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<document id="2DEB15F54A09FA715EF6154C24324435" ID-CLB-Dataset="7639" ID-DOI="10.1206/885.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48769858-fe3b-415b-9ac8-3feeb42a9bae" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4629954" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615992553244" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lecroy, Mary" docDate="2014" docId="0398542A1930FFC2697491D21EC3FA6E" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2014.393.1-165.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2014 (393)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Montifringilla ruficollis Blanford 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFA12C52193FFFD36A7C900E1F21FF86" masterDocTitle="Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 12. Passeriformes: Ploceidae, Sturnidae, Buphagidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Callaeidae, Grallinidae, Corcoracidae, Artamidae, Cracticidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, Cnemophilidae, Paradisaeidae, And Corvidae" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698933641009" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EF9F32FB1A3BB5F545F47E9B936EEC8F">Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 12. Passeriformes: Ploceidae, Sturnidae, Buphagidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Callaeidae, Grallinidae, Corcoracidae, Artamidae, Cracticidae, Ptilonorhynchidae, Cnemophilidae, Paradisaeidae, And Corvidae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0398542A1930FFC2697491D21EC3FA6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630016" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180667789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630016" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398542A1930FFC2697491D21EC3FA6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398542A1930FFC2697491D21EC3FA6E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFDC697491D21BA0FE74" blockId="15.[776,1153,476,499]" box="[776,1153,476,499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D0C652501930FFDC697491D21BA0FE74" box="[776,1153,476,499]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF1930FFDC697491D21BA0FE74" ID-CoL="6S29T" authority="Blanford" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[776,1153,476,499]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC697491D21BA0FE74" bold="true" box="[776,1153,476,499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC697491D21B35FE75" bold="true" box="[776,1044,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
Blanford
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB21C2121930FFDC68C192071B4BFDBE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC68C192071BB4FD9B" author="Blanford, W. T." box="[701,1173,521,541]" page="227" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="1871">
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF1930FFDC68C192071BB4FD9B" ID-CoL="6S29T" authority="Blanford, 1871 b: 227" authorityName="Blanford" authorityPageNumber="227" authorityYear="1871" box="[701,1173,521,541]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC68C192071C8FFD9B" box="[701,942,521,541]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC69CB92041BB4FD9B" author="Blanford" box="[951,1173,522,541]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="227" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="226 - 228" refId="ref120090" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 b. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology (Ab- stract). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, January-December 1871: 226 - 228." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="b">Blanford, 1871b: 227</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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(Láchen valley near the Tibetan frontier).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFDC68C1924F1CD9FD39" blockId="15.[701,1228,521,703]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB21C2121930FFDC68C1924F1CD9FD39" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
Now
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF1930FFDC6883924E1BB9FDD2" ID-CoL="6WR3M" authority="(Blanford, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[767,1176,576,596]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Pyrgilauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC6883924E1CF5FDD2" box="[767,980,576,596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Pyrgilauda ruficollis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC6995924F1BB1FDD2" author="Blanford, W. T." box="[1001,1168,577,596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871">Blanford, 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. See
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC68A492521CBFFDE8" author="Hartert, E." box="[728,926,603,623]" page="157" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="1919">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC68A492521CBFFDE8" author="Hartert" box="[728,926,603,623]" firstAuthor="Hartert" page="157" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="123 - 178" refId="ref125804" refString="Hartert, E. 1919. Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the general collection. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 123 - 178." type="journal article" year="1919">Hartert, 1919: 157</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC69D092551B4BFDE8" author="Vaurie, C." box="[940,1130,603,622]" page="590" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC69D092551B4BFDE8" author="Vaurie" box="[940,1130,603,622]" firstAuthor="Vaurie" page="590" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref139480" refString="Vaurie, C. 1959. The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Passeriformes. London: H. F. &amp; G. Witherby Ltd., xii + 762 pp." type="book" year="1959">Vaurie, 1959: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC6E0492521B29FD0C" author="Moreau, R. E. &amp; J. C. Greenway, Jr." page="28" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC6E0492521B29FD0C" author="Moreau and Greenway" firstAuthor="Moreau" page="28 - 29" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="3 - 75" refId="ref131736" refString="Moreau, R. E., and J. C. Greenway, Jr. 1962. Family Ploceidae. In E. Mayr and J. C. Greenway, Jr. (editors). Check-list of birds of the world, 15: 3 - 75. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, x + 315 pp." type="book chapter" year="1962">Moreau and Greenway, 1962: 28–29</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC6E6B92791DDEFD23" author="Dickinson, E. C." page="719" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC6E6B92791DDEFD23" author="Dickinson" firstAuthor="Dickinson" page="719" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref122474" refString="Dickinson, E. C. 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp." type="book" year="2003">Dickinson, 2003: 719</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC6970929C1BB6FD22" author="Rasmussen, P. G. &amp; J. C. Anderton" box="[780,1175,657,677]" page="578" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC6970929C1BB6FD22" author="Rasmussen and Anderton" box="[780,1175,657,677]" firstAuthor="Rasmussen" page="578" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref133299" refString="Rasmussen, P. G., and J. C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide, vol. 2: attributes and status. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 683 pp." type="book" year="2005">Rasmussen and Anderton, 2005: 578</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; and
<treatmentCitation id="0A90C32D1930FFDC68A492A21CD5FD39" author="Summers-Smith, J. D." box="[728,1012,684,703]" page="812" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC68A492A21CD5FD39" author="Summers-Smith" box="[728,1012,684,703]" firstAuthor="Summers-Smith" page="812" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="793 - 813" refId="ref137909" refString="Summers-Smith, J. D. 2009. Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. Christie (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 14, Bush shrikes to Old World sparrows: 793 - 813. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 893 pp, 51 pls., photographs." type="book chapter" year="2009">Summers-Smith, 2009: 812</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFDC68A692D91CACFC05" blockId="15.[701,1228,727,1759]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
?
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E1930FFDC689A92D91C71FD6B" box="[742,848,727,751]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="syntype">SYNTYPE</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC692392D71B28FD68" bold="true" box="[863,1033,729,750]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">AMNH 717336</emphasis>
, unsexed (marked adult male on the Rothschild type label), collected at Kongra Lama Pass,
<quantity id="4CC948D91930FFDC6E24931A1BE6FCAC" box="[1112,1223,788,810]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.724399999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" unit="ft" value="15500.0">15,500 ft</quantity>
,
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE1930FFDC68C1933C1C32FCCE" box="[701,787,818,840]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
, on
<date id="FF8FC3FC1930FFDC6931933F1B2AFCC1" box="[845,1035,817,840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" value="1870-10-05">5 October 1870</date>
, by H.J. Elwes. From the Elwes Collection via the Rothschild Collection.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32BB6B71930FFC368A693871B1DF9A8" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFDC68A693871C6FFADB" blockId="15.[701,1228,727,1759]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
COMMENTS: The original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF1930FFDC68C193A61CF6FC39" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[701,983,936,959]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFDC68C193A61CF6FC39" box="[701,983,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC698B93A71DC8FC5D" author="Blanford" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="227" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="226 - 228" refId="ref120090" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 b. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology (Ab- stract). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, January-December 1871: 226 - 228." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="b">Blanford, 1871b: 227</bibRefCitation>
, not 277 as given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC6E5193C91C91FC7C" author="Moreau and Greenway" firstAuthor="Moreau" page="29" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="3 - 75" refId="ref131736" refString="Moreau, R. E., and J. C. Greenway, Jr. 1962. Family Ploceidae. In E. Mayr and J. C. Greenway, Jr. (editors). Check-list of birds of the world, 15: 3 - 75. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, x + 315 pp." type="book chapter" year="1962">Moreau and Greenway, 1962: 29</bibRefCitation>
) was in an abstract of the annotated list of Blanford’s
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE1930FFDC6E05940F1BEDFB91" box="[1145,1228,1025,1047]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
collection that was to appear the following year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC697794331CE6FBD5" author="Blanford" box="[779,967,1085,1107]" firstAuthor="Blanford" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="30 - 73" refId="ref120148" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1872. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Natural History, etc. 41 (1): 30 - 73." type="journal article" year="1872">Blanford, 1872</bibRefCitation>
) but subsequent to publication of the first part of his report summarizing the trip (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC69AE94761BB9FB08" author="Blanford" box="[978,1176,1144,1166]" firstAuthor="Blanford" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="a">Blanford, 1871a</bibRefCitation>
). In this description, both male (based on malespecific characters given) and female were described and a single set of measurements supplied. The
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E1930FFDC691094E11CBFFA82" box="[876,926,1263,1284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
locality was the Láchen Valley near the Tibetan frontier, but no
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E1930FFDC6EE695021BEDFAA7" box="[1178,1228,1292,1313]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
was designated and the specimens were not enumerated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFDC68A795681B32F900" blockId="15.[701,1228,727,1759]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
In the full report,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC69C6956B1BEDFAFD" author="Blanford" box="[954,1228,1381,1403]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="66 - 68" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="30 - 73" refId="ref120148" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1872. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Natural History, etc. 41 (1): 30 - 73." type="journal article" year="1872">Blanford (1872: 66–68)</bibRefCitation>
described both male and female, repeating the measurements given in the original description, said here to be of a male measured before skinning. Measurements were added of an additional male and a female, noting on page 67 that a single female was obtained. No
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E1930FFDC69DF963B1CF4F9CC" box="[931,981,1589,1610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
specimen was mentioned, but a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E1930FFDC691D965C1CB2F9E1" box="[865,915,1618,1639]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
series of two males and a female was here enumerated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C1930FFC368A796801EE9FCB2" blockId="15.[701,1228,727,1759]" lastBlockId="16.[93,620,212,1759]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD1930FFDC68A796801C9FF922" author="Hartert" box="[731,958,1678,1700]" firstAuthor="Hartert" page="157" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="123 - 178" refId="ref125804" refString="Hartert, E. 1919. Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the general collection. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 123 - 178." type="journal article" year="1919">Hartert (1919: 157)</bibRefCitation>
insisted that an Elwes specimen held in the Rothschild Collection, now in AMNH, was the type of
<emphasis id="B945392E1930FFC36E2F96C71FDAFF6D" italics="true" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
Montifrin- gilla
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36AE590DA1FDAFF6D" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[153,251,212,235]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">ruficollis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
: ‘‘There can be no doubt that this specimen is the actual type, and not the one in the British specimen [sic], which
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36A2191221E6DFEC4" author="Sharpe" box="[93,332,299,322]" firstAuthor="Sharpe" page="264" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref136607" refString="Sharpe, R. B. 1888 c. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or perching birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes: Part III. Containing the family Fringillidae. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, volume 12. London: Trustees of the British Museum, xv + 871 pp, 16 pls." type="book" year="1888" yearSuffix="c">Sharpe [1888c: 264]</bibRefCitation>
registered as the type. The latter is no doubt a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192FFFC36BE191441D26FED9" box="[413,519,330,351]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, but on the original label is no remark to the fact; the word ‘‘type’’ has only been written on the British Museum’s label, apparently by Sharpe, while our specimen bears the remark ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36A1891D51E24FE74" authority="Lecroy, 2014" authorityName="Lecroy" authorityYear="2014" box="[100,261,475,498]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36A1891D51E24FE74" box="[100,261,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Montifringilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2768455192FFFC36B6A91D21E5DFE77" box="[278,380,476,497]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
type of
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36B8691D51D7DFE74" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[506,604,475,498]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36B8691D51D7DFE74" box="[506,604,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,’ evidently in the author’s handwriting.’’ This is, in fact, what is written on the Elwes label in what appears to be Elwes’ hand, with the former identification,
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36B1D925E1EECFDE1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[353,461,592,615]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Emberiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36B1D925E1EECFDE1" box="[353,461,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Emberiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, crossed out. However, the original description had been published by Blanford, not Elwes. I have found no indication that Elwes ever published on his specimens from this expedition to
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC36A0192ED1FF2FD7F" box="[125,211,739,761]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
. Noting that
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36B1292EA1FC1FC91" author="Warren and Harrison" firstAuthor="Warren" page="478" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref139836" refString="Warren, R. L. M., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1971. Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 2. Passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 628 pp." type="book" year="1971">Warren and Harrison (1971: 478)</bibRefCitation>
listed two
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192FFFC36B1B930F1EEBFC90" box="[359,458,769,790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
in BMNH, I sought additional information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC36A0693321D4DFC41" blockId="16.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
R. Prŷs-Jones sent information on the three BMNH specimens associated with Blanford and Elwes and suggested consulting the first paper by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36B31939A1D3CFC2C" author="Blanford" box="[333,541,916,938]" firstAuthor="Blanford" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="a">Blanford (1871a)</bibRefCitation>
, from which I assembled the following information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC36A0693C11E00FAF9" blockId="16.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
Blanford and Elwes were not acquainted before they met by chance in
<collectingCountry id="F326A5AC192FFFC36BB893E31D24FB85" box="[452,517,1005,1027]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
. At that time, Blanford had decided to use his three months’ leave to pursue studies of birds in the interior of
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC36B4F944A1EA9FBDC" box="[307,392,1092,1114]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
, and Elwes had traveled from
<collectingCountry id="F326A5AC192FFFC36B64946C1E5BFBFE" box="[280,378,1122,1144]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">England</collectingCountry>
and had virtually completed his plans to travel to Sikkim to study Indian birds when he met Blanford. When they discovered that their aims were similar, they agreed to travel together (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC3685794D91E7BFA8C" author="Blanford" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="368 - 369" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="a">Blanford, 1871a: 368–369</bibRefCitation>
) from August to September, 1870. They reached their highest altitudes in Sikkim on 5–7 October at Kangra Lama Pass in the Láchen Valley at the Tibetan frontier.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC36A0695891B42FE74" blockId="16.[93,620,212,1759]" lastBlockId="16.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36A0695891EE4FA1B" author="Blanford" box="[122,453,1415,1437]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="415 - 419" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="a">Blanford (1871a: 415–419)</bibRefCitation>
detailed the activities of Elwes and himself on the three days they were near Kangra Pass, the only locality at which they entered the Láchen Valley (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36ACA95F21EB0F994" author="Blanford" box="[182,401,1532,1554]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="31" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 73" refId="ref120148" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1872. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Natural History, etc. 41 (1): 30 - 73." type="journal article" year="1872">Blanford, 1872: 31</bibRefCitation>
). Kangra Lama or Kongra Lama, as spelled by Elwes, are alternative spellings of a pass between
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC3686596391D4DF9CB" box="[537,620,1591,1613]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC36AEA965A1FF5F9EC" box="[150,212,1620,1642]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Tibet</collectingRegion>
at
<geoCoordinate id="EE0583FB192FFFC36B79965A1E7DF9EC" box="[261,348,1620,1642]" degrees="28.06" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="28.06">28.06N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0583FB192FFFC36B11965A1E9CF9EC" box="[365,445,1620,1642]" degrees="88.45" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="88.45">88.45E</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC36BAE965A1FE7F901" author="Lozupone" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lozupone" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref128832" refString="Lozupone, P., B. M. Beehler, and S. D. Ripley. 2004. Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 190 pp." type="book" year="2004">Lozupone et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
). On 5 October, they were together near the pass. Blanford mentioned that he had shot two specimens of the ‘‘new
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC3686796A31F96F959" authorityName="Lecroy" authorityYear="2014" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC3686796A31F96F959" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Montifringilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ on that day, but did not mention Elwes as having collected any. After their brief visit, Blanford returned directly to their base camp at Tangú while Elwes returned to Tangú via Phálúng. On 6 October, both remained at Tangú. On 7 October, Elwes left Tangú for Tállam Samdong, their next camp, while Blanford went to Phálúng before following Elwes. In Phálúng, he reported seeing another flock of the
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC369A591B01B5BFE53" authorityName="Lecroy" authorityYear="2014" box="[985,1146,446,469]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC369A591B01B5BFE53" box="[985,1146,446,469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Montifringilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but did not mention collecting a specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC368C491F41DDCFBBD" blockId="16.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
Throughout his annotated report on the specimens collected,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC369F692191B63FDA8" author="Blanford" box="[906,1090,535,558]" firstAuthor="Blanford" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 73" refId="ref120148" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1872. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Natural History, etc. 41 (1): 30 - 73." type="journal article" year="1872">Blanford (1872)</bibRefCitation>
spoke in the first person singular concerning his own specimens and observations although he occasionally mentioned that he had seen an Elwes specimen or knew that he had collected one. In a few cases he mentioned that Elwes had sent him a specimen for comparison, usually when he had seen a species but had not collected it. In the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36E3B930C1DC5FCB3" authority="Elwesi" authorityName="Elwesi" class="Aves" family="Alaudidae" genus="Otocoris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36E3B930C1DC5FCB3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Otocoris Elwesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the other new species described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC368E793321C88FCD4" author="Blanford" box="[667,937,828,850]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="227" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="226 - 228" refId="ref120090" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 b. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology (Ab- stract). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, January-December 1871: 226 - 228." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="b">Blanford (1871b: 227)</bibRefCitation>
, he (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC3699193321D99FCE9" author="Blanford" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="63" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 73" refId="ref120148" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1872. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part II. Zoology. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Natural History, etc. 41 (1): 30 - 73." type="journal article" year="1872">Blanford, 1872: 63</bibRefCitation>
) noted that he had not collected it himself, that Elwes had collected three, but the only one he possessed was one given him by Elwes. Blanford did not indicate that Elwes had collected
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC3692E93C31B46FC62" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[850,1127,973,996]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC3692E93C31B46FC62" box="[850,1127,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there are two male specimens collected by him on 5 October, one in AMNH and one in BMNH.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC368C4944A1CA9FB49" blockId="16.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">R. Prŷs-Jones has kindly sent me information on the following specimens in BMNH. Two of them were received directly from Blanford and are two of the three specimens he said he collected.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC368C494D61B1DF9A8" blockId="16.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
BMNH 1880.8.12.2, male, Kangra Lama Pass,
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC3689F94FA1C18FA8C" box="[739,825,1268,1290]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FF8FC3FC192FFFC3693694FA1B2DFA8F" box="[842,1036,1268,1290]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" value="1870-10-05">5 October 1870</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36E6194FA1BA8FA8D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1053,1161,1268,1291]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Emberiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36E6194FA1BA8FA8D" box="[1053,1161,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Emberiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is written on the reverse of the Blanford label but has been crossed out and
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192FFFC36E7595201DDCFAE4" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192FFFC36E7595201DDCFAE4" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inserted. On the BMNH label (only) ‘‘TYPE’’ is written, subsequently crossed out and ‘‘paratype’’ substituted. This is the specimen that was considered the type by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC368E795CF1CA6FA51" author="Sharpe" box="[667,903,1473,1495]" firstAuthor="Sharpe" page="264" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref136607" refString="Sharpe, R. B. 1888 c. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or perching birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes: Part III. Containing the family Fringillidae. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, volume 12. London: Trustees of the British Museum, xv + 871 pp, 16 pls." type="book" year="1888" yearSuffix="c">Sharpe (1888c: 264)</bibRefCitation>
, and was so recorded in the BMNH register. It was also one of the two
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192FFFC368AC95F21C12F997" box="[720,819,1532,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC369D595F21C00F9A9" author="Warren and Harrison" firstAuthor="Warren" page="478" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref139836" refString="Warren, R. L. M., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1971. Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 2. Passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 628 pp." type="book" year="1971">Warren and Harrison (1971: 478)</bibRefCitation>
. It is a definite
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192FFFC369A796171B19F9A8" box="[987,1080,1561,1582]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32BB6B7192FFFC268C496391EC3FA6E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192FFFC268C496391E35FEC5" blockId="16.[667,1193,213,1759]" lastBlockId="17.[128,654,213,1512]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
BMNH 1880.8.12.3, female, Phálúng,
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192FFFC36E0696391DEAF9EC" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="FF8FC3FC192FFFC368A0965B1CBCF9EF" box="[732,925,1620,1642]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" value="1870-10-07">7 October 1870</date>
. This specimen has a Blanford label and is the only female collected (Blanford, 1972: 67). It was not listed as a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192FFFC3696196A21C57F947" box="[797,886,1708,1729]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192FFFC369DB96A21C06F959" author="Warren and Harrison" firstAuthor="Warren" page="478" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" refId="ref139836" refString="Warren, R. L. M., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1971. Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 2. Passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 628 pp." type="book" year="1971">Warren and Harrison (1971: 478)</bibRefCitation>
, but because Blanford’s single female specimen was collected at Phálúng on 7 October, when Blanford was alone at that locality, it is without doubt also a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192EFFC26868911E1D4CFEA3" box="[532,621,272,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192EFFC26AFC91201E2CFEC2" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[128,269,301,324]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192EFFC26AFC91201E2CFEC2" box="[128,269,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M. ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192EFFC26AE191421F96FD62" blockId="17.[128,654,213,1512]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
BMNH 1887.6.1.374, unsexed, Kongra Lama,
<collectingRegion id="49F52BDE192EFFC26AA591641E0FFE06" box="[217,302,362,384]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="4CC948D9192EFFC26B3C91641E94FE06" box="[320,437,362,384]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.724399999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" unit="ft" value="15500.0">15,500 ft.</quantity>
,
<date id="FF8FC3FC192EFFC26BB491641DABFEF9" box="[456,650,362,384]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" value="1870-10-05">5 October 1870</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192EFFC26AFC91891FCDFE18" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[128,236,391,414]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Emberiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945392E192EFFC26AFC91891FCDFE18" box="[128,236,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Emberiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is written on the reverse of Elwes’ original label and is crossed out and replaced by
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192EFFC26AD591CC1E99FE5F" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[169,440,450,473]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192EFFC26AD591CC1E99FE5F" box="[169,440,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Montifringilla ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; someone, whose initials neither Prŷs-Jones nor I can decipher, has written: ‘‘This is one of the types originally collected.’’ The specimen was received by BMNH with the Hume Collection. It was listed as a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192EFFC26B1592561EE3FDEB" box="[361,450,600,621]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192EFFC26B8792561E54FD0D" author="Warren and Harrison" firstAuthor="Warren" page="478" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" refId="ref139836" refString="Warren, R. L. M., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1971. Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 2. Passerines. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 628 pp." type="book" year="1971">Warren and Harrison (1971: 478)</bibRefCitation>
but was not listed as a type in the BMNH register or in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192EFFC26840929C1E26FD40" author="Sharpe" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" pagination="193 - 204" refId="ref136528" refString="Sharpe, [R.] B. 1888 a. On a collection of birds from the island of Palawan. Ibis (5) 6: 193 - 204." type="journal article" year="1888">Sharpe (1888: 264)</bibRefCitation>
. Its status as a type is questionable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EE53C192EFFC26AE192E31EC3FA6E" blockId="17.[128,654,213,1512]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="3B59EF61192EFFC26AE192E31D08FAD2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3059913657" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="AMNH 717336" specimenCount="2">
It is possible that
<specimenCode id="DB974D47192EFFC26B1192E21D05FC84" box="[365,548,748,770]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">AMNH 717336</specimenCode>
was sent to Blanford for his description and then returned to Elwes and annotated by him, but because there is no information concerning how the specimen came to be in the Rothschild Collection or whether there were reasons other than the annotation by Elwes on his label to explain why Hartert was so insistent that it was a
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192EFFC26BD593D41EFFFC69" box="[425,478,986,1007]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
, it cannot be definitely tied to the description for the following reasons. It is shown above that Blanford had based his description on two males and one female and that no
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192EFFC2685A945F1D79FBE0" box="[550,600,1105,1126]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
was designated.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA098CD192EFFC26B7594601D29FB02" author="Blanford" box="[265,520,1134,1156]" firstAuthor="Blanford" page="415" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" pagination="367 - 420" refId="ref120036" refString="Blanford, W. T. 1871 a. Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and subalpine regions. Part I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40 (2): 367 - 420." type="journal article" year="1871" yearSuffix="a">Blanford (1871a: 415)</bibRefCitation>
specifically mentioned that he had shot two males on 5 October at Kangra Lama Pass, and the whereabouts of only one of those is known. Blanford did not mention Elwes as having collected a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C319EBF192EFFC26BB4950D1D43FA9F" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1871" box="[456,610,1282,1305]" class="Aves" family="Passeridae" genus="Montifringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
<emphasis id="B945392E192EFFC26BB4950D1D43FA9F" box="[456,610,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M. ruficollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Kangra Lama Pass, although Elwes seemingly did collect at least two specimens
</materialsCitation>
;
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nor did Blanford mention that he had consulted an Elwes specimen. The fact that Elwes marked his label ‘‘Type’’ is not in and of itself evidence that the specimen has
<typeStatus id="548A5B9E192EFFC2687795BB1D1CFA4C" box="[523,573,1461,1482]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
status (
<collectionCode id="ED207DF9192EFFC26AF495DC1FF3FA61" box="[136,210,1490,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">ICZN</collectionCode>
, 1999: 77, Art. 72.4.7)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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