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<document id="785F0D43807A3C25927983B39365AEAD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282964" ID-GBIF-Dataset="50c2c230-a9ff-49f5-9ac2-5b0e420677c1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282964" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460557144800" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ata, Va C L Av Pa L &amp; K, L A D I S L Av B O C A" docDate="2012" docId="03F387944906494135ED6BA9FF32FC0A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03564p067.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3564" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Alyculus Kazantsev 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="FFCAFFEC49074943357A6924FFD2FFCD" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Alyculus Kazantsev, 1999 (Coleoptera: Lycidae)" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1698319451885" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F924A8A498569BB8DEF576B3863E5499">Revision of the genus Alyculus Kazantsev, 1999 (Coleoptera: Lycidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47461DB4D9B329A1A8B5C8FA658CDDF8">Ata, Va C L Av Pa L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="DE74BE43D28681198964A35F461FEB80">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1FBDA30AD54C94A04ADCAB6B749324BC">3564</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="67B7A61945B7227BF332A8D51500F6B1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.282964</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F387944906494135ED6BA9FF32FC0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6181671" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119555961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6181671" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F387944906494135ED6BA9FF32FC0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387944906494135ED6BA9FF32FC0A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235ED6BA9FE00FD6A" box="[151,466,653,679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235ED6BA9FE00FD6A" blockId="1.[151,466,653,679]" box="[151,466,653,679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<heading id="D0AD81EE4906494235ED6BA9FE00FD6A" bold="true" box="[151,466,653,679]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494235ED6BA9FE00FD6A" authority="Kazantsev, 1999" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,466,653,679]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235ED6BA9FE00FD6A" bold="true" box="[151,466,653,679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235ED6BA9FED3FD6A" bold="true" box="[151,257,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734906494234726BA9FE00FD6A" author="Kazantsev" box="[264,466,653,679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Kazantsev, S. V. (1999) Alyculus, new genus, first brachypterous male lycid (Insecta: Coleoptera). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47, 251 - 255." type="journal article" year="1999">Kazantsev, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235ED6BF0FE04FD24" box="[151,470,723,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235ED6BF0FE04FD24" blockId="1.[151,822,723,776]" box="[151,470,723,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4A11AC4906494235ED6BF0FE04FD24" box="[151,470,723,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494235ED6BF0FE00FD24" authority="Kazantsev, 1999: 252" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityPageNumber="252" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,466,723,746]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235ED6BF0FF3CFD27" box="[151,238,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AFB109349064942358E6BF1FE00FD24" author="Kazantsev" box="[244,466,723,746]" page="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B7349064942358E6BF1FE4DFD24" author="Kazantsev" box="[244,415,724,746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Kazantsev, S. V. (1999) Alyculus, new genus, first brachypterous male lycid (Insecta: Coleoptera). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47, 251 - 255." type="journal article" year="1999">Kazantsev, 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 252
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235ED6BD7FCE4FCC5" box="[151,822,754,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235ED6BD7FCE4FCC5" blockId="1.[151,822,723,776]" box="[151,822,754,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<typeStatus id="54E188204906494235ED6BD7FF1AFCC5" box="[151,200,755,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D0149064942345C6BD6FD40FCC5" authority="Kazantsev, 1999" authorityName="Kazantsev" authorityYear="1999" box="[294,658,754,776]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kurbatovi">
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049064942345C6BD6FE36FCC5" box="[294,484,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus kurbatovi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734906494234916BD7FD40FCC5" author="Kazantsev" box="[491,658,755,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Kazantsev, S. V. (1999) Alyculus, new genus, first brachypterous male lycid (Insecta: Coleoptera). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47, 251 - 255." type="journal article" year="1999">Kazantsev, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235ED6A11FB26FCBC" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235ED6A11FB26FCBC" blockId="1.[151,1437,821,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235ED6A11FEC3FC83" bold="true" box="[151,273,821,846]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494234606A11FEA9FC80" box="[282,379,821,845]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494234606A11FEA9FC80" box="[282,379,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only net-winged beetle with shortened elytra (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494236A76A11FB97FC80" box="[989,1093,821,845]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
). Additionally, the very small body (
<quantity id="4CA29B674906494235A46A7DFEB5FCBC" box="[222,359,857,881]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.1">1.1–2.7 mm</quantity>
) and shape of male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494237CD6A7DFCFBFCBC" box="[695,809,857,881]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,1363,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1358,1879]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. Male genitalia: 9. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev (redrawn from Kazantsev 1999, Fig. 4); 10. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. 11. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 12. A. wittmeri Bocakova. Scales 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282966/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 9–12</figureCitation>
) distinguish the genus from other lycids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235BD6A59FCCCFA18" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235BD6A59FCCCFA18" blockId="1.[151,1437,821,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235BD6A59FEA6FC5B" bold="true" box="[199,372,893,918]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Redescription.</emphasis>
Male. Body tiny, dark testaceous or brownish black, never brightly colored (
<figureCitation id="13612A0749064942319E6A59FA99FC58" box="[1252,1355,893,917]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
). Head small, hypognathous, cranium with prominent frontal part, antennae inserted on frontal tubercles, cranium sometimes with apparent cell-like structure, covered with sparse long pubescence (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494231DF6AE1FB26FC10" box="[1189,1268,965,989]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Eyes large, hemispherically prominent, eye diameter slightly larger than interocular distance. Antennae slender to moderately robust, filiform or antennomere 3 and subsequent ones slightly compressed; antennomere 1 long, antennomere 2 very small, approximately as long as wide, antennomere 3 slender, parallel-sided (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494231ED6D15FB31FB84" box="[1175,1251,1073,1097]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) or sometimes compressed, wide (
<figureCitation id="13612A0749064942340F6D71FE6FFBA0" box="[373,445,1109,1133]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), subsequent antennomeres becoming gradually more slender and parallel-sided (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494230106D71FF16FB5C" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 6–8</figureCitation>
). Mouthparts tiny, reduced, with very small, vestigial mandibles, labrum minute, maxillary palpi 4-segmented, both palpi with apical palpomeres pointed at apex. Pronotum strongly transverse, widest at basal margin, with posterior angles acutely prominent, lateral and basal margins variable in shape; pronotum either without any keels or costae, or longitudinal keel present along midline (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494236776DC1FCA4FB30" box="[781,886,1253,1277]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 3–5</figureCitation>
); disc with punctures and sparse, long, erected pubescence. Scutellum bilobed apically, distal processes slender, projected obliquely backwards (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494231826C2DFAEDFAEC" box="[1272,1343,1289,1313]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Elytra without costae or reticulate cells, shortened, tapering to apex, rounded apically, densely covered with minute papillae bearing setae, which form dense pubescence (
<figureCitation id="13612A0749064942367F6C75FC9AFAA4" box="[773,840,1361,1385]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1194,1217]" captionTargetBox="[157,1434,195,1160]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1170]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. General appearance: 1. Alyculus wittmeri Bocakova; 2. A. barclayi sp. nov. Pronotum: 3. A. wittmeri Bocakova; 4. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. Head, pronotum, and scutellum: 5. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Basal antennomeres: 6. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 7. A. tujuhensis sp. nov.; 8. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev. Scales 0.5 mm (Figs 1 – 2), 0.1 mm (Figs 3 – 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282965/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Wings long, without veins, lightly infuscate. Legs slender, tarsomeres similar in width, slender. Male genitalia trilobate, phallus slender, usually slightly shorter than parameres, parameres widest at basal two fifths to one fourth, connected dorsally, approaching each other ventrally, phallobase simple (
<figureCitation id="13612A074906494234156C99FE36FA18" box="[367,484,1469,1493]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,1363,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1358,1879]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. Male genitalia: 9. A. kurbatovi Kazantsev (redrawn from Kazantsev 1999, Fig. 4); 10. A. tujuhensis sp. nov. 11. A. barclayi sp. nov.; 12. A. wittmeri Bocakova. Scales 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282966/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Figs 9–12</figureCitation>
). Body length:
<quantity id="4CA29B674906494237F56C99FCCBFA18" box="[655,793,1469,1493]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.1">1.1–2.7 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494235BD6CC6FC7AF960" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494235BD6CC6FC7AF960" blockId="1.[151,1437,821,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235BD6CC6FEE2FA37" bold="true" box="[199,304,1506,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Remark.</emphasis>
Only
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494234076CC6FE23FA34" box="[381,497,1506,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494234076CC6FE23FA34" box="[381,497,1506,1529]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494237556CC5FD11FA34" box="[559,707,1505,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Platerodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494237556CC5FD11FA34" box="[559,707,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Platerodrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected in females and their neoteny documented (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734906494235E46F21FE11F9D0" author="Bocak" box="[158,451,1541,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Bocak, L. &amp; Matsuda, K. (2003) Review of the immature stages of the family Lycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Journal of Natural History, 37, 1463 - 1507." type="journal article" year="2003">Bocak &amp; Matsuda 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Females of the remaining Lyropaeinae genera, including
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494231F26F21FB3AF9D0" box="[1160,1256,1541,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494231F26F21FB3AF9D0" box="[1160,1256,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are unknown. Although a limited number of
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494234946F0DFD9CF98C" box="[494,590,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494234946F0DFD9CF98C" box="[494,590,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens are known, and therefore the female neoteny cannot be inferred from the absence of females in the available material, the neotenic development is hypothesized on the basis of male morphology and molecular data, which place the genus in relationships with
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494231506F56FABFF944" authority="Waterhouse, 1878" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[1066,1389,1649,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494231506F56FB4CF944" box="[1066,1182,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
Waterhouse, 1878
</taxonomicName>
and other neotenic lineages (Bocak
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494234826FB2FDE2F960" box="[504,560,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
2008, Bocak &amp; Bocakova 2008).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094906494135BD6F9DFE8AFEF2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE536824906494135BD6F9DFE8AFEF2" blockId="1.[151,1437,821,2033]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,967]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494235BD6F9DFEB2F91F" bold="true" box="[199,352,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494234106F9DFE19F91C" box="[362,459,1721,1745]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494234106F9DFE19F91C" box="[362,459,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at present known from the Sunda Shelf Islands, but without any record from the Malay Peninsula, whose fauna is zoogeographically very close to Sumatra and Borneo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B7349064942311C6FF9FA9BF938" author="Bocak" box="[1126,1353,1757,1781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Bocak, L. &amp; Yagi, T. (2010) Evolution of mimicry patterns in Metriorrhynchus (Coleoptera: Lycidae): the history of dispersal and speciation in South East Asia. Evolution, 64, 39 - 52." type="journal article" year="2010">Bocak &amp; Yagi 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Three species occur in the mountain chain spreading from Northern Sumatra (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D0149064942368E6E25FBA5F8D4" box="[1012,1143,1793,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittmeri">
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049064942368E6E25FBA5F8D4" box="[1012,1143,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">A. wittmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported from the Aceh Province) through the central part of the island (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494237CD6E01FC9AF8F0" box="[695,840,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tujuhensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494237CD6E01FC9AF8F0" box="[695,840,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">A. tujuhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21D57EB49064942362A6E02FC7BF8F0" box="[848,937,1830,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Barisan Mts) to Western Java (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D0149064942306B6E01FA4EF8F0" box="[1297,1436,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kurbatovi">
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049064942306B6E01FA4EF8F0" box="[1297,1436,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">A. kurbatovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mt. Gede and environs). The later mountain region was repeatedly connected with Sumatra by the subaerial Sunda Strait (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734906494234576E49FE78F848" author="Voris" box="[301,426,1901,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Voris, H. K. (2000) Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in south-east Asia: shorelines, river systems and time duration. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153 - 1167." type="journal article" year="2000">Voris 2000</bibRefCitation>
) and shares fauna with Southern Sumatra. Although Sumatra in the present form has fairly recent origin, the presence of a limited extent of dry land during the time when most of Sumatra was submerged (~25–15 mya, Hall 2002) was supported by the dated evolution of another neotenic lineage,
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014906494231D06E91FDDDF83C" authority="Waterhouse , 1879 (Malohlava &amp; Bocak 2010)" authorityName="Waterhouse , 1879 (Malohlava &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Scarelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904906494231D06E91FADBF800" box="[1194,1289,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Scarelus</emphasis>
Waterhouse, 1879 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734906494235A46EFDFDD5F83C" author="Malohlava" box="[222,519,2009,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Malohlava, V. &amp; Bocak, L. (2010) Evidence of extreme habitat stability in a Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot based on the evolutionary analysis of neotenic net-winged beetles. Molecular Ecology, 19, 4800 - 4811." type="journal article" year="2010">Malohlava &amp; Bocak 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The highly morphologically diversified species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D0149064942312B6EFDFB63F83C" box="[1105,1201,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049064942312B6EFDFB63F83C" box="[1105,1201,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Sumatra and Java also support the continuous presence of some dry land, as the neotenic lineages do not disperse and occupy for a long time very restricted ranges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B7349054941376B6998FCEDFF19" author="Bocak" box="[529,831,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refString="Malohlava, V. &amp; Bocak, L. (2010) Evidence of extreme habitat stability in a Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot based on the evolutionary analysis of neotenic net-winged beetles. Molecular Ecology, 19, 4800 - 4811." type="journal article" year="2010">Bocak &amp; Malohlava 2010</bibRefCitation>
). A single species is known from Borneo, which is a much older island and rain forests were preserved in the region during the drier Pliocene and Pleistocene periods to a large extent (Canon
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494134E66821FE03FED1" box="[412,465,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
. 2009). Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494137CF6820FCC7FED1" box="[693,789,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494137CF6820FCC7FED1" box="[693,789,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be widespread also in the Crocker Range and the Kinabalu Massif.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34065094905494135BD686FFF32FC0A" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE536824905494135BD686FFF32FC0A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494135BD686FFEF5FEA9" bold="true" box="[199,295,331,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Biology.</emphasis>
These lycids were sifted (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494137146868FD2CFEA9" box="[622,766,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kurbatovi">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494137146868FD2CFEA9" box="[622,766,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">A. kurbatovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), intercepted by Malaise traps (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494131F96868FAD7FEA9" box="[1155,1285,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barclayi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494131F96868FAD7FEA9" box="[1155,1285,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">A. barclayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21D57EB4905494130696869FAA0FEA9" box="[1299,1394,333,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494130FE6868FF26FE45" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittmeri">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494130FE6868FF26FE45" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">A. wittmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or swept from lower vegetation under the rain forest canopy (
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494136B76854FBB3FE45" box="[973,1121,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tujuhensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494136B76854FBB3FE45" box="[973,1121,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">A. tujuhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21D57EB4905494131106854FB17FE4A" box="[1130,1221,368,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494131A86854FA8CFE45" box="[1234,1374,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kurbatovi">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494131A86854FA8CFE45" box="[1234,1374,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">A. kurbatovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). All species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D0149054941347568B0FEBDFE61" box="[271,367,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049054941347568B0FEBDFE61" box="[271,367,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are generally rare and individual species are known in a single or a few specimens from very limited ranges, typically represented by mountain tops. These small-bodied and feebly sclerotized neotenic lycids show a tendency to remain in humid conditions at the lowest herb stratum under canopy and they seldom fly. Although a low number of specimens have been collected, we can say that these neotenic lycids fly close to the surface of soil (typical height of flight up to
<quantity id="4CA29B674905494137EF6B00FD0CFDF1" box="[661,734,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
) and have never been collected in higher strata of vegetation. Their flight is very slow and the flying activity is restricted to weather conditions without wind, at high temperatures and humidity. Probably, the flight of males serves only for finding a conspecific female as low dispersal ability of males must be expected as a consequence of feeble, small body, flightlessness of larviform females, rareness and the dependence on stable rainforest habitats. The extensive distribution and vicariant ranges of
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494135CD6BFCFEC5FD3D" box="[183,279,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Alyculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494135CD6BFCFEC5FD3D" box="[183,279,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Alyculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble the distribution of neotenic net-winged beetle
<taxonomicName id="4C5A4D014905494136E76BFCFA92FD22" authority="Malohlava &amp; Bocak 2010" authorityName="Malohlava &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2010" box="[925,1344,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Scarelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92EEA904905494136E76BFCFC2EFD3D" box="[925,1020,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Scarelus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734905494131776BF3FAEAFD22" author="Malohlava" box="[1037,1336,727,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refString="Malohlava, V. &amp; Bocak, L. (2010) Evidence of extreme habitat stability in a Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot based on the evolutionary analysis of neotenic net-winged beetles. Molecular Ecology, 19, 4800 - 4811." type="journal article" year="2010">Malohlava &amp; Bocak 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the species ranges correspond with the uninterrupted presence of the South East Asian rain forests in the mountains of Sumatra, western Java, and Northwestern Borneo during drier periods of the Pleistocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734905494131FE6A3BFAD6FCFA" author="Voris" box="[1156,1284,799,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refString="Voris, H. K. (2000) Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in south-east Asia: shorelines, river systems and time duration. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153 - 1167." type="journal article" year="2000">Voris 2000</bibRefCitation>
). All recently collected species of Lyropaeinae inhabit undisturbed humid forests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734905494136E56A60FB81FC91" author="Bocakova" box="[927,1107,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refString="Bocakova, M. (2006) Review of the tribe Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, 127 - 136." type="journal article" year="2006">Bocakova 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and are seldom collected in ecosystems affected by human activities. Considering their dependence on the original habitats and presumed low dispersal propensity, these animals are deeply threatened by the undergoing deforestation in the region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCB4B734905494130616AA8FF06FC0A" author="Sodhi" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refString="Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Brook, B. W. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (2004) Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 654 - 660." type="journal article" year="2004">
Sodhi
<emphasis id="B92EEA9049054941301E6AA9FA47FC69" box="[1380,1429,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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