treatments-xml/data/FD/B6/5A/FDB65AB98F5A500291F2FEC3C10022B8.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db99327c-6b14-4d79-9a0c-4b8c941ca1bd" ID-PMC="PMC6160854" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-108-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" ID-PubMed="30275733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409868" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-108-25" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." checkinTime="1553125367062" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Horn, Charles N. &amp; Almeida, Rafael F." docDate="2018" docId="FDB65AB98F5A500291F2FEC3C10022B8" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 108: 25-83" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 108" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" docTitle="Pontederia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 288. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" masterDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668139023691" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L.</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Horn, Charles N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Almeida, Rafael F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>108</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472638" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FDB65AB98F5A500291F2FEC3C10022B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDB65AB98F5A500291F2FEC3C10022B8" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName LSID="FDB65AB9-8F5A-5002-91F2-FEC3C10022B8" authority="L., Sp. Pl. 1: 288. 1753." class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 288. 1753.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Pontederia subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A habit B-C inflorescence: B young inflorescence, showing the inflated leaf-sheath and flat basal bract with caudate apex C mature inflorescence showing the pedunculate cincinni with elongate internodes D detail of a cincinni, showing (from left to right) an immature floral bud, a pre-anthesis floral bud and a post-anthesis flower E front view of a flower F detail of an immature capsule, showing the ridged anthocarp. All photos of P. paniculata Spreng.; A by C. Willig &amp; L. Nusbaumer, remaining photos by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225721" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figs 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pontederia subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A-B habit: A paludal habit of P. australasica (Ridl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn B paludal habit of P. cyanea (F. Muell.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn C ligule of P. vaginalis Burm. f., showing the truncate apex D-E petiolate leaf-blades: D blade of P. cyanea, showing the lack of a posterior division E blade of P. vaginalis, showing the presence of a posterior division F-G inflorescences: F inflorescence of P. australasica, showing the developed main axis G inflorescence of P. plantaginea Roxb., showing the contracted main axis H front view of a flower of P. korsakowii (Regel &amp; Maack) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn I-J inflorescences at post-anthesis: I erect inflorescence of P. hastata L. bearing flowers at post-anthesis J infructescence of P. hastata, showing the deflexed posture and the elongated pedicels K sections of immature capsules of P. vaginalis, showing developing seeds. A, F by M. Barritt B by R. Cumming C, E, K by P. B. Pelser &amp; J. F. Barcelona D by A. &amp; S. Pearson G by D. Valke H by Ashitaka-f Studio and I &amp; J by Cerlin Ng." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225722" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Pontederia subg. Oshunae M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A-B habit: A dense population of the pink-flowered form B detail of a population, showing the free-floating rosettes, stolons and inflated petioles C-D petiolate leaves: C blade D detail of a young leaf showing its blade enclosing the inflated petiole of the presiding leaf E-G inflorescence: E young inflorescence of a lilac-flowered form F inflorescence of a lilac-flowered form at anthesis G inflorescence of a pink-flowered form at anthesis H-J flowers: H oblique view of a lilac flower I detail of the nectar guide J detail of the androecium and gynoecium showing the glandular hairs. All photos of P. crassipes Mart.; A by C. Willig &amp; L. Nusbaumer B by O. Gaubert C by K. Pritchard &amp; S. A. Harris, D-F, H-I by R. Aguilar and G by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225723" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pontederia subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A-B habit: A habit of P. heterosperma (Alexander) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn, showing the emerged petiolate leaves B habit of P. diversifolia (Vahl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn, showing the floating petiolate leaves C-F inflorescence: C 2 - 3 - flowered inflorescences of P. diversifolia, showing the flowers with a yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes D 1 - flowered inflorescence of P. natans P. Beauv., showing the lack of a nectar guide E inflorescence of P. heterosperma, showing the lack of nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes F morphological variation of inflorescences and perianth colour of P. azurea Sw G front view of a flower of P. azurea H front view of a flower of P. natans. A, B by O. Gaubert C by A. S. Castro D by P. Birnbaum E by H. Medeiros F by L. O. A. Teixeira G by M. O. O. Pellegrini and I by T. C. Buruwate." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225724" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Pontederia L. subg. Pontederia. A-C habit: A dense population of P. parviflora Alexander B population of P. ovalis Mart. ex Schult. &amp; Schult. f. C habit of P. rotundifolia L. f. D-E petiolate leaves: D blade of P. rotundifolia E blade of P. parviflora F-H inflorescences: F inflorescence of P. cordata L., showing flowers with two yellow nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes G inflorescence of P. parviflora, showing flowers with a sole yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes H inflorescence of P. rotudifolia, showing a lilac-flowered form I oblique view of a flower of P. ovalis J-K fruits: J detail of the apex of the infructescence of P. ovalis, showing the anthocarp with sinuate ridges K detail of an achene of P. cordata, showing the toothed ridges. A by C. Willig &amp; L. Nusbaumer B, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini C by L. O. A. Teixeira, D, H by R. Aguilar E by M. R. Engels F by Ashitaka-f Studio G by M. V. Lameiras and K by A. Haines." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225725" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">, 9</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
Type species (designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Lowden, RM" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="426 - 487" refId="B64" refString="Lowden, RM, 1973. Revision of the genus Pontederia L. Rhodora 75: 426 - 487" title="Revision of the genus Pontederia L." volume="75" year="1973">Lowden 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia cordata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Herbs</emphasis>
perennial or annual, aquatic to amphibious, erect-emergent, procumbent-emergent or free-floating. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Roots</emphasis>
thin, fibrous or spongy. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Rhizome</emphasis>
short and generally inconspicuous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Stems</emphasis>
trailing to erect, delicate to spongy, branching at the base, rarely branching at the upper half, rooting at the basal nodes or along the whole stem; internodes reduced to elongate, producing stolons or not. 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Sessile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sessile leaves" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Sessile leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distichously-alternate, congested at the apex of the stem, submerged, deciduous or persistent in mature plants, blades linear to linear-obovate, membranous, rarely chartaceous. 
<taxonomicName genus="Petiolate" lsidName="Petiolate leaves" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Petiolate leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distichously or spirally-alternate, congested at the apex of the stem or evenly distributed along the stem, floating or emergent, ligule truncate or with a flabellate projection; petioles conspicuous, rarely indistinct, inflated or not; blades elliptic to lanceolate or ovate to cordate to reniform or obovate to rounded, chartaceous to coriaceous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Synflorescence</emphasis>
composed by a solitary main florescence subtended by a vegetative, petiolate leaf. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Main florescences (inflorescences)</emphasis>
axillary or apparently terminal, consisting of a pedunculate, many-branched thyrse, rarely a reduced thyrse; inflorescence leaf with or without an inflated leaf-sheath; basal bract flat or tubular; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cincinnus’">cincinnus'</normalizedToken>
bract absent; cincinni (1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–3–">-3-</normalizedToken>
)4 - many per thyrse, alternate or fascicle-like, 1 - many-flowered, sessile or pedunculate, internodes contracted, rarely elongate; bracteoles absent, rarely present. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual, sessile or pedicellate, chasmogamous, pseudo-homostylous or tristylous, enantiostylous, zygomorphic, perianth connate usually forming a tube (hypanthium), rarely only basally fused, campanulate or infundibuliform or hypocrateriform, white to light pink to pink to mauve to pale lilac to lilac to bluish-lilac to purple, lobes 6 (3 outer and 3 inner), elliptic to oblong to obovate, 3 superior and 3 inferior, rarely 5 superior and 1 inferior, the central superior lobe generally with a nectar guide, consisting of 1-2 yellow to green spots, generally surrounded by a dark purple to bluish-purple, rarely white blur, spirally-coiling or revolute at post-anthesis, deliquescent or not; stamens 6, epipetalous, dimorphic (the superior 3 shorter than the inferior 3) or unequal (1 inferior longer with a differently coloured anther), filaments J-shaped or recurved-decurved, terete, glabrous to glandular-pubescent, anthers dorsifixed, sometimes basifixed, rimose or poricidal, oblong to elliptic or sagittate; ovary ellipsoid to oblongoid, glabrous, locules 3, (1-)3 fertile, (1-)multi-ovulate, placentation axial or pendulous, septal nectaries generally present, rarely absent, style J-shaped, glabrous to glandular-pubescent, stigma capitate to trilobate, rarely trifid. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Fruit</emphasis>
a capsule with loculicidal or irregular dehiscence, rarely an achene, ellipsoid to oblongoid to subglobose or ovoid, rarely pyriform, light to medium brown, apiculate due to persistent style base; anthocarp thin or hardened, smooth or ridged, ridges ornamented or not. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Seeds</emphasis>
oblongoid or ellipsoid or subglobose to broadly oblongoid or ovoid or curved narrowly ovoid, brown to light-brown, testa longitudinally conspicuously to inconspicuously winged, rarely smooth, when present, wings membranous and testa also transversally striated between each wing; funiculi generally persistent, hilum punctate; embryotega dorsal, not prominently apiculate, darker than the rest of the seed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently comprises 26 mainly Neotropical species. Almost all Paleotropical species belong to 
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Monochoria" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">P. subg. Monochoria</taxonomicName>
(C.Presl) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">comb. et stat. nov.</emphasis>
; except for 
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
P.Beauv., which is restricted to Africa and is a member of 
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Eichhornia" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">P. subg. Eichhornia</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">comb. et stat. nov.</emphasis>
Species in 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can range from paludal to free-floating plants, thus occurring in a wide range of water bodies, from perennial to temporary, but most commonly in slow or stagnated water.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="generic circumscription and infrageneric classification">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Generic circumscription and infrageneric classification.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
The circumscription adopted by us is almost equivalent to the original one proposed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" refId="B63" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, mominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum Systema Sexuale digestas, Tomus I. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden" title="Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, mominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum Systema Sexuale digestas, Tomus I." year="1753">Linnaeus (1753)</bibRefCitation>
. It differs only by the exclusion of 
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. ovata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., which is currently placed in 
<taxonomicName family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
as a synonym for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1827" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Phrynium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phrynium pubinerve" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubinerve">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Phrynium pubinerve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Blume (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1221857" author="Horn, CN" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="621 - 625" refId="B56" refString="Horn, CN, Haynes, RR, 1987. Typification of Pontederia and its Linnaean species names (Pontederiaceae). Taxon 36 (3): 621 - 625, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1221857" title="Typification of Pontederia and its Linnaean species names (Pontederiaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1221857" volume="36" year="1987">Horn and Haynes 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="eMonocot" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" publicationUrl="http://e-monocot.org" refId="B29" refString="eMonocot, 2010. eMonocot (Version 1.0.2). http://e-monocot.org" title="eMonocot (Version 1.0.2)." url="http://e-monocot.org" year="2010">eMonocot 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, no amendments are necessary for the herein adopted circumscription. We propose the subdivision of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in five monophyletic subgenera, based on the previously published molecular and morphological phylogenies (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419074" author="Eckenwalder, JE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="373 - 391" refId="B27" refString="Eckenwalder, JE, Barrett, SCH, 1986. Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiaceae. Systematic Botany 11 (3): 373 - 391, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419074" title="Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419074" volume="11" year="1986">Eckenwalder and Barrett 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, SW" journalOrPublisher="Hindasia Publishers, Delhi" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" refId="B41" refString="Graham, SW, Barrett, SCH, 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiales: implications for breeding-system evolution. In: Rudall P, et al. (Eds) Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Condon, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 415-441." title="Phylogenetic systematics of Pontederiales: implications for breeding-system evolution. In: Rudall P, et al. (Eds) Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Condon, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 415 - 441." year="1995">Graham and Barrett 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03919.x" author="Kohn, JR" journalOrPublisher="Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="1454 - 1469" refId="B59" refString="Kohn, JR, Graham, SW, Morton, BR, Doyle, JJ, Barrett, SCH, 1996. Reconstruction of the evolution of reproductive characters in Pontederiaceae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 50 (4): 1454 - 1469, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03919.x" title="Reconstruction of the evolution of reproductive characters in Pontederiaceae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03919.x" volume="50" year="1996">Kohn et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, SCH" editor="Givnish, TJ" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="225 - 258" refId="B11" refString="Barrett, SCH, Graham, SW, 1997. Adaptive radiation in the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae: insights from phylogenetic analysis. In: Givnish, TJ, Sytsma, K, Eds., Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 225 - 258" title="Adaptive radiation in the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae: insights from phylogenetic analysis." volumeTitle="Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation." year="1997">Barrett and Graham 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
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, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003999" author="Graham, SW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="1769 - 1781" refId="B43" refString="Graham, SW, Olmstead, RG, Barrett, SCH, 2002. Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: A case from the Commelinoid Monocots. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1769 - 1781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003999" title="Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: A case from the Commelinoid Monocots." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003999" volume="19" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr119" author="Ness, RW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="3009 - 3018" refId="B70" refString="Ness, RW, Graham, SW, Barrett, SCH, 2011. Reconciling gene and genome duplication events: Using multiple nuclear gene families to infer the phylogeny of the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (11): 3009 - 3018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr119" title="Reconciling gene and genome duplication events: Using multiple nuclear gene families to infer the phylogeny of the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr119" volume="28" year="2011">Ness et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
), added to the new morphological and molecular analyses presented by us and data gathered by us while working on the family. Despite being monophyletic, these subgenera are not easily morphologically differentiated, since many of the characters supporting each clade are not always easy to observe, especially in dried specimens. Thus, it is our opinion that a broader sense of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be accepted, instead of elevating each 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eichhornia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Eichhornia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage (i.e. the herein proposed subgenera) to the generic rank.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>