382 lines
39 KiB
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382 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3ab2700-b888-4721-b7c1-fcb2d0bb38b2" ID-PMC="PMC8233300" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1045-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" ID-PubMed="34228772" ID-ZooBank="2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1045-1" checkinTime="1624048151249" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z." docDate="2021" docId="D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1045: 1-236" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1045" docPubDate="2021-06-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" docTitle="Primocerus Giron & Short 2019" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" masterDocTitle="The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668150528805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Giron, Jennifer C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">entiminae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Short, Andrew Edward Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-06-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1045</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>236</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1045-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182959265" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Giron & Short, 2019" authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Primocerus
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
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& Short, 2019
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1R</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021), indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Novochares, Peltochares, Primocerus, Quadriops, Radicitus, Sindolus, Tobochares, and Troglochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 46</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Aedeagi of Primocerus spp. A P. neutrum B, C P. maipure: B dorsal view C lateral view D, E P. pijiguaense: D dorsal view E lateral view F P. gigas G P. petilus H P. striatolatus I P. cuspidis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 47</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Primocerus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
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& Short, 2019: 133.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus neutrum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neutrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus neutrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
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& Short, 2019: 147; by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Small to medium sized beetles, body length 2.4-4.9 mm. Body shape elongated oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view; dorsal outline uniformly convex or nearly straight and anteriorly inclined along anterior half (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46</figureCitation>
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). Color brown, dark brown, reddish brown, or rather orange, usually uniform along body regions, but sometimes with slightly paler margins, pronotum or ventral surfaces and appendages; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46</figureCitation>
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). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes small to moderate, seldom very small, not emarginated anteriorly, usually projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum rather flat and smooth, sometimes with lateral oblique ridges, and few crenulations; median anterior depression sometimes marked by a transverse carina (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Antennae with eight antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps moderately stout, shorter to nearly as long as width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin curved along apical 2/3; maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4 similar in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Prosternum flat to mesally only slightly produced (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Elytra with sutural striae; elytral punctures from shallow to sharply marked; ground punctures rather uniformly distributed; some species with serial punctures; outer margins of elytra slightly flared (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46A, D, G</figureCitation>
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). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite usually with curved transverse ridge, rather sharp and low, or bearing sharp, pyramidal (triangular) projection; anapleural sutures concave to forming obtuse angle, separated at anterior margin by distance 0.3-0.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of anterior margin of mesepisternum (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Metaventrite with posteromesal glabrous patch nearly as wide as long (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Protibiae with spines of anterior row as thick, long semi-erect setae; apical spurs of protibiae moderately stout, reaching midlength of protarsomere 3. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; hydrofuge pubescence coverage ranging from sparse (nearly glabrous metafemora) to dense along basal 3/4 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, F, I</figureCitation>
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). Tarsomeres 1-4 with long spiniform setae on ventral face; metatarsomere 2 nearly as long as 5 and as 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate, usually with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Aedeagi of Primocerus spp. A P. neutrum B, C P. maipure: B dorsal view C lateral view D, E P. pijiguaense: D dorsal view E lateral view F P. gigas G P. petilus H P. striatolatus I P. cuspidis. Scale bars: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47</figureCitation>
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); basal piece as long or longer than parameres; median lobe triangular, nearly as wide at base as basal width of each paramere, with apical projection; gonopore absent.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 46" startId="F46">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 46.</emphasis>
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Habitus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. neutrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neutrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. neutrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-F</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maipure" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="maipure">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. maipure</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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ventral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G-I</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. semipubescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="semipubescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. semipubescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
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ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 47" startId="F47">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 47.</emphasis>
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Aedeagi of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. neutrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neutrum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. neutrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maipure" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="maipure">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. maipure</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, E</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pijiguaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pijiguaense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. pijiguaense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gigas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gigas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. petilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="petilus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. petilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. striatolatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="striatolatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. striatolatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. cuspidis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cuspidis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. cuspidis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
At first sight, the smoother members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Habitus of Chasmogenus spp. A-C C. ruidus: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F C. cremnobates: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G C. lineatus H C. amplius I C. itatiaia J C. fluminensis. G, H from Smith and Short 2020; I, J from Clarkson and Ferreira Jr 2014. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557423" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24</figureCitation>
|
||
), given that both genera exhibit sutural striae. The presence of a transverse curved ridge (sometimes very low) on the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the mesoventrite is either flat, broadly elevated or with a longitudinal elevation; maxillary palps of most
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Chasmogenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chasmogenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chasmogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are nearly 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than the maximum width of the head, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the maxillary palps are shorter, nearly as long as the width of the head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Punctate members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D-F</figureCitation>
|
||
) may resemble some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Short & Garcia" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Tobochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tobochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tobochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.669.11773" author="Kohlenberg, AT" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="113 - 146" refId="B191" refString="Kohlenberg, AT, Short, AEZ, 2017. Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 669: 113 - 146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.669.11773" title="Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.669.11773" volume="669" year="2017">Kohlenberg and Short 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="93 - 140" refId="B133" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2021a. New subgenera, new species and new records of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 1019: 93 - 140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" title="New subgenera, new species and new records of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & Garcia, 2007 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881" volume="1019" year="2021 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2021a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); striate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Habitus of Primocerus spp. A-C P. neutrum: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F P. maipure: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus G-I P. semipubescens: G dorsal habitus H lateral habitus I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557445" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46G-I</figureCitation>
|
||
) may resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Short & Garcia" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Radicitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Radicitus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Radicitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Habitus of Radicitus spp. A-C R. ayacucho: A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus D-F R. granitum: D dorsal habitus E lateral habitus F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.5" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="251 - 262" refId="B268" refString="Short, AEZ, Garcia, M, 2014. A new genus of egg case-carrying water scavenger beetle from the Guiana Shield (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). Zootaxa 3835 (2): 251 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.5" title="A new genus of egg case-carrying water scavenger beetle from the Guiana Shield (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.5" volume="3835" year="2014">
|
||
Short and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In those cases,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily recognized by the presence of sutural striae. Some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also superficially resemble certain New World cylomine genera, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spangler" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Andotypus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andotypus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Andotypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Spangler (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3161/000345414X685893" author="Fikacek, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="557 - 596" refId="B114" refString="Fikacek, M, Minoshima, YN, Newton, AF, 2014. A Review of Andotypus and Austrotypus gen. nov., Rygmodine genera with an Austral disjunction (Hydrophilidae: Rygmodinae). Annales Zoologici 64 (4): 557 - 596, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3161/000345414X685893" title="A Review of Andotypus and Austrotypus gen. nov., Rygmodine genera with an Austral disjunction (Hydrophilidae: Rygmodinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3161/000345414X685893" volume="64" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fikáček">Fikacek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from which it may be distinguished by the fully exposed labrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Neotropical</emphasis>
|
||
: Brazil (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
|
||
), Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Novochares, Peltochares, Primocerus, Quadriops, Radicitus, Sindolus, Tobochares, and Troglochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557405" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
||
. We have seen additional specimens that slightly expand the range of the genus, but all still fall within the Guiana Shield region of South America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The habitats occupied by members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range from forested pools to seepages. One specimen was collected with a flight intercept trap. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively rare, given that so far have only been found in low numbers of specimens per collecting event (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 154" refId="B132" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2019. Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 855: 109 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" title="Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" volume="855" year="2019">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larvae">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Immature stages are not known for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only recently described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
With only nine known species in the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giron & Short" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Primocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primocerus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Primocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most variable genera of New World acidocerines in terms of their external morphology. Additional recent study and collections have revealed that the species described as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. neutrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neutrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. neutrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely represents a species complex (Short pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were examined for this study.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="selected references">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected references.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" author="Giron, JC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 154" refId="B132" refString="Giron, JC, Short, AEZ, 2019. Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 855: 109 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" title="Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013" volume="855" year="2019">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Girón">Giron</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Short 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: original description of the genus and all its known species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: phylogenetic placement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |