395 lines
31 KiB
XML
395 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AA77D0CA7A4AEC5E997FA3DDA45D0494">New records of the rare calcareous sponge Paragrantiawaguensis Hozawa, 1940</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C76D2533B7A452B172AFD458F3D5A1A">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CC17AE278102B2125D95EC891D5071E">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC3AE0B609909B938AFDE5F22941E8B7">Reimer, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D51EF1CCCB5EF71029C741EF25C05DEF">De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C445D242714DBC66DD46378FBDEEB010">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="385B9FC5F247AD3694BD73B211AFCE18">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="500C10243DF509B671D298AFFA7616F3">546</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="66E3733FE5048A747FEE8CFE9A1B2A2E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="82E2182370A688F426719633DD3F7C72" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6122</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B3BEFA7A3703382C456E6593A226887C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B3BEFA7A3703382C456E6593A226887C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B3BEFA7A3703382C456E6593A226887C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="6BBC591BD18579E7B98CB16064EA6908" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="5D7414115DA0863BAB9EABC417E0ED02" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taxon classification Animalia Leucosolenida Grantiidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9757F6AA3F72BA33469F8B6EF57D0864" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1B626A5662B9617FA7274C155E878365" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="1BB24D335CFACBDA2F006A47C89FED7F" ID-CoL="4CW7V" authority="Hozawa, 1940" authorityName="Hozawa" authorityYear="1940" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">
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Paragrantia waguensis
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<normalizedToken id="7C1985F029EB03F81CF04BF19CD6408D" originalValue="Hôzawa">Hozawa</normalizedToken>
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, 1940
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E75D8D7EEA78B83AF5C075E4A24F8358" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="B18B861403E8D3E731464B43D427D606" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="8761694C72346200920CC9D498DC9ADA" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="1436784150920AB515EE6B1441CCA040" originalValue="Hôzawa">Hozawa</normalizedToken>
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, 1940: 40, pl. V figs 8-11, text-fig. 4;
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<bibRefCitation id="E5A989DC825613BC41A22268A2FFA00F" author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 692" title="A revision of the classification of the calcareous sponges." volumeTitle="Trustees British Museum (Natural History)" year="1963">Burton 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 448, text-fig. 274 as named form of
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<taxonomicName id="96734A61125D52F87F501CB02467EEB4" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Scypha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scypha compressa" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="compressa">Scypha compressa</taxonomicName>
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(not:
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<taxonomicName id="1ED5C23C4CA84FDD6E3C3D6A40D224E5" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia compressa" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="compressa">Spongia compressa</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1780).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2AB94680D67DA9BE470F6328C711627F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="722CB0713CAB030135BEDC603D098AAC" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Grantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7A9CCB9B3E36094D320E14D4554F9341" author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2015">Van Soest et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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on-line.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BA94D1C2FD459161D480F991869459B5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="3B852F902654DA92BD1A44F79CC4DB67" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AF605CCA01234680B961FF5A973AF5C7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Naturalis Biodiversity Center, reg. nr. RMNH Por. 9317 (five individuals), Japan, South Kuroshio ecoregion, Okinawa, Manza, approximately
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<geoCoordinate id="3B76F404748FBFFB784B894DA74A8C1B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="26.5">26.5°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="0C022A75884D69EF343788015E574F11" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="127.8">127.8°E</geoCoordinate>
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, vertical rocky wall, 25-30 m, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, 10 August 2014; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, reg.nr. RMNH Por. 3901 (three individuals), Japan, South Kuroshio
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<pageBreakToken id="A3FCBCC489BDF9F277CECEB8932515B2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">ecoregion</pageBreakToken>
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, Okinawa, Onna village, approximately
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<geoCoordinate id="83271D051EBE5A79AC5E71F706A4982B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="26.5">26.5°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="CB100CBD5970FDB08C8330D2BA68C6DF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="127.8">127.8°E</geoCoordinate>
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, coral reef slope, 20-55 m, coll. J. Tanaka, 6 May 2006.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BEE9B1C2686C5D5A76005726CF0CD8DB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Syntype, 8 specimens (not seen)
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<normalizedToken id="1E6D91B042D73B5C1236883F1347B89D" originalValue="Tôhoku">Tohoku</normalizedToken>
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University Museum, reg.nr. TUMC 110908, Japan, Central Kuroshio ecoregion, Mie Prefecture, Wagu, approximately
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<geoCoordinate id="DA1345B79CB901B3B7B19520B2566749" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="34.25">34.25°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="0CFD1572177D974AF847209035C46A40" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="136.8">136.8°E</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. S.
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<normalizedToken id="D22901F2393A384CB1C9664530263084" originalValue="Hôzawa">Hozawa</normalizedToken>
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, July 1933.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F69E7E94ECF6C7ABB1259A43C6771702" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B7C7D273061186ED4336707C0BFA95D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D66A930F506523A0A7C4F75E07F5491" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Cup-shaped or tubular specimens (Fig. 1
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<normalizedToken id="ECC816338FD8E03B076C28B97FD1921A" originalValue="a–e">a-e</normalizedToken>
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), usually being a single rounded
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<normalizedToken id="F2117D283C8035F994A244A586E9DEF8" originalValue="‘person’">'person'</normalizedToken>
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in life, but larger individuals may be somewhat elliptical, and occasionally consisting of two or three budded individuals. The cups or tubes have a narrow attachment to the substratum but there is no clear stalk. Outer surface pearly white and smooth, without any visible inhalant structures. The rim is pale purple in color and distinctly fringed.
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<taxonomicName id="0D04CE2083C51C1C6001249CD861573D" above-genus="Algae" genus="Algae" lsidName="Algae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="above-genus">Algae</taxonomicName>
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or detritus may stick to the rim. Inside the cup, most specimens are likewise smooth and white, but one of the specimens is mottled greenish due to encrusting
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<taxonomicName id="C997E5C3A07182F75459851B3E56F800" above-genus="algae" genus="Algae" lsidName="Algae algae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="above-genus" species="algae">algae</taxonomicName>
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growing on its inner surface (Fig. 1d). A faint punctate inner surface pattern may be discernible in some individuals, representing the peculiar exhalant chambers characteristic for this species. Size of individuals may vary from 1 to 4 cm in height, 0.5-4 cm in diameter, thickness of the walls up to 1.5 mm. Consistency firm, somewhat flexible, but breakable under pressure. In preserved condition, the shape of the individuals alters notably: the specimens collapse and may become folded and compressed.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="37B7B705DE5B2B9AFEC567B88116C6CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="095CFB53ECC5E1E79451854301D649CB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 1. Habitus of
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<taxonomicName id="B49499D940ED43001C1FCAA43E9694C9" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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. ain situ photo of oval cup-shaped individual at Manza, Okinawa (photo B.W. Hoeksema of RMNH Por. 9317) b ditto and small tubular rounded bud (photo B.W. Hoeksema) c ditto of small rounded cup-shaped individual (B.W. Hoeksema) d budded individual showing mottled algal growth, from Onna village, Okinawa (photo J. Tanaka) e preserved specimens from Manza, RMNH Por. 3901) (scale bar = 1 cm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="0C98E8762674FB92E356A85398B17681" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Aquiferous system. No histological slides were made, but the structure of the skeleton suggests it is syconoid (as was also the case in
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<normalizedToken id="A4452AE4CF3E2237D3BA73A40419AA23" originalValue="Hôzawa’s">Hozawa's</normalizedToken>
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material). There is no evidence of branching choanocyte chambers. Subcortical lacunae are present, regularly distributed and apparently serving as inhalant reservoirs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="03CB7B4E23C7741D4A15071BF75A6716" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Skeleton of the walls. (Figs 2-4) In cross section from external side to inside: a fairly thick cortical skeleton of relatively large triactines (Fig. 2a), an articulate tubar skeleton (Fig. 3a) consisting of three or more rows of sagittal triactines with centrifugally directed unpaired actines, subsequently a layer of subatrial strongly sagittal triactines, and an atrial skeleton (Fig. 4
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<normalizedToken id="5D2DE24073824DC2289B56415F2FBA9E" originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
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) of tetractines and triactines, containing the three-dimensionally rounded atrial exhalant chambers (Fig. 4b) supported and covered by inwardly directed small butterfly-shaped tetractines (Figs 4
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<normalizedToken id="FC22D3FF251D148D6A97B00D5D84613F" originalValue="c–c">c-c</normalizedToken>
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1) with peculiarly swollen and ornamented apical actines (see below). These small apopylar tetractines in addition to the normal atrial triactines (Fig. 4d) and tetractines (Fig. 4e) are so far unique among the
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<taxonomicName id="E55AB3A107AFF6DBEEA0F316BE19DA80" class="Calcarea" lsidName="Algae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="class">Calcarea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="55CD8B53AF92B735B940138302635183" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="9CAFD0E2496241345CC976F87554C83D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 2. SEM images of cortical region of
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<taxonomicName id="7178B5A2F033964CF4A80B332B4237A0" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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and its cortical spicules. a overview of cortical surface showing dense layer of cortical triactines b various sizes and shapes of cortical triactines.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="EE0AB372EFCBE5B8360E98FB934A6CC9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="EBDF3C2FE86E49FB19909B34EBBE1518" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 3. SEM images of cross section of
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<taxonomicName id="1E378162A740E2DEF4D8B0AF88053FC9" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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and its choanosomal spicules. a overview of cross section showing skeleton of tubar chambers and subatrial skeleton b various sizes and shapes of tubar triactines c subatrial triactines.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="D2DCCBE70A79F752874D1C0D971F94F9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="B84480BDFF6C838DCABB238A39B05FC1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 4. SEM images of atrial region of
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<taxonomicName id="6F6A1F9EA774499C96106EDFB9253615" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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and its atrial spicules. a overview of atrial surface with atrial chambers b detail of atrial apopylar chambers showing the position of the apopylar spicules c apopylar spicules c1 details of apical actines of c d atrial triactine e atrial tetractines.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="36FF9AE350F50472C2C9BA3FE1F923C3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Skeleton of the fringe. (Fig. 5
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<normalizedToken id="2A540E785D716E92A9F13802771BC647" originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
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) The main support of the fringe consists of a palisade of long thick diactines tangentially covered outside and inside by sagittal triactines and tetractines differing morphologically from those of the walls.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="769F35F522CA674A7CB62D9ED36D89D2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph id="9150E76F71D4450350777F78945876C7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 5. SEM images of the fringe of
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<taxonomicName id="165A08309D92F0B5872A2DB5121B6FAD" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Paragrantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragrantia waguensis" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="waguensis">Paragrantia waguensis</taxonomicName>
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and its fringe spicules. a overview of fringe inner surface b detail of the same showing presence and position of the spicules c diactines d tetractines e triactines.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="CD3150602F4F10B648FDB275A5693A76" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Spicules. Cortical triactines, tubar triactines, subatrial triactines, atrial triactines, atrial tetractines, apopylar tetractines, diactines from the fringe, triactines from the fringe, tetractines from the fringe.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A7C3E49809C51771890A79CB6BD525CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Cortical triactines (Fig. 2b), mostly slightly sagittal, with unpaired actines generally longer than paired actines, but not infrequently all actines are about the same length with the sagittal morphology only expressed by a wider angle between the paired actines; unpaired actines 48
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BDBA20B3D086808D945AA6A94A6EC102" originalValue="–196.6–">-196.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
315
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D23F435A76BFD0E64C9E449D8B09988F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5E28263A90B3B16C38D24FE0D1DA6918" originalValue="–15.3–">-15.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E9484EABA72AD54CF9DA9CA4581187BF" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C4122BF0B4238833893A36826990FA41" originalValue="–162.4–">-162.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
242
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5B764691E1F43BACBA47072D9BF75746" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
<normalizedToken id="86982FA38D795FAB9BA4C797173EA46B" originalValue="–14.7–">-14.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
23
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB591502785DBB537612C0807CE40700" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6E59798427BA2130E7D951901BC7753" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="97E012C4CA17E0159117136648EE1D93" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Tubar</pageBreakToken>
|
||
triactines (Fig. 3b), sagittal, unpaired actines usually longer than paired actines, with paired actines often having a wide angle with the unpaired actines, frequently rather 'oxhorn
|
||
<normalizedToken id="25E6002A311C67FBCA05E5BC561D0F83" originalValue="shaped’">shaped'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, the ends curved slightly inwards; unpaired actines 93
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1D86511B23DB00CC0BAFB45FFD1EBEFD" originalValue="–195.2–">-195.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
270
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B4CAFD3A4DA63D671A7FD8269C38B66" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CFC3B5124099C49A06255CC3E53C2028" originalValue="–13.6–">-13.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
21
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ACD02FD45FAE5E98C6551DA4F786CD8E" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 92
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F5FD483FB5931B7C9A7A344E10A0486B" originalValue="–148.2–">-148.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
241
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FFAA6F7A47916182D35A2DC73863E475" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EA05418138B57F0B2A0BDCA291E15E58" originalValue="–13.4–">-13.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
21
|
||
<normalizedToken id="24DCBDEDC7DF68697F0AC715BF5F8A77" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="717B81EE96C7813F33B99AFCFD578444" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Subatrial triactines (Fig. 3c), strongly sagittal, with paired actines wide angled, occasionally at right angles with the unpaired actines, but often not in the same plane, unpaired actines much longer than paired actines; unpaired actines 207
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C9437CA82CE6BCDCD5AA9B9873DE7D66" originalValue="–242.3–">-242.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
291
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E60BC3A041CC47C448DB30E1BF3E0318" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1C11A26425087308F63BD669E1EF79BD" originalValue="–8.3–">-8.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="275D78B941E25FB21C83FA54B53E6554" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 61
|
||
<normalizedToken id="32158D2A6BE999B9EA4969D8F52850FB" originalValue="–85.0–">-85.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
111
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0E4D987BFA759C07BA0DB114F8D2D2E2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B39B6B23114499AFB8A55F5CA689C804" originalValue="–8.4–">-8.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D8C11AD8325415632F534F4B05B1C84" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A612E45B1490CFB099BCB7C89336E767" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="5B74E9BF84A9A11F48A1C02A52E8AFF3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Atrial</pageBreakToken>
|
||
triactines (Fig. 4d), strongly sagittal, with unpaired actines longer than the paired actines, but differentiated from the subatrial triactines by longer paired actines; unpaired actines 150
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E7EC1D13FBBB6FD007FE7F4A6642B5CA" originalValue="–247.5–">-247.5-</normalizedToken>
|
||
354
|
||
<normalizedToken id="45D7F40A5D5206F7FC432898AAE4534C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="30AD52447FCA5DADEB7B4001D7E67B13" originalValue="–9.6–">-9.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EBD05AA5BD96FE1815A3FF219ED7C6EB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 114
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3A37E16EFBCBA70F0455921033A8274C" originalValue="–171.1–">-171.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
261
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E2DBD3581A45C5BEC58126D84DBDF0F7" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60EFDEA5F8E6DC7E78710962CC93CA47" originalValue="–10.3–">-10.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5CF5C32A7EDF8BD96A23D0D60CF4CD36" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A5A0402638F9544E1314D5403F48AF48" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Atrial tetractines (Fig. 4e), sagittal, with unpaired and paired actines not strongly different in length, but occasionally the paired actines are slightly longer, and apical actines conical; unpaired actines 42
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CBA2EE40511332D03DF9E36B3BC77311" originalValue="–118.7–">-118.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
226
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CF9247BB248F5B46DFBFD5B1336C1EEA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BADE54C3DA1167AD3BFA6A4CB0B25BB4" originalValue="–9.7–">-9.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD7315AFCFA636DCFB9B3723EC5D2319" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 105
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8D4E43CA155EB31FBFF83503E646C202" originalValue="–132.7–">-132.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
171
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D582D415720F81789C22BEB6EF052FD6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F912E3F465334616C88CC48F3D3AED64" originalValue="–9.0–">-9.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="96AA74D492D03301CE03396B9B60C08D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, apical actines 30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FA1A9BC9467FD5F6A4FEFE217B3DE19D" originalValue="–37.3–">-37.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
63
|
||
<normalizedToken id="28B50A13FA7F5A7B8644D06AFBE16F4F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F57D13A80FE0B52169DE023FAF373E99" originalValue="–8.6–">-8.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BA2398A424BF6D077164FEA52C305B17" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="215277D9D89B4FAD8A44C39E93A64E4B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Atrial exhalant chamber tetractines (apopylar tetractines) (Figs 4c, 4c1), butterfly-shaped, sagittal, with short conical unpaired actines, distinctly longer paired actines, and with the apical actines swollen and ornamented with irregular spines, curved slightly inwards, likened to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="91DA76B2B59BF87FBA9DE0F3BA7DCD37" originalValue="‘torches’">'torches'</normalizedToken>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B61E2311A7EB638B28AC97FE64B053C" author="Hozawa, S" journalOrPublisher="Tohoku Imperial University" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="29 - 58" title="On some calcareous sponges from Japan." volumeTitle="Scientific Reports" year="1940">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3303676DF6B7E1F7576FA387A4DF7B16" originalValue="Hôzawa">Hozawa</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1940
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 42); unpaired actines 14-
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="31F51060A3174782786D876B3C94B13F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">23.6</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-39
|
||
<normalizedToken id="949D68F93661085364845FC9B2C8773E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9F4B73265FEE9E5229DC00372BA1DC4D" originalValue="–3.8–">-3.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="10FA7A6D380ED3168B63390457B05A34" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="224F290401639193DB0EAB282B032894" originalValue="–64.1–">-64.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
78
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FDEDA84B0E4EA4B9BFC5D257D91AD276" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A4B51ACCAEF591F3EBF9A3582FD2E0C3" originalValue="–4.1–">-4.1-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B5EBD028EC5A58DEDE8AAECFCDEE5C71" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
; apical actines 13
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B82498027D8ECD34EAFECD7D42277D71" originalValue="–19.4–">-19.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C00AD8D2A3EF7FE906139AF45FE01B3C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="91F34FBADB7D6C7F13A443BD5660B429" originalValue="–8.2–">-8.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9B559E3E8C48DF8BB2D96BF657A82066" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C92D733F2279FFAA2EEA0499DA79C97" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Diactines (Fig. 5c) from the fringe, fusiform, sharply pointed, 360
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60FE0B0429EA4B6FC5B9335EDBDD45B3" originalValue="–703.2–">-703.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
990
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F2F1A726E1A004A31049BD9CE3F60C2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9881E4549B53FC1A916AD76A30BDB95B" originalValue="–21.6–">-21.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
29
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D0A64B6AF48D4810E30C429C0316D62A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="07F1FCBB8D944E604038CDEDF0B34E98" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="92B5F4FCD656736EC9926F1833C67847" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Tetractines</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(Fig. 5d) from the fringe, strongly sagittal, unpaired actines longer than the paired actines, which are widely flaring, and apical actines conical, sharply pointed; unpaired actines 165
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AFF47BEDD709981E585D10607A928541" originalValue="–284.8–">-284.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
528
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0CD05609233521B1DD4DEC64D7514E51" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D7E2A94AE1A2DEA703CC18D86422239B" originalValue="–10.6–">-10.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
15
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E82665FF510DB17456A2CCA86E026689" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 81
|
||
<normalizedToken id="23C7298BCA7C1F7D4F9CD72F401B9508" originalValue="–167.6–">-167.6-</normalizedToken>
|
||
273
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E2DBCAB3287296A36E04CE567163348D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A8E5CAD99E32730A2A7A4C3110CECFD3" originalValue="–10.3–">-10.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9238D12E2C1A3A0CC51B01047D0F1C4A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, apical actines 16
|
||
<normalizedToken id="122294D71E14BF672AF69EC6F4EE9C3E" originalValue="–39.3–">-39.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
76
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DEF5DB06411129956FE1E3132D3B52AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="28E06E07BCA60A649999449579445DD2" originalValue="–7.2–">-7.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="78963244BDB200BCB93708DE52F28D68" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="37EA527C347DE0BA7BB2D3EA583F92BA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Triactines (Fig. 5e) from the fringe, strongly sagittal, with much longer unpaired actines than paired actines (similar to subatrial triactines), 156
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D2D8BE365F1A98959000C7B64F6B499F" originalValue="–223.5–">-223.5-</normalizedToken>
|
||
279
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FDC01A537D9F5E2A3C7FA0E1CD505FC1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="04F38DE663C35957ACFBA956E98C8990" originalValue="–8.8–">-8.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="59969DE67AC06636D43954E687B8C458" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, paired actines 63
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2B25A2B86D981FE0DD9EE1637B14CCAE" originalValue="–84.8–">-84.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
105
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D61399E66B375274DD98082C1D1253F1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="854718D374A72944BB647B38DE74C46D" originalValue="–9.2–">-9.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="63658557E45E8E3D5123F291A002A943" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7466CFDB873FEBC6A061CDCA51C8041C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B3EE174B062B6A44C66F47C224ECE072" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E33BAD0A00608C9524FFEC4C02409B10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
No data were provided by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F8F0F9569B946F81FF45CF43DFD20EF6" originalValue="Hôzawa">Hozawa</normalizedToken>
|
||
, but the Okinawa specimens were from a steep reef slope at 20-55 m depth, growing among coralline and turf algae, and encrusting sponges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3CDA1CE26E28B75A7251D98BB1C3DBE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E97F21A4EFE5DDC5CDBC5401CEDFA97" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3277B797D9C6EC174E46C07800192D97" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Warm-temperate (Mie Prefecture) and subtropical (Okinawa) regions of Japan.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |