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<document id="A87112DE2112ED61662FB650149852C1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.174538" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9a361dfb-2c95-48e9-925c-bbaf8fd9e1ef" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="174538" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459784454064" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Radashevsky, Vasily I., Lana, Paulo C. &amp; Nalesso, Rosebel C." docDate="2006" docId="F72C87EBFF96FFAF057EFE9988DC3447" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01353p037.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1353" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Polydora carinhosa Radashevsky, Lana &amp; Nalesso, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="0B15FF93FF8EFFB20476FF858A223234" masterDocTitle="Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698218323842" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A81108DADFB58FEEF4137FF2AAD98700">Morphology and biology of Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) boring into oyster shells in South America, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7905DA54237B7CCB7FECD210EC911C86">Radashevsky, Vasily I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7C332EC184E387AAEBB5E2A1AD6114B">Lana, Paulo C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E87B2DE9BC0EC537D8F27C803261BF3">Nalesso, Rosebel C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="60649393B205EC1D5EC581121A33C178">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="31A2F46DFD3EA15B809B292D7DA25FC0">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="AA137AC0085342A7AE3166EF8693F942">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="F72C87EBFF96FFAF057EFE9988DC3447" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6256912" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119348770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6256912" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F72C87EBFF96FFAF057EFE9988DC3447" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F72C87EBFF96FFAF057EFE9988DC3447" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF96FFAA057EFE998BBD336D" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EFE9988783301" blockId="24.[264,602,283,345]" box="[264,602,283,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="24728191FF96FFAA057EFE9988783301" bold="true" box="[264,602,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EFE9988783301" bold="true" box="[264,602,283,310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA057EFE998BD73302" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[264,501,284,310]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EFE998BD73302" bold="true" box="[264,501,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56C25794FF96FFAA058AFE9E88783301" box="[508,602,283,309]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EFEBA8BBD336D" blockId="24.[264,602,283,345]" box="[264,415,319,345]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA0566FEBA8BB4336D" box="[272,406,319,345]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStart-2="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionStartId-1="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionStartId-2="26.[264,367,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox-0="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetBox-1="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1322,646,1406]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId-1="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetId-2="figure@26.[264,1323,646,1406]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="25" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionText-0="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." captionText-2="FIGURE 12. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, anterior fragment of early 14 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, dorsal view, showing short caruncle with one pair of large glandular cells, and rounded nuchal ciliary patches on the posterior dorso-lateral sides of the prostomium. B – C, late 14 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, showing pigmentation pattern. B, dorsal view, showing arrangement of melanophores. C, ventral view, showing distribution of yellow pigment." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/174550/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF96FFAA057EFE0C8ED53077" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EFE0C8B4D3396" blockId="24.[264,1323,393,579]" box="[264,367,393,418]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EFE0C8B4D3396" box="[264,367,393,418]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFE348ED53077" blockId="24.[264,1323,393,579]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA054EFE348BB133FF" bold="true" box="[312,403,433,459]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Paraná</emphasis>
, Paranaguá Bay,
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF96FFAA060FFE3488FE33FF" box="[633,732,433,459]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="-25.466667">25°28´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF96FFAA0687FE34897E33FF" box="[753,860,433,459]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="925" value="-48.45">48°27´W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF96FFAA0704FE34898833FF" box="[882,938,433,459]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
, from shells of the oyster
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA0166FE348BB533C6" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA0166FE348BB533C6" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="0B3B103DFF96FFAA05D3FE5C881B33C7" box="[421,569,473,499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2001-09-13">13 Sep 2001</date>
, coll. V.I. Radashevsky,
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF96FFAA0720FE5C898133C7" box="[854,931,473,499]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MZSP</collectionCode>
182 (
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA0792FE5C8E7333C7" box="[996,1105,473,499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
).
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA0012FE5C8F0133C7" bold="true" box="[1124,1315,473,499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
, Florianópolis, Praia da Ponta de Sambaqui,
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF96FFAA077AFD8489A6302F" box="[780,900,513,539]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="92" value="-27.475">27°28.5´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1AB1503AFF96FFAA07E7FD848E31302F" box="[913,1043,513,539]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="92" value="-48.56167">48°33.7´W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF96FFAA0069FD848E72302F" box="[1055,1104,513,539]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, from shells of the cultured oyster
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA05C8FDAC88023076" box="[446,544,553,578]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA05C8FDAC88023076" box="[446,544,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, coll. Y.M.B. Neptune,
<date id="0B3B103DFF96FFAA074EFDAC89EC3077" box="[824,974,553,579]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2003-04-25">25 Apr 2003</date>
,
<collectionCode id="1994AE38FF96FFAA07ACFDAC8E043077" box="[986,1062,553,579]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MZSP</collectionCode>
181 (1
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA00F7FDAC8EC93077" box="[1153,1259,553,579]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF96FFAE057EFDFC8BA43012" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EFDFC8BFF30A6" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" box="[264,477,633,658]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EFDFC8BFF30A6" box="[264,477,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Adult morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFD248B6F319F" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA054EFD248B87308F" box="[312,421,673,699]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
complete male, with 103 chaetigers;
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA071CFD2489ED308F" box="[874,975,673,699]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
anterior fragment of female. Prostomium rounded anteriorly. One pair of black eyes present in
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA0079FD4C8E5B30D7" box="[1039,1145,713,739]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; eyes absent in
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA057EFD748B53313F" box="[264,369,753,779]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
. Caruncle extending to middle of chaetiger 3. Occipital antenna absent. Black pigment diffused on dorso-lateral sides of peristomium, in front of palp bases, and on dorsal side of four anterior chaetigers; segmental patches of pigment larger on anterior chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA05E5FCEC8BCF31B7" box="[403,493,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A). Narrow black line present along longitudinal ciliated groove on palps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFC3C8B54367F" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia and small postchaetal lamellae in both rami, notochaetae absent. Posterior notopodia with packets of needle-like spines besides capillaries. Needles not protruding beyond body surface, beginning from chaetiger
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF96FFAA009BFB8C8F093617" box="[1261,1323,1033,1059]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.858" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="27.0">27 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA057EFBB48B50367F" box="[264,370,1073,1099]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFBDC8EC23727" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Chaetiger 5 greatly modified, with 4 dorsal superior winged capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA00EEFBDC8ED23647" box="[1176,1264,1113,1139]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C), 6 major modified spines alternating with bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae and arranged in a slightly curved, diagonal row (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA06D3FB2C88D836F7" box="[677,762,1193,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
D), and 6 winged ventral capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA00C6FB2C8F2536F7" box="[1200,1287,1193,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B); postchaetal lamellae absent. Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries shorter and fewer than those on chaetigers 4 and 6. Major spines falcate, with small lateral accessory tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFAA48F2D370F" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" box="[312,1295,1313,1339]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, bidentate, with constriction on shaft.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFACC882E37BF" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Branchiae on chaetigers 7–90, full-sized from chaetiger 11. Nototrochs from chaetiger 7 onwards (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF96FFAA05E7FAF48BC437BF" box="[401,486,1393,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[484,1106,601,1551]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. adult morphology, Santa Catarina (MZSP 181, paratype). A, anterior end, dorsal view, showing black pigmentation on dorsal side of peristomium and anterior chaetigers. B – D, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5: B, ventral capillary. C, dorsal superior geniculate capillary. D, heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta; right side chaetae in ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174548/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFA1C88AE3787" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" box="[312,652,1433,1459]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pygidium small, cup-shaped.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EFA4489E437EF" blockId="24.[264,1323,633,1499]" box="[312,966,1473,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF96FFAA054EFA448B8737EF" box="[312,421,1473,1499]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male, with sperm first present in chaetiger 27.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EF9948B43341E" blockId="24.[264,1231,1553,1619]" box="[264,353,1553,1578]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EF9948B43341E" box="[264,353,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EF9BC8EED3467" blockId="24.[264,1231,1553,1619]" box="[312,1231,1593,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA054EF9BC88033466" box="[312,545,1593,1618]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA054EF9BC88033466" box="[312,545,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bores in shells of the oysters
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA070AF9BC8E0F3466" box="[892,1069,1593,1618]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhizophorae">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA070AF9BC8E0F3466" box="[892,1069,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. rhizophorae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA0010F9BC8EEA3466" box="[1126,1224,1593,1618]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA0010F9BC8EEA3466" box="[1126,1224,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA057EF90C8B843496" blockId="24.[264,1323,1673,1899]" box="[264,422,1673,1698]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA057EF90C8B843496" box="[264,422,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Reproduction</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF96FFAA054EF9348E28355F" blockId="24.[264,1323,1673,1899]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA054EF934880734FE" box="[312,549,1713,1738]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA054EF934880734FE" box="[312,549,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is gonochoristic. Females deposit eggs into capsules which are joined to each other in a string. Each egg capsule is attached by two thin stalks to the inner wall of the burrow. Larvae develop inside the capsules until about the 14-chaetiger stage. The kind of lecithotrophy (endo- or exolecithotrophy) in
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF96FFAA07CDF8AC8E6D3576" box="[955,1103,1833,1858]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF96FFAA07CDF8AC8E6D3576" box="[955,1103,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown since only two broods with 10- and 13–14-chaetiger larvae were found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF97FFAB057EFE998BD33301" blockId="25.[264,1323,284,630]" box="[264,497,284,309]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF97FFAB057EFE998BD33301" box="[264,497,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Larval development</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF97FFAB054EFEC18E9B3042" blockId="25.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF97FFAB054EFEC1880D3369" box="[312,559,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ten-chaetiger larvae</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF97FFAB0635FEC188BA336A" box="[579,664,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A) about 650 µm long, with three pairs of black eyes including two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes; lateral eyes positioned close to each other and obscured by ramified melanophores positioned above them. Prostomium and peristomium weakly demarcated. A group of short non-motile apical cilia present on frontal edge of prostomium. Lateral lips of peristomium well developed, forming a voluminous vestibulum lined with short fine cilia. Vestibular ciliation running posteriorly over low ventral peristomial lip as a triangular neurotroch. One pair of small ciliated cells positioned on either side of neurotroch in the middle of chaetiger 1.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF97FFAB057EF9DC88A53574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF97FFAB057EF9DC88A53574" blockId="25.[264,1323,1625,1856]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF97FFAB057EF9DC8BB53445" bold="true" box="[264,407,1625,1649]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF97FFAB05D6F9DC88543444" box="[416,630,1625,1648]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF97FFAB05D6F9DC88543444" box="[416,630,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56C25794FF97FFAB0608F9DC88F73445" box="[638,725,1625,1649]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF97FFAB0608F9DC88F73445" bold="true" box="[638,725,1625,1649]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B–H, set of chaetae of 14- chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D–H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot;quasi-adult&quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF94FFA8054EFE998E76307A" blockId="26.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prototroch formed by two bands of long cilia running along lateral sides of peristomium, and two shorter bands of shorter cilia running across lateral lips of peristomium. Short compound cilia positioned along outer edges of vestibulum; these cirri probably sensory, moving slower than simple cilia. Nototrochs from chaetiger 3 onwards. Grasping cilia on either side of each nototroch, beating perpendicular to body axis and holding long bristles along the dorsum when larva is swimming in the capsule. Gastrotrochs on chaetigers 3, 5, 7, and 10. Telotroch interrupted middorsally, forming a gap where long bristles are held when larva is swimming in the capsule.</paragraph>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF94FFA8057EFA128B94346F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174550/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[264,1322,646,1406]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF94FFA8057EFA128B94346F" blockId="26.[264,1323,1431,1627]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF94FFA8057EFA128BB5379B" bold="true" box="[264,407,1431,1455]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF94FFA805EBFA128850379A" box="[413,626,1431,1454]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF94FFA805EBFA128850379A" box="[413,626,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56C25794FF94FFA8060EFA1288EF379B" box="[632,717,1431,1455]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF94FFA8060EFA1288EF379B" bold="true" box="[632,717,1431,1455]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
larval morphology, Paraná. A, anterior fragment of early 14-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, dorsal view, showing short caruncle with one pair of large glandular cells, and rounded nuchal ciliary patches on the posterior dorso-lateral sides of the prostomium. B–C, late 14-chaetiger larva from egg capsule, showing pigmentation pattern. B, dorsal view, showing arrangement of melanophores. C, ventral view, showing distribution of yellow pigment.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF94FFA9054EF90A8E913302" blockId="26.[264,1323,1679,1905]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fine grains of yellow pigment dispersed on anterior part of prostomium, on ventral side of posterior chaetigers and on pygidium. A pair of ramified melanophores present on prostomium between median and lateral eyes. A pair of small melanophores on ventral side of lateral peristomial lips, just on prototroch level. Black pigment present laterally between chaetigers 1 and 2. Distinct transverse paired melanophores on dorsal side of chaetigers 3–6, in front of nototrochs; from chaetiger 7 those melanophores becoming stellar, ramified. Paired black pigmentation present on dorsal sides of pygidium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFEC18E43336A" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" box="[312,1121,324,350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Larval serrated bristles in all notopodia, those on chaetiger 1 longest.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFEE98F3F33CA" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Voluminous vestibulum opening posteriorly into short esophagus which extends to end of chaetiger 2. Buccal bulb absent. A muscular sphincter present between esophagus and stomach. The stomach narrowing posteriorly and weakly separated from the hindgut. Wall of the stomach containing numerous oil drops; its inner surface lined with fine cilia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFD8989A23012" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" box="[312,896,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Two pairs of protonephridia in chaetigers 1 and 2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFDB1898B30F2" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF95FFA9054EFDB18BD43079" box="[312,502,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fully developed</emphasis>
, ready to hatch larvae 800–850 µm long for 13–14 chaetigers. Fine granules of yellow pigment dispersed on anterior part of prostomium, on pygidium, and on ventral side from chaetiger 6 (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA906FCFD0188C430AA" box="[650,742,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[264,367,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,646,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[264,1323,646,1406]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, anterior fragment of early 14 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, dorsal view, showing short caruncle with one pair of large glandular cells, and rounded nuchal ciliary patches on the posterior dorso-lateral sides of the prostomium. B – C, late 14 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, showing pigmentation pattern. B, dorsal view, showing arrangement of melanophores. C, ventral view, showing distribution of yellow pigment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174550/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
C). Two large black patches on dorsal side of pygidium, along edge of gap; no middorsal melanophore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFD518E9E3122" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Short single motile cilia on tips of postchaetal lamellae. Numerous non-motile sensory cilia on frontal edge of prostomium, on palps and on posterior edge of pygidium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFCA188C43182" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">One pair of banana-shaped cells with striated contents positioned posterior to median eyes; large fusiform cells with striated contents positioned inside anterior end of prostomium and in palps; elongated cells of irregular shape present on dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers, and inside pygidium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFC418EA63632" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gastrotrochs on chaetigers 3, 5, 7, 10, and 13. Those on chaetigers 3 and 5 composed of two lateral ciliated cells, those on other chaetigers with five ciliated cells.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFB918B6B372A" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Chaetiger 5 with 2 dorsal superior capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA90718FB9189E7361A" box="[878,965,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
E), 4 dorsal modified chaetae (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA90567FBB98B473662" box="[273,357,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
F–H) and 3 ventral capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA90691FBB9891D3662" box="[743,831,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
D). Modified chaetae including first two provisional spines and posterior two chaetae of quasi-adult
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF95FFA90074FBE18E1A364A" box="[1026,1080,1124,1150]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
. Provisional spines including one heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA90797FB098E153692" box="[993,1079,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
G), and one thinner, awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA9069CFB31896336FA" box="[746,833,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
F); chaetae of quasi-adult
<typeStatus id="A03E885FFF95FFA90008FB318E9336FA" box="[1150,1201,1204,1230]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
including heavy falcate spines with two lateral teeth, and bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA9008DFB598B06372A" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFAA988A2375A" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, 2–
<quantity id="B87D9B18FF95FFA907E4FAA989E23772" box="[914,960,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
a series, accompanied by 2–3 winged capillaries (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF95FFA90598FAD18860375A" box="[494,578,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1625,1649]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,686,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[292,1296,686,1600]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. larval morphology, Paraná. A, 10 - chaetiger larva from egg capsule, left lateral view, showing pattern of black pigmentation. B – H, set of chaetae of 14 - chaetiger 5 larva: B, C, capillary chaeta and bidentate hooded hook from neuropodium of chaetiger 7. D – H, modified chaetae of chaetiger 5; right side chaetae in ventral view: D, ventral capillary chaeta. E, dorsal superior capillary chaeta. F, provisional awl-like spine with sigmoid distal end. G, provisional heavy falcate spine with longitudinal groove. H, &quot; quasi-adult &quot; heavy falcate spine and bilimbate-tipped companion chaeta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174549/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
B,C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFAF98954378A" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lateral organs as small pits 3–5 µm in diameter with stiff, non-motile cilia 10–15 µm long between noto- and neuropodia on all chaetigers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EFA4989CA3402" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Glandular pouches in chaetigers 6–11, large in anterior chaetigers and gradually diminishing in size posteriorly, each composed of 1–2 large secretory cells enveloped by thin common membrane but opening to the exterior separately.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EF9C1896F346A" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" box="[312,845,1604,1630]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Circulatory system developed and functional.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9054EF9E98EF634B2" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1670]" box="[312,1236,1644,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Protonephridia in chaetigers 1 and 2. Metanephridia from chaetiger 7 onwards.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFA9057EF939884D34E1" blockId="27.[264,1323,1724,1870]" box="[264,623,1724,1749]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF95FFA9057EF939884D34E1" box="[264,623,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Settlement and metamorphosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF95FFAE054EF9618BA43012" blockId="27.[264,1323,1724,1870]" lastBlockId="28.[264,1323,284,550]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF95FFA905CAF961887134C9" box="[444,595,1764,1789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF95FFA905CAF961887134C9" box="[444,595,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
underwent gradual metamorphosis and loss of provisional larval features inside the egg capsules when they grown to 900 µm long for 14 chaetigers. The largest larva without bristles in notopodia was 1035 µm long for 14 chaetigers. The 14-chaetiger larvae hatched and settled after a short planktonic stage (
<figureCitation id="E7BE2A78FF92FFAE0042FE998EA83302" box="[1076,1162,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[287,1303,598,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[287,1307,598,1744]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 13. Polydora carinhosa sp. nov. life cycle diagram. A, female brooding larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. B, fragment of egg capsule string. C, 14 - chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and ready for settlement and metamorphosis. D, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174551/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Adult mode of feeding after settlement was enabled by rapid elongation of the palps, modification of the prostomium, enlargement of the ventral peristomial lip and transformation of the lateral peristomial lips into dorso-lateral ciliary folds. In further development, the prostomium became separated from the peristomium; the caruncle and nuchal ciliated bands elongated posteriorly over chaetiger 3, and nototrochs were lost on anterior chaetigers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="2BFA6675FF92FFAE057EF96E8EFD355F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/174551/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[287,1303,598,1744]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF92FFAE057EF96E8EFD355F" blockId="28.[264,1323,1771,1899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF92FFAE057EF96E8BB83537" bold="true" box="[264,410,1771,1795]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF92FFAE05D2F96988593537" box="[420,635,1772,1795]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF92FFAE05D2F96988593537" box="[420,635,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56C25794FF92FFAE06F2F96E88FF3537" box="[644,733,1771,1795]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF92FFAE06F2F96E88FF3537" bold="true" box="[644,733,1771,1795]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
life cycle diagram. A, female brooding larvae in egg capsules joined to each other in string, with each attached by two stalks to inner wall of burrow in shell. B, fragment of egg capsule string. C, 14-chaetiger larva hatched from egg capsule and ready for settlement and metamorphosis. D, juvenile in silty tube at beginning of boring into shell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF93FFAF057EFE998B4C3301" box="[264,366,284,309]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF057EFE998B4C3301" blockId="29.[264,1323,284,1390]" box="[264,366,284,309]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF057EFE998B4C3301" box="[264,366,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF93FFAF054EFEC189E5375A" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF054EFEC18E4B3182" blockId="29.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Five
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF050EFEC18BC73369" ID-CoL="87JX8" box="[376,485,324,349]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF050EFEC18BC73369" box="[376,485,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, besides
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF06CDFEC189733369" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[699,849,324,349]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF06CDFEC189733369" box="[699,849,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have been described with needle-like spines in posterior notopodia. Those include
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0758FEE98E5333B2" ID-CoL="4L62K" authority="Sato-Okoshi, 1998" authorityName="Sato-Okoshi" authorityYear="1998" box="[814,1137,364,390]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0758FEE989A733B1" box="[814,901,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. aura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF07E7FEE98E5333B2" author="Sato-Okoshi" box="[913,1137,364,390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="36" refString="Sato-Okoshi, W. (1998) Three new species of polydorids (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from Japan. Species Diversity, 3, 277 - 288." type="journal article" year="1998">Sato-Okoshi, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF00B6FEE98F2433B2" box="[1216,1286,364,390]" name="Japan" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0163FEE98BAA3399" ID-CoL="4L648" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="latispinosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0163FEE98BAA3399" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. latispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF059CFE11887B339A" box="[490,601,404,430]" name="Australia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0607FE1188F73399" box="[625,725,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. f u s c a</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF069AFE118E42339A" author="Radashevsky" box="[748,1120,404,430]" pageId="29" pageNumber="36" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Hsieh, H. L. (2000) Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) species from Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 39, 203 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2000">Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh, 2000</bibRefCitation>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF00C5FE118F053399" box="[1203,1319,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. v i l l o s a</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF057EFE39887833E2" author="Radashevsky" box="[264,602,444,470]" pageId="29" pageNumber="36" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Hsieh, H. L. (2000) Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) species from Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 39, 203 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2000">Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh, 2000</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF06D2FE3988D833E2" box="[676,762,444,470]" name="Taiwan" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF074DFE398EAB33E2" author="Radashevsky" box="[827,1161,444,470]" pageId="29" pageNumber="36" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Hsieh, H. L. (2000) Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) species from Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 39, 203 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2000">Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh 2000</bibRefCitation>
: table 2), and
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF057EFE61884C33CA" ID-CoL="784G7" authority="Williams, 2000" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" box="[264,622,484,510]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robi">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF057EFE618B8C33C9" box="[264,430,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora robi</emphasis>
Williams, 2000
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF06CCFE61891C33CA" box="[698,830,484,510]" name="Philippines" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF070DFE6189D333CA" box="[891,1009,484,510]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. The spines in
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF00D1FE618F2233C9" box="[1191,1280,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. f u s c a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0163FE618B143011" ID-CoL="784G7" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robi">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0163FE618B143011" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. robi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF050FFD898BC73011" box="[377,485,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. v i l l o s a</emphasis>
are separate and greatly protrude through the cuticle, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0163FD898B1D3079" ID-CoL="4L62K" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0163FD898B1D3079" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. aura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0522FDB18BC93079" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[340,491,564,589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0522FDB18BC93079" box="[340,491,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0646FDB188F13079" ID-CoL="4L648" box="[560,723,564,589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="latispinosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0646FDB188F13079" box="[560,723,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. latispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are gathered into tight packets and do not protrude through the cuticle.
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF062BFDD9892A3041" ID-CoL="4L62K" box="[605,776,604,629]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF062BFDD9892A3041" box="[605,776,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora aura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0761FDD9894C3041" box="[791,878,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. f u s c a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF07F6FDD98E3F3041" ID-CoL="4L648" box="[896,1053,604,629]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="latispinosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF07F6FDD98E3F3041" box="[896,1053,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. latispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0020FDD98EBC3041" box="[1110,1182,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. ro b i</emphasis>
differ from this new species in having an occipital antenna on the caruncle. Also, these four species have no dorsal superior capillaries on chaetiger 5, whereas those chaetae are present in
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0163FD298B5F30D9" ID-CoL="4L62Y" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0163FD298B5F30D9" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF05C9FD51880830D9" box="[447,554,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. v i l l o s a</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0637FD5188D530D9" ID-CoL="4L63M" box="[577,759,724,749]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fusca">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0637FD5188D530D9" box="[577,759,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora fusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits mud tubes on soft bottom;
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF00CDFD518F0530D9" box="[1211,1319,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. v i l l o s a</emphasis>
bores in corals, while
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF066EFD79884D3121" ID-CoL="4L62K" box="[536,623,764,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF066EFD79884D3121" box="[536,623,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. aura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF06F7FD7989353121" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[641,791,764,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF06F7FD7989353121" box="[641,791,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF075FFD7989E83121" ID-CoL="4L648" box="[809,970,764,789]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="latispinosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF075FFD7989E83121" box="[809,970,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. latispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF007CFD798E773121" box="[1034,1109,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. ro b i</emphasis>
bore in shells of various mollusks.
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF05A8FCA188E53109" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[478,711,804,829]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF05A8FCA188E53109" box="[478,711,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0777FCA1896B3109" box="[769,841,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. ro b i</emphasis>
differ from other needle-bearing species in having an entire prostomium instead of a prostomium with a weak incision on the anterior margin.
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF05AFFCF188A131B9" ID-CoL="784G7" box="[473,643,884,909]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robi">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF05AFFCF188A131B9" box="[473,643,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora robi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among these species in having a pygidium surrounded by anal papillae, without a cup-shaped or disk-like expansion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF054EFC4189E5375A" blockId="29.[264,1323,284,1390]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF054EFC41880731E9" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[312,549,964,989]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF054EFC41880731E9" box="[312,549,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also remarkable in that the larval development is completed entirely in the egg capsules inside the mother’s tube, and larvae settle shortly after hatching. Among
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0580FB9188413619" ID-CoL="87JX8" box="[502,611,1044,1069]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0580FB9188413619" box="[502,611,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Polydora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, benthic lecithotrophic development was also described in
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF05EBFBB9882C3661" box="[413,526,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. c u r i o s a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0656FBB988BB3661" ID-CoL="4L63Z" box="[544,665,1084,1109]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0656FBB988BB3661" box="[544,665,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF06A7FBB98E003662" ID-CoL="4L64S" authority="Woodwick, 1953" authorityName="Woodwick" authorityYear="1953" box="[721,1058,1084,1110]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF06A7FBB989733661" box="[721,849,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. nuchalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF072EFBB98E003662" author="Woodwick" box="[856,1058,1084,1110]" pageId="29" pageNumber="37" refString="Woodwick, K. H. (1953) Polydora nuchalis, a new species of polychaetous annelid from California. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 43, 381 - 383." type="journal article" year="1953">Woodwick, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF003BFBB98E9C3661" box="[1101,1214,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. c u r i o s a</emphasis>
, females deposit a few large eggs in each capsule, all of which develop into larvae (endolecithotrophy) (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF0674FB0988CA3692" author="Radashevsky" box="[514,744,1164,1190]" pageId="29" pageNumber="35" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (1994) Life history of a new Polydora species from the Kurile Islands and evolution of lecithotrophy in polydorid genera (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Ophelia, 39, 121 - 136." type="book chapter" year="1994">Radashevsky 1994</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF0754FB0989BC3691" ID-CoL="4L63Z" box="[802,926,1164,1189]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hoplura">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF0754FB0989BC3691" box="[802,926,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. hoplura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF07AAFB098E7D3691" ID-CoL="4L64S" box="[988,1119,1164,1189]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF07AAFB098E7D3691" box="[988,1119,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, females deposit many small eggs, few of which develop into larvae engulfing non-developing nurse eggs (adelphophagia or exolecithotrophy) (
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF06BFFB59894436C2" author="Wilson" box="[713,870,1244,1270]" pageId="29" pageNumber="37" refString="Wilson, D. P. (1928) The larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 15, 567 - 603." type="journal article" year="1928">Wilson 1928</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF0703FB598E1B36C2" author="Woodwick" box="[885,1081,1244,1270]" pageId="29" pageNumber="37" refString="Woodwick, K. H. (1953) Polydora nuchalis, a new species of polychaetous annelid from California. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 43, 381 - 383." type="journal article" year="1953">Woodwick 1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1B144B0CFF93FFAF003EFB598EA536C2" author="Woodwick" box="[1096,1159,1244,1270]" pageId="29" pageNumber="37" refString="Woodwick, K. H. (1960) Early larval development of Polydora nuchalis Woodwick, a spionid polychaete. Pacific Science, 14, 122 - 128." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
). The kind of lecithotrophy in
<taxonomicName id="B8854D7EFF93FFAF05A7FA8188453729" ID-CoL="4L62Y" box="[465,615,1284,1309]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carinhosa">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF05A7FA8188453729" box="[465,615,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. carinhosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown since only two broods with developed larvae were found. Development of temporary, long serrated bristles in notopodia of the larvae suggests that adelphophagia probably occurs in this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF057EFA1A884A343D" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<table id="0D85C45DFF93004D057EFA1A8F09343D" box="[264,1323,1439,1545]" gridcols="9" gridrows="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<tr id="C1B534BFFF93004D057EFA1A8F09378C" box="[264,1323,1439,1464]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="82645DC3FF93004D057EFA1A88A5378C" box="[264,647,1439,1464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF057EFA1A8BA7378C" box="[264,389,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Etymology</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="C1B534BFFF93004D057EFA428F0937D5" box="[264,1323,1479,1505]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="82645DC3FF93004D057EFA4288A537D5" box="[264,647,1479,1505]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">The species name, feminine</th>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D06E7FA42889137D5" box="[657,691,1479,1505]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">for</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D06CBFA42891D37D5" box="[701,831,1479,1505]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Portuguese</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D073FFA4289E737D5" box="[841,965,1479,1505]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF073FFA42899C37D4" box="[841,958,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">carinhoso</emphasis>
,
</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D07B9FA428E3C37D5" box="[975,1054,1479,1505]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">gentle,</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D005EFA428E4637D5" box="[1064,1124,1479,1505]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">kind,</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D0018FA428E9F37D5" box="[1134,1213,1479,1505]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">tender,</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D00B1FA428F2B37D5" box="[1223,1289,1479,1505]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">refers</td>
<td id="82645DC3FF93004D0162FA428F0937D5" box="[1300,1323,1479,1505]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">to</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C1B534BFFF93004D057EFA6A8F09343D" box="[264,1323,1519,1545]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="82645DC3FF93004D057EFA6A88A5343D" box="[264,647,1519,1545]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">the female’s care of offspring.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="379F6576FF93FFAF057EF9B488DC3447" box="[264,766,1585,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF057EF9B48BB5347E" blockId="29.[264,766,1585,1651]" box="[264,407,1585,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="4DF1EAEFFF93FFAF057EF9B48BB5347E" box="[264,407,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F3A36FDFF93FFAF054EF9DC88DC3447" blockId="29.[264,766,1585,1651]" box="[312,766,1625,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<collectingCountry id="0792766DFF93FFAF054EF9DC8BA63447" box="[312,388,1625,1651]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: Paraná south to Santa Catarina.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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