF88FF5EF8CDFA9E879E" blockId="37.[151,1436,1472,2018]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1436,152,938]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D6BFF8BFF5EF8CDFE778045" authority="Huxley, 1859" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,484,1871,1897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Athorybiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="37" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFF5EF8CDFE778045" bold="true" box="[151,484,1871,1897]" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">Athorybiidae Huxley, 1859</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and three known species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFBD2F8D2FB0C8046" author="Pugh" box="[1051,1183,1872,1898]" pageId="37" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two representatives have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, but these represent Atlantic and Pacific populations of the same species. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D6BFF8BFBF6F822FA988096" author="Dunn" box="[1087,1291,1952,1978]" pageId="37" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D6BFF8BFB40F822FB578095" box="[1161,1220,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but further taxon sampling is needed to test this hypothesis. The family is distinguished by the absence of a nectophore, a feature which appears to be a synapomorphy for this group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBFCFF1AFA92879E" author="Dunn" box="[1077,1281,152,178]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FBB6FF1AFB29879D" box="[1151,1210,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFF3DFCAE8656" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF5EFF3DFE7987F5" ID-CoL="7NHLV" authority="Haeckel, 1888" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,490,191,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FF5EFF3DFE7987F5" bold="true" box="[151,490,191,217]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Forskaliidae Haeckel, 1888</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with six valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBEDFF42FB3987F6" author="Pugh" box="[1060,1194,192,218]" pageId="38" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (2003) A revision of the family Forskaliidae (Siphonophora, Physonectae). Journal of Natural History, 37 (11), 1281 - 1327." type="journal article" year="2003">Pugh 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Six representatives of four species have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses; one of the species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FAE3FF6AFEF28605" class="Hydrozoa" family="Forskaliidae" genus="Forskalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FAE3FF6AFEF28605" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Forskalia edwardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was sampled from two locations in the Pacific and one from the Atlantic. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FD9CFEBAFCB3867E" author="Dunn" box="[597,800,312,338]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FD56FEBAFD49867D" box="[671,730,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The putative synapomorphy for the group is the possession of four
|
||
<typeStatus id="62144DB40D68FF88FE62FEE2FE7A8656" box="[427,489,352,378]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of bracts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FDADFEE2FCA38656" author="Dunn" box="[612,816,352,378]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FD66FEE2FD798655" box="[687,746,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFE05FB1A86DE" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF5EFE05FDD1868D" ID-CoL="7NKGT" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,578,391,417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Physophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FF5EFE05FDD1868D" bold="true" box="[151,578,391,417]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Physophoridae Eschscholtz, 1829</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC53FE0AFBB1868E" author="Pugh" box="[922,1058,392,418]" pageId="38" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1999) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467 - 511." type="book chapter" year="1999">Pugh 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whose sole species has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FCC6FE32FC4F86E6" author="Dunn" box="[783,988,432,458]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FC93FE32FC0786E5" box="[858,916,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One of the distinguishing features of the species, short stemmed physonects, is a pleisiomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC78FE5AFBEF86DE" author="Dunn" box="[945,1148,472,498]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FC32FE5AFBA686DD" box="[1019,1077,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFE7DFE358426" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF5EFE7DFE7F8535" ID-CoL="7NKSL" authority="Moser, 1925" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,492,511,537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pyrostephidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FF5EFE7DFE7F8535" bold="true" box="[151,492,511,537]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Pyrostephidae Moser, 1925</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and four valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBD3FD82FAC18536" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[1050,1362,512,538]" pageId="38" pageNumber="177" refString="Kirkpatrick, P. A. & Pugh, P. R. (1984) Siphonophores and Velellids: Keys and notes for the identification of the species. In: Kermack, D. M., Barnes, R. S. K. (Eds), Synopses of the British Fauna: New Series. E. J. Brill, London, pp. 1 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1984">Kirkpatrick & Pugh 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FEBEFDAAFD9A856D" ID-CoL="7NQFX" box="[375,521,552,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pyrostephidae" genus="Bargmannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FEBEFDAAFD9A856D" box="[375,521,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Bargmannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses; the results of these analyses support monophyly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FD93FDD2FCB98546" author="Dunn" box="[602,810,592,618]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FD6CFDD2FD718545" box="[677,738,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This family is distinguished by long stems, dioecy, and the absence of palpons. The absence of palpons is likely a synapomorphy that arose convergently in Calycophorae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FE04FD22FD318596" author="Dunn" box="[461,674,672,698]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FDD2FD22FDCA8595" box="[539,601,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the other traits are pleisiomorphies. Although it has not been tested explicitly, the molecular evidence and the absence of palpons suggest that monophyly of this group is likely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFC95FCD78486" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF5EFC95FE74841D" ID-CoL="7NKVP" authority="Haeckel, 1888" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,487,791,817]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhodaliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FF5EFC95FE74841D" bold="true" box="[151,487,791,817]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">Rhodaliidae Haeckel, 1888</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises seven genera and 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBDAFC9AFB0A841E" author="Pugh" box="[1043,1177,792,818]" pageId="38" pageNumber="179" refString="Pugh, P. R. (1983) Benthic Siphonophores: A Review of the Family Rhodaliidae (Siphonophora, Physonectae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 301 (1105), 165 - 300." type="journal article" year="1983">Pugh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single representative has been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBCDFCC2FB468476" author="Dunn" box="[1028,1237,832,858]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Dunn, C. W., Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54 (6), 916 - 935." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FB98FCC2FB1C8475" box="[1105,1167,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and no explicit tests of the group’s monophyly have been conducted. The distinguishing features of the family are short stemmed physonects and a benthic life style.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFB85FE338330" blockId="38.[151,416,1031,1052]" box="[151,416,1031,1052]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FF5EFB85FE338330" bold="true" box="[151,416,1031,1052]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
SUBCLASS
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FEC5FB85FE338330" ID-CoL="7889a3a1-b120-4eb1-8d3c-3c9b9f081730" box="[268,416,1031,1052]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">TRACHYLINA</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D68FF88FF5EFBCFFECC81BB" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EFBCFFE42839B" blockId="38.[151,1437,1101,1607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
The hydrozoan subclass
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FE73FBCFFDAB834B" box="[442,568,1101,1127]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises all species classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FC1EFBCFFBC5834B" box="[983,1110,1101,1127]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actinulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FBABFBCFFA89834B" box="[1122,1306,1101,1127]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FAEEFBCFFF4E83A3" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FED2FBF7FD3A83A3" authority="Schuchert 2007" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="2007" box="[283,681,1141,1167]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachymedusae (Schuchert 2007)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These four orders presently contain about 150 valid extant species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FF1AFB1FFE56839B" author="Bouillon" box="[211,453,1181,1207]" pageId="38" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FE8AFB1FFEED839A" box="[323,382,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF0FFB47FE69816B" blockId="38.[151,1437,1101,1607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
The phylogenetic hypotheses of Bouillon and Boero (2000) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC08FB47FA9E83F3" author="Marques" box="[961,1293,1221,1247]" pageId="38" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (1), 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Marques and Collins (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognize a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FE1DFB6FFDC0822B" box="[468,595,1261,1287]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actinulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FD97FB6FFC9C822B" box="[606,783,1261,1287]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FC85FB6FFB9B822B" box="[844,1032,1261,1287]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachymedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which are direct developing and have ecto-endodermal statocysts. However, the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FCB5FA97FBA28203" box="[892,1073,1301,1327]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been somewhat controversial. Bouillon and Boero (2000) maintain that the presence of a polyp stage in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FBE5FABFFB72827B" box="[1068,1249,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates that it shares a common ancestry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FDD8FAE7FD2E8253" box="[529,701,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FD00FAE7FCF78253" box="[713,868,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Siphonophora, but its position was equivocal in cladistic analyses of morphological and life history characteristics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC30FA0FFAB6828B" author="Marques" box="[1017,1317,1421,1447]" pageId="38" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (1), 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Marques & Collins 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular phylogenetic analyses including samples from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FD25FA37FC3782E3" box="[748,932,1461,1487]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FC78FA37FBF182E3" box="[945,1122,1461,1487]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FB6AFA37FAC882E3" box="[1187,1371,1461,1487]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachymedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have provided strong evidence for their close relationship (Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC67FA5FFB0482DB" author="Collins" box="[942,1175,1501,1527]" pageId="38" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D68FF88FBC0FA5FFBD782DA" box="[1033,1092,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FB63FA5FFAB582DB" box="[1194,1318,1501,1527]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actinulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
has yet to be sampled for molecular data. The clearest diagnostic apomorphy for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FC28F987FBCC8133" box="[993,1119,1541,1567]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
is statocysts of ecto-endodermal origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FE8DF9AFFE7E816B" author="Haeckel" box="[324,493,1581,1607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF88FF5EF9FFFECC81BB" blockId="38.[151,351,1661,1687]" box="[151,351,1661,1687]" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF2AF9FFFECC81BB" box="[227,351,1661,1687]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Actinulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D68FF89FF5EF94AFB6F8253" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D68FF89FF5EF94AFBD687F6" blockId="38.[151,1437,1736,2002]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1436,152,218]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="38" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FF5EF94AFDF881CE" ID-CoL="7NF66" authority="Swedmark & Teissier, 1959" authorityName="Swedmark & Teissier" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,619,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Actinulida
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FED5F94AFDF881CE" author="Swedmark" box="[284,619,1736,1762]" pageId="38" pageNumber="181" refString="Swedmark, B. & Teissier, G. (1959) Halammohydra et Otohydra, Hydrozoaires de la microfaune des sable et l'ordre des Actinulides. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Zoology, London 1958, 4 (15), 330 - 332." type="journal article" year="1959">Swedmark & Teissier, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was created for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FCFEF94AFB8281CE" ID-CoL="7NHR3" box="[823,1041,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halammohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halammohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FB99F94AFB7581CE" ID-CoL="7NK88" box="[1104,1254,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Otohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Otohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two groups of interstitial species. Integral to their decision was the documentation that species of both groups have direct development via an actinula-like stage.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FDA0F89AFC5C801E" author="Swedmark" box="[617,975,1816,1842]" pageId="38" pageNumber="181" refString="Swedmark, B. & Teissier, G. (1966) The Actinulida and their evolutionary significance in the Cnidaria. In: Rees, W. J. (Ed), The Cnidaria and their Evolution. Academic Press, London, pp. 119 - 133." type="book chapter" year="1966">Swedmark and Teissier (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded this life cycle as ancestral for Hydrozoa, and therefore rejected earlier ideas that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FD38F8C2FC588076" ID-CoL="7NHR3" box="[753,971,1856,1882]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halammohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halammohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a derived group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FB27F8C2FEC280AE" ID-CoL="7NFCM" authority="Remane 1927" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1927" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Narcomedusae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FF56F8EAFEDB80AE" author="Remane" box="[159,328,1896,1922]" pageId="38" pageNumber="179" refString="Remane, A. (1927) Halamohydra, ein eigenartiges Hydrozoon der Nord- und Ostsee. Zeitschrft fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 7, 643 - 677." type="journal article" year="1927">Remane 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, subsequent authors have suggested that these animals are most likely descendants of trachyline species with free-swimming medusa stages (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FC4DF812FBB38086" author="Werner" box="[900,1056,1936,1962]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="38" pageNumber="181" refString="Werner, B. (1965) Halammohydra Remane, Medusennatur und Stellung im System. Zoologischer Anzeiger, suppl. 28, 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1965">Werner 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FBE7F812FABB8086" author="Salvini-Plawen" box="[1070,1320,1936,1962]" pageId="38" pageNumber="180" refString="Salvini-Plawen, L. v. (1987) Mesopsammic Cnidaria from Plymouth (with systematic notes). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 623 - 637." type="journal article" year="1987">Salvini-Plawen 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Bouillon & Boero 2000;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D68FF88FE87F83AFDEE80FE" author="Marques" box="[334,637,1976,2002]" pageId="38" pageNumber="178" refString="Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (1), 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="2004">Marques & Collins, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FD59F83AFCDB80FE" ID-CoL="7NFGK" box="[656,840,1976,2002]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachymedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D68FF88FC48F83AFBBC80FE" ID-CoL="7NFCM" box="[897,1071,1976,2002]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="38" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also direct developers with ontogenetically similar (ecto-endodermal) statocysts. However, characters affiliating the two actinulid families to any particular group within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FDE5FF42FD3E87F6" ID-CoL="7889a3a1-b120-4eb1-8d3c-3c9b9f081730" box="[556,685,192,218]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or even to each other, are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EFE92FEF28605" blockId="39.[151,1436,272,658]" box="[151,353,272,297]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FF5EFE92FEF28605" box="[151,353,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EFEB5FEBA86DE" blockId="39.[151,1436,272,658]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF5EFEB5FDA8867D" ID-CoL="7NHR3" authority="Remane, 1927" authorityName="Remane" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,571,311,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halammohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FF5EFEB5FDA8867D" bold="true" box="[151,571,311,337]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Halammohydridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FE43FEB5FDA8867D" author="Remane" box="[394,571,311,337]" pageId="39" pageNumber="179" refString="Remane, A. (1927) Halamohydra, ein eigenartiges Hydrozoon der Nord- und Ostsee. Zeitschrft fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 7, 643 - 677." type="journal article" year="1927">Remane, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with ten valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FBBBFEBAFAF8867E" author="Bouillon" box="[1138,1387,312,338]" pageId="39" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FB2BFEBAFA8E867D" box="[1250,1309,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), all of which live interstitially. No species of this family have ever been included in a phylogenetic analysis. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FE72FE0AFD06868E" ID-CoL="7NHR3" box="[443,661,392,418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halammohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halammohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a distinctive aboral adhesive organ, a nerve ring, and two amphicoronate whorls of aboral tentacles; these unique features suggest that the group is monophyletic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EFE7DFD2485BE" blockId="39.[151,1436,272,658]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF5EFE7DFD098535" ID-CoL="7NK88" authority="Swedmark & Teissier, 1958" authorityName="Swedmark & Teissier" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,666,511,537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Otohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FF5EFE7DFD098535" bold="true" box="[151,666,511,537]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Otohydridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FE89FE7DFD098535" author="Swedmark" box="[320,666,511,537]" pageId="39" pageNumber="181" refString="Swedmark, B. & Teissier, G. (1958) Otohydra vagans n. g., n. sp., hydrozoaire des sables, apparante aux Halammohydridees. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences de Paris, 247, 238 - 240." type="journal article" year="1958">Swedmark & Teissier, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family with two valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FB24FD82FEA4856E" author="Bouillon" pageId="39" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FA96FD82FA0F8535" box="[1375,1436,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its members have not been included in any phylogenetic analyses. The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FAC0FDAAFA08856E" ID-CoL="7NK88" box="[1289,1435,552,578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Otohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Otohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are readily distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD1AFDD2FC3E8546" ID-CoL="7NHR3" box="[723,941,592,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halammohydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actinulida" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halammohydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they lack a nerve ring and have one whorl of dimorphic oral tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EFD68FE048428" blockId="39.[151,407,746,772]" box="[151,407,746,772]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF2BFD68FE048428" ID-CoL="7NFBV" box="[226,407,746,772]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EFCB7FD27834B" blockId="39.[151,1437,821,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF5EFCB7FE608463" ID-CoL="7NFBV" authority="Kramp, 1938" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,499,821,847]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Limnomedusae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FE9CFCB7FE608463" author="Kramp" box="[341,499,821,847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="177" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1938) Die meduse von Ostroumovia inkermanica (Pal. - Ostr.) und die systematische Stellung der olindiiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 122, 103 - 108." type="journal article" year="1938">Kramp, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a complicated taxonomic history.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FC0AFCB7FBF48463" author="Kramp" box="[963,1127,821,847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="177" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1938) Die meduse von Ostroumovia inkermanica (Pal. - Ostr.) und die systematische Stellung der olindiiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 122, 103 - 108." type="journal article" year="1938">Kramp (1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FBBCFCB7FA078463" author="Browne" box="[1141,1428,821,847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="174" refString="Browne, E. T. & Kramp, P. L. (1939) Hydromedusae from the Falkland Islands. Discovery Reports, XVIII, 265 - 322." type="book chapter" year="1939">Browne & Kramp 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) erected the taxon for the hydrozoan families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD68FCDFFCA3845B" ID-CoL="7NJTN" box="[673,816,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Moerisiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Moerisiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FCF5FCDFFC43845B" box="[828,976,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Olindiasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FC31FCDFFBEB845B" ID-CoL="7NK4Z" box="[1016,1144,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Olindiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB74FCDFFA0F845B" ID-CoL="7NKMN" box="[1213,1436,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Proboscidactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to accommodate species with a biphasic life-cycle that did not readily fit in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FBF5FC07FB7684B3" ID-CoL="8ZXG9" box="[1084,1253,901,927]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=Anthomedusae or Athecata) because their medusae had either ecto-endodermal statocysts or gametogenic tissue along their radial canals, and also failed to fall in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD6EFC57FCAD84C3" ID-CoL="8ZXH6" box="[679,830,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=Leptomedusae or Thecata) because their polyps were not covered by a theca.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FE3DFC7FFD3C833B" author="Naumov" box="[500,687,1021,1047]" pageId="39" pageNumber="178" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1960) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR (translated from Russian 1969). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 660 pp." type="book" year="1960">Naumov (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FCCFFC7FFC5A833B" ID-CoL="7NJTV" box="[774,969,1021,1047]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Monobrachiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Monobrachiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose species meet the criteria above. Two other families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FE42FBA7FDD38313" ID-CoL="7NFZL" box="[395,576,1061,1087]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Armorhydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Armorhydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FDB6FBA7FCD48313" ID-CoL="7NJYS" box="[639,839,1061,1087]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Microhydrulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microhydrulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have also been classified within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB29FBA7FA0B8313" ID-CoL="7NFBV" box="[1248,1432,1061,1087]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for lack of better alternatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FE31FBCFFD34834B" author="Bouillon" box="[504,679,1101,1127]" pageId="39" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1985) Essai de classification des hydropolypes-hydromeduses (Hydrozoa-Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology, 2, 29 - 243." type="journal article" year="1985">Bouillon 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF0FFBF7FB6F8253" blockId="39.[151,1437,821,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Broader considerations of more characteristics, including the cnidom, have indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB28FBF7FAFE83A3" ID-CoL="7NJTN" box="[1249,1389,1141,1167]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Moerisiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Moerisiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a closer relationship to members of the anthoathecate group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FCAEFB1FFC5A839B" box="[871,969,1181,1207]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Polyorchidae" genus="Capitata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="156" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FC13FB1FFBC8839B" author="Rees" box="[986,1115,1181,1207]" pageId="39" pageNumber="179" refString="Rees, W. J. (1958) The relationships of Moerisia lyonsi Boulenger and the family Moerisiidae, with capitate hydroids. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 130, 537 - 545." type="journal article" year="1958">Rees 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FBA0FB1FFA87839B" author="Petersen" box="[1129,1300,1181,1207]" pageId="39" pageNumber="179" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Likewise, the absence of statocysts and the presence of desmonemes strongly suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB9CFB47FAA783F3" ID-CoL="7NKMN" box="[1109,1332,1221,1247]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Proboscidactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares a recent common ancestor with anthoathecate species classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FC61FB6FFC6D822B" box="[936,1022,1261,1287]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FBD8FB6FFB51822B" author="Edwards" box="[1041,1218,1261,1287]" pageId="39" pageNumber="176" refString="Edwards, C. (1973) Contributory thoughts on form, function, habitat and classification of hydroids and hydromedusae. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 11 - 22." type="journal article" year="1973">Edwards 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FB18FB6FFA1C822B" author="Schuchert" box="[1233,1423,1261,1287]" pageId="39" pageNumber="180" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 5 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular data have confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD8BFA97FD5D8203" ID-CoL="7NJTN" box="[578,718,1301,1327]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Moerisiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Moerisiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FCCEFA97FC758203" ID-CoL="7NKMN" box="[775,998,1301,1327]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Proboscidactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more closely related to anthoathecate species than they are to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD9DFABFFC9A827B" ID-CoL="7NFBV" box="[596,777,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FC77FABFFB34827B" author="Collins" box="[958,1191,1341,1367]" pageId="39" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FBD3FABFFBC7827A" box="[1050,1108,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FACAFABFFF2F8253" ID-CoL="7NFBV" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presently limited to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FE00FAE7FD128253" ID-CoL="7NFZL" box="[457,641,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Armorhydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Armorhydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FD44FAE7FCC68253" ID-CoL="7NJYS" box="[653,853,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Microhydrulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microhydrulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FCA9FAE7FBB08253" ID-CoL="7NJTV" box="[864,1059,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Monobrachiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Monobrachiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FBA9FAE7FB6B8253" box="[1120,1272,1381,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Olindiasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D69FF89FF0FFA0FFEF28050" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF0FFA0FFDCD801B" blockId="39.[151,1437,821,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
The molecular phylogenetic analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FD54FA0FFC07828B" box="[669,916,1421,1447]" pageId="39" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FD31FA0FFCA1828A" box="[760,818,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB15FA0FFA0F828B" box="[1244,1436,1421,1447]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Monobrachiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Monobrachiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF03FA37FEF182E3" box="[202,354,1461,1487]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Olindiasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These analyses did not support monophyly of the order, instead favoring (but with modest support values) the hypothesis that the group is a paraphyletic grade at the base of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FBBDFA5FFB6582DB" box="[1140,1270,1501,1527]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachylina" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachylina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, these data provided relatively strong support for the hypothesis that the trachymedusan family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB39F987FA128133" box="[1264,1409,1541,1567]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FE81F9AFFD92816B" box="[328,513,1581,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is unclear precisely why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FC8EF9AFFC68816B" box="[839,1019,1581,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Armorhydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Armorhydridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FB61F9AFFAF3816B" box="[1192,1376,1581,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it appears to not share any putative synapomorphies with other limnomedusans. Their medusae, which inhabit the interstices of coarse sediments, differ from those of other limnomedusans by the presence of hollow tentacles and the absence of radial canals (gametes borne on the manubrium), statocysts, or other sense organs. The position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FED6F94FFE7781CB" box="[287,484,1741,1767]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Microhydrulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microhydrulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FDC2F94FFD5381CB" box="[523,704,1741,1767]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also somewhat tentative. Adult stages of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FA83F94FFE878023" class="Hydrozoa" family="Microhydrulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Microhydrulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown. Their polyps are solitary, minute, without tentacles, and armed with just a general nematocyst
|
||
<typeStatus id="62144DB40D69FF89FEEDF89FFECA801B" box="[292,345,1821,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, microbasic euryteles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EF8E1FEF28050" blockId="39.[151,1437,1891,2036]" box="[151,353,1891,1916]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FF5EF8E1FEF28050" box="[151,353,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D69FF87FF5EF808FE08879E" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D69FF89FF5EF808FBBF80D8" blockId="39.[151,1437,1891,2036]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FF5EF808FD2B8088" ID-CoL="7NFZL" authority="Swedmark & Teissier, 1958" authorityName="Swedmark & Teissier" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,696,1930,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Armorhydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FF5EF808FD2B8088" bold="true" box="[151,696,1930,1956]" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Armorhydridae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D69FF89FEADF808FD2B8088" author="Swedmark" box="[356,696,1930,1956]" pageId="39" pageNumber="181" refString="Swedmark, B. & Teissier, G. (1958) Otohydra vagans n. g., n. sp., hydrozoaire des sables, apparante aux Halammohydridees. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences de Paris, 247, 238 - 240." type="journal article" year="1958">Swedmark & Teissier, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monospecific family whose single valid species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D69FF89FAE2F809FE0480E0" ID-CoL="GSV9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Armorhydridae" genus="Armorhydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="39" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="janowiczi">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D69FF89FAE2F809FE0480E0" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="166">Armorhydra janowiczi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lives interstitially in coarse sediments. This species has never been included in a population-level analysis, which could presumably reveal cryptic diversity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFF15FED3867E" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EFF15FD22879D" ID-CoL="7NJYS" authority="Bouillon & Deroux, 1967" authorityName="Bouillon & Deroux" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,689,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Microhydrulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EFF15FD22879D" bold="true" box="[151,689,151,177]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Microhydrulidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FEBCFF15FD22879D" author="Bouillon" box="[373,689,151,177]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. & Deroux, G. (1967) Remarques sur des Cnidaires du type de Microhydrula pontica Valkanov 1965, trouves a Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 8, 253 - 272." type="journal article" year="1967">Bouillon & Deroux, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera and three described species, all considered valid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FEB4FF42FDE787F6" author="Bouillon" box="[381,628,192,218]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FE27FF42FDB887F5" box="[494,555,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its members have not been included in any phylogenetic analyses. The species are only known from the minute polyp stage (<500 μm), which are distinguished from those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FE6DFE92FDCA8606" ID-CoL="7NFBV" box="[420,601,272,298]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their lack of tentacles and mouths. There is no evidence of monophyly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFEDDFAE786DE" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EFEDDFDBB8655" ID-CoL="7NJTV" authority="Naumov, 1960" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,552,351,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Monobrachiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EFEDDFDBB8655" bold="true" box="[151,552,351,377]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Monobrachiidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FEBBFEDDFDBB8655" author="Naumov" box="[370,552,351,377]" pageId="40" pageNumber="178" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1960) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR (translated from Russian 1969). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 660 pp." type="book" year="1960">Naumov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family containing three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB21FEE2FEA4868E" author="Bouillon" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FA95FEE2FA0F8655" box="[1372,1436,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single species has been sampled for molecular data, and the species have never been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis. The family can be differentiated from other limnomedusans by its polymorphic hydroid colonies, which live on bivalve molluscs. Monophyly of the family is likely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFE7DFCA58596" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,698]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EFE7DFE658535" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,502,511,537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EFE7DFE658535" bold="true" box="[151,502,511,537]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Olindiasidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE8BFE7DFE658535" author="Haeckel" box="[322,502,511,537]" pageId="40" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 16 genera (Schuchert 2007) and approximately 40 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FF36FDAAFE64856E" author="Bouillon" box="[255,503,552,578]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FEA7FDAAFE3A856D" box="[366,425,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Six species and genera were included in the analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB52FDAAFA04856E" box="[1179,1431,552,578]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FB3EFDAAFAA2856D" box="[1271,1329,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; results of these analyses indicate that the family is paraphyletic, having given rise to the trachymedusan family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FEB3FDFAFD9C85BE" box="[378,527,632,658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FDD3FDFAFD3D85BE" box="[538,686,632,658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Olindiasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FC82FDFAFC4F85BE" box="[843,988,632,658]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
only in the presence of a polyp stage, so non-monophyly of the group is not surprising.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFC90FE028400" blockId="40.[151,401,786,812]" box="[151,401,786,812]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF2AFC90FE028400" ID-CoL="7NFCM" box="[227,401,786,812]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFCDFFAF9839B" blockId="40.[151,1436,861,1207]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EFCDFFE6A845B" ID-CoL="7NFCM" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,505,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Narcomedusae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE87FCDFFE6A845B" author="Haeckel" box="[334,505,861,887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently contains four families (Schuchert 2007):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB93FCDFFB46845B" ID-CoL="7NFTX" box="[1114,1237,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aeginidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB2AFCDFFACC845B" ID-CoL="7NH2P" box="[1251,1375,861,887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cuninidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FAA2FCDFFE9F84B3" ID-CoL="7NL3F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Solmarisidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FE80FC07FE7D84B3" ID-CoL="7NL9X" box="[329,494,901,927]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Tetraplatiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Investigations of narcomedusan relationships are still in their infancy. The most detailed published analysis is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FD8DFC2FFCD384EB" box="[580,832,941,967]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Bentlage, B., Matsumoto, G. I., Haddock, S. H. D., Osborn, K. & Schierwater, B. (2006 b) Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian. Biology Letters, 2, 120 - 124." type="journal article">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FD69FC2FFD4984EA" box="[672,730,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which included representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB12FC2FFAC484EB" ID-CoL="7NFTX" box="[1243,1367,941,967]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aeginidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FAA8FC2FFF7184C3" ID-CoL="7NH2P" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cuninidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FEEFFC57FE5484C3" ID-CoL="7NL9X" box="[294,455,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Tetraplatiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and corroborated the narcomedusan affinities suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB6EFC57FAD384C3" author="Hand" box="[1191,1344,981,1007]" pageId="40" pageNumber="177" refString="Hand, C. (1955) A study of the structure, affinities, and distribution of Tetraplatia volitans Busch (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa: Pteromedusae). Pacific Science, 9, 332 - 348." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the worm-shaped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FE8AFC7FFE57833A" box="[323,452,1021,1046]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatidae" genus="Tetraplatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FE8AFC7FFE57833A" box="[323,452,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Tetraplatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molecular data consistently support the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB4BFC7FFAA3833B" ID-CoL="7NFCM" box="[1154,1328,1021,1047]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Collins 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FF29FBA7FE5B8313" author="Collins" box="[224,456,1061,1087]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FEF5FBA7FEE58312" box="[316,374,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE1AFBA7FE768313" author="Collins" box="[467,485,1061,1087]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Bentlage, B., Matsumoto, G. I., Haddock, S. H. D., Osborn, K. & Schierwater, B. (2006 b) Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian. Biology Letters, 2, 120 - 124." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even as taxon sampling increases in such studies, monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB27FBA7FA0F8313" ID-CoL="7NFCM" box="[1262,1436,1061,1087]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Narcomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely to be upheld because its members share a number of distinctive features that are likely to be synapomorphies. For instance, the oral-aboral axes in adult medusae are derived from the transverse axes of their respective planulae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE4EFB1FFDA0839B" author="Bouillon" box="[391,563,1181,1207]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J. (1987) Considerations sur le developpement des narcomeduses et sur leur position phylogenetique. Indo- Malayan Zoology, 4, 189 - 278." type="journal article" year="1987">Bouillon 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the tentacles arise from the exumbrella rather than at the margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFB69FEF28228" blockId="40.[151,1437,1259,2004]" box="[151,353,1259,1284]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EFB69FEF28228" box="[151,353,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EFA90FAEE82D8" blockId="40.[151,1437,1259,2004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EFA90FE668200" ID-CoL="7NFTX" authority="Gegenbaur, 1857" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,501,1298,1324]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EFA90FE668200" bold="true" box="[151,501,1298,1324]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Aeginidae Gegenbaur, 1857</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises six genera (Schuchert 2007) with fewer than ten accepted species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FF36FAB8FE638278" author="Bouillon" box="[255,496,1338,1364]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FEA7FAB9FE3A8278" box="[366,425,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only two species have been sampled for molecular data, and these do not form a clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE91FAE0FDD18250" author="Collins" box="[344,578,1378,1404]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Bentlage, B., Matsumoto, G. I., Haddock, S. H. D., Osborn, K. & Schierwater, B. (2006 b) Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian. Biology Letters, 2, 120 - 124." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FE7CFAE1FE638250" box="[437,496,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FD7CFAE1FCA58250" box="[693,822,1379,1404]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatidae" genus="Tetraplatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FD7CFAE1FCA58250" box="[693,822,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Tetraplatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived within them. The paraphyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FAEAFAE0FA088250" ID-CoL="7NFTX" box="[1315,1435,1378,1404]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aeginidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not surprising, as it is differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FD3EFA08FCFC8288" ID-CoL="7NH2P" box="[759,879,1418,1444]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cuninidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FC6EFA08FBD38288" ID-CoL="7NL3F" box="[935,1088,1418,1444]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Solmarisidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of interradial manubrial pouches that are very similar to pouches that run up into the interradially located flying buttresses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FE58FA59FD8182D8" box="[401,530,1499,1524]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatidae" genus="Tetraplatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FE58FA59FD8182D8" box="[401,530,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Tetraplatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This character may be a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FBD4FA58FB0582D8" ID-CoL="7NFTX" box="[1053,1174,1498,1524]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aeginidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Aeginidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FB1CFA58FAE982D8" ID-CoL="7NL9X" box="[1237,1402,1498,1524]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Tetraplatiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EF980FC0C81B8" blockId="40.[151,1437,1259,2004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EF980FE4A8130" ID-CoL="7NH2P" authority="Bigelow, 1913" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,473,1538,1564]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EF980FE4A8130" bold="true" box="[151,473,1538,1564]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Cuninidae Bigelow, 1913</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises four genera (Schuchert 2007) and approximately 20 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FF36F9A8FE7C8168" author="Bouillon" box="[255,495,1578,1604]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FEA7F9A9FE3B8168" box="[366,424,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A single species has been sampled for molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FBB6F9A8FAF88168" author="Collins" box="[1151,1387,1578,1604]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Bentlage, B., Matsumoto, G. I., Haddock, S. H. D., Osborn, K. & Schierwater, B. (2006 b) Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian. Biology Letters, 2, 120 - 124." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FB15F9A9FA868168" box="[1244,1301,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); no test of the monophyly of the group has been conducted.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FC69F9D0FB8A8140" ID-CoL="7NH2P" box="[928,1049,1618,1644]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Cuninidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from other narcomedusans by manubrial pouches located in the perradii.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EF920FDD98018" blockId="40.[151,1437,1259,2004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EF920FE658190" ID-CoL="7NL3F" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,502,1698,1724]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EF920FE658190" bold="true" box="[151,502,1698,1724]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Solmarisidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FE8CF920FE658190" author="Haeckel" box="[325,502,1698,1724]" pageId="40" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (Schuchert 2007) and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FF36F948FE6F81C8" author="Bouillon" box="[255,508,1738,1764]" pageId="40" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FEB9F949FE3881C8" box="[368,427,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been sampled for molecular data and monophyly of the group has not been assessed.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FDBEF970FC838020" ID-CoL="7NL3F" box="[631,784,1778,1804]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmarisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Solmarisidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated from other narcomedusans because its species lack manubrial pouches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D66FF86FF5EF8C0FB4D80F8" blockId="40.[151,1437,1259,2004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FF5EF8C0FD848070" ID-CoL="7NL9X" authority="Schuchert, 2007" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,535,1858,1884]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FF5EF8C0FD848070" bold="true" box="[151,535,1858,1884]" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Tetraplatiidae Schuchert, 2007</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a monogeneric family containing two valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB69F8C0FA1D8070" author="Rees" box="[1184,1422,1858,1884]" pageId="40" pageNumber="179" refString="Rees, W. J. & White, E. (1957) Two new records of Tetraplatia chuni Carlgren from the South Atlantic. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology, 13, 101 - 104." type="journal article" year="1957">Rees & White 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), one of which has been sampled for molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FCA3F8E8FBCC80A8" author="Collins" box="[874,1119,1898,1924]" pageId="40" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Bentlage, B., Matsumoto, G. I., Haddock, S. H. D., Osborn, K. & Schierwater, B. (2006 b) Solution to the phylogenetic enigma of Tetraplatia, a worm-shaped cnidarian. Biology Letters, 2, 120 - 124." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FC03F8E9FB9480A8" box="[970,1031,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While monophyly of the group has not been tested, the distinctive morphology of its members (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB9CF810FB738080" author="Hand" box="[1109,1248,1938,1964]" pageId="40" pageNumber="177" refString="Hand, C. (1955) A study of the structure, affinities, and distribution of Tetraplatia volitans Busch (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa: Pteromedusae). Pacific Science, 9, 332 - 348." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D66FF86FB26F810FEA080F8" author="Rees" pageId="40" pageNumber="179" refString="Rees, W. J. & White, E. (1957) Two new records of Tetraplatia chuni Carlgren from the South Atlantic. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology, 13, 101 - 104." type="journal article" year="1957">Rees & White 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) would suggest that the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D66FF86FD05F839FCDE80F8" box="[716,845,1979,2004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tetraplatidae" genus="Tetraplatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="40" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D66FF86FD05F839FCDE80F8" box="[716,845,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="167">Tetraplatia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a single evolutionary origin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFF1AFE08879E" blockId="41.[151,411,152,178]" box="[151,411,152,178]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF2AFF1AFE08879E" ID-CoL="7NFGK" box="[227,411,152,178]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Trachymedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D67FF87FF5EFF60FB1B8478" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFF60FCC98548" blockId="41.[151,1437,226,612]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C5B8B3860D67FF87FF5EFF60FF2B87D0" box="[151,184,226,252]" name="American Samoa" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
presently constituted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FE03FF60FCA987D0" authority="Haeckel, 1866" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1866" box="[458,826,226,252]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Trachymedusae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FD44FF60FCA987D0" author="Haeckel" box="[653,826,226,252]" pageId="41" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1866) Generelle morphologie der Organismen, vol. 2. Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin." type="journal volume" year="1866">Haeckel, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains five families (Schuchert 2007):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FAFBFF60FF588608" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF13FE88FEEA8608" box="[218,377,266,292]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halicreatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halicreatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FE4EFE88FD5D8608" authority="Ptychogastriidea" authorityName="Ptychogastriidea" box="[391,718,266,292]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Petasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Petasidae, Ptychogastriidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FCDBFE88FC618608" box="[786,1010,266,292]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhopalonematidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No detailed analyses of their relationships have been conducted. Only four species, representing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FBCFFEB0FB098660" box="[1030,1178,306,332]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FB7FFEB0FAC68660" box="[1206,1365,306,332]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halicreatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halicreatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFED8FEE58658" box="[151,374,346,372]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Rhopalonematidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been sampled for molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FC9DFED8FBD08658" author="Collins" box="[852,1091,346,372]" pageId="41" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FC7AFED8FC7D865F" box="[947,1006,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These data indicate that the group may be diphyletic; a representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FD77FE00FCDC86B0" box="[702,847,386,412]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to have a close relationship to some members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FEE6FE28FE7B86E8" box="[303,488,426,452]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C5B8B3860D67FF87FE3FFE28FD8486E8" box="[502,535,426,452]" name="American Samoa" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a practical matter, the two groups are difficult to distinguish. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFE50FEB886C0" box="[151,299,466,492]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like other trachymedusans and unlike limnomedusans, lack polyp stages. However, geryonids share several characters (e.g., centripetal canals, hollow marginal tentacles, and four or six radial canals) with members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FEE6FDA0FE7B8510" box="[303,488,546,572]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Limnomedusae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Disentangling the relationships among limnomedusans and trachymedusans is clearly a priority for future studies in trachyline systematics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFD18FEF2859F" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" box="[151,353,666,691]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFD18FEF2859F" box="[151,353,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Included families</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFD40FB1B8478" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFD40FDC485F0" authority="Peron & Lesueur, 1810" authorityName="Peron & Lesueur" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,599,706,732]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFD40FDC485F0" bold="true" box="[151,599,706,732]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Geryoniidae Péron & Lesueur, 1810</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two monospecific genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FBDBFD40FA9785F0" author="Bouillon" box="[1042,1284,706,732]" pageId="41" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FB4BFD40FB2E85F7" box="[1154,1213,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Each of the geryonid species has a cosmopolitan distribution and neither has been the subject of population-level genetic studies, which could detect cryptic diversity. The two genera are distinctive, differing mainly in symmetry: one is four-parted and the other six-parted. Monophyly is likely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F5B5A09D0D67FF87FF5EFCE0FB578108" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFCE0FC9084D8" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFCE0FE668450" ID-CoL="7NHR9" authority="Fewkes, 1886" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,501,866,892]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halicreatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFCE0FE668450" bold="true" box="[151,501,866,892]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Halicreatidae Fewkes, 1886</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises five genera (Schuchert 2007) and approximately 10 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FF36FC08FE698488" author="Bouillon" box="[255,506,906,932]" pageId="41" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FEBBFC08FE3C848F" box="[370,431,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A single representative has been sampled for molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FB37FC08FED084E0" author="Collins" pageId="41" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FA97FC08FA0F848F" box="[1374,1436,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FE9EFC30FE6084E0" ID-CoL="7NHR9" box="[343,499,946,972]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halicreatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halicreatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from other trachymedusans by a wide circular manubrium that lacks lips, and tentacles that are stiff distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFB80FE568390" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFB80FE518330" ID-CoL="7NKDR" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,450,1026,1052]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Petasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFB80FE518330" bold="true" box="[151,450,1026,1052]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Petasidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FEDDFB80FE518330" author="Haeckel" box="[276,450,1026,1052]" pageId="41" pageNumber="177" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 81 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two monospecific genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FCB2FB80FBFB8330" author="Bouillon" box="[891,1128,1026,1052]" pageId="41" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FC23FB80FBB08337" box="[1002,1059,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007). No representatives have been sampled for molecular data and monophyly of the group has not been assessed.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF3EFBD0FEF58340" ID-CoL="7NKDR" box="[247,358,1106,1132]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Petasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Petasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from other trachymedusans in having tentacles that terminate in a clubshaped knob of cnidae and four radial canals (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FC68FBF9FC6483B8" box="[929,1015,1147,1172]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" genus="Liriope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FC68FBF9FC6483B8" box="[929,1015,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Liriope</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FBD7FBF8FB3C83B8" box="[1054,1199,1146,1172]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Geryoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Geryoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FB2EFBF9FA0F83B8" box="[1255,1436,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Varitentaculata</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FEDFFB20FE2B8390" ID-CoL="7NHR9" box="[278,440,1186,1212]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halicreatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Halicreatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFB48FC698270" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFB48FD9E83C8" ID-CoL="7NKRH" authority="Mayer, 1910" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,525,1226,1252]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFB48FD9E83C8" bold="true" box="[151,525,1226,1252]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Ptychogastriidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FEBBFB48FD9E83C8" author="Mayer" box="[370,525,1226,1252]" pageId="41" pageNumber="178" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the World, Hydromedusae, vols. I & II. Scyphomedusae, vol. III. Carnegie Institution, Washington DC, 735 pp." type="book" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two genera (Schuchert 2007) and three valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FADCFB48FECE8220" author="Bouillon" pageId="41" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FA4EFB49FE868220" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No representatives have been sampled for molecular data and monophyly of the group has not been assessed. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FDB9FA98FCA08218" ID-CoL="7NKRH" box="[624,819,1306,1332]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Ptychogastriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are benthopelagic and distinguished from other trachymedusan families by having adhesive discs on some tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD10F3160D67FF87FF5EFAE8FB578108" blockId="41.[151,1437,666,1572]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AAF88950D67FF87FF5EFAE8FDBE82A8" ID-CoL="7NKVT" authority="Russell, 1953" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,557,1386,1412]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="41" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FF5EFAE8FDBE82A8" bold="true" box="[151,557,1386,1412]" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">Rhopalonematidae Russell, 1953</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises 16 genera (Schuchert 2007) and approximately 35 valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FF36FA10FE618280" author="Bouillon" box="[255,498,1426,1452]" pageId="41" pageNumber="174" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FEA6FA11FE388280" box="[367,427,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two species have been sampled for molecular data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D93E8EE70D67FF87FBA6FA10FACF8280" author="Collins" box="[1135,1372,1426,1452]" pageId="41" pageNumber="175" refString="Collins, A. G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A. C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006 a) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Collins
|
||
<emphasis id="8FDB2F040D67FF87FB04FA11FA9A8280" box="[1229,1289,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and although they did not form a clade, no convincing test of the group's monophyly has been conducted. The family is distinguished from other trachymedusans by the possession of eight (usually) narrow radial canals and a narrow manubrium that terminates in a mouth with distinct lips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |