883 lines
91 KiB
XML
883 lines
91 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3151D7C4A97CE321178086A2E0196292">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F537734AF28A38082C9F47213D561E9C">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="122D783F5159D50FF63F44FC25D2392F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="00120B8C1EDB1A1A503292F997576B30">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2416AE59A000ABD49AC6B05FDE51C443">4173</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4F77BCBE539729842275AD1B92030B4D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632222" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997292" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632222" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
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<subSubSection id="71F36555FFB5925716BAFF2CFEDE0356" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716BAFF2CFE7001DF" blockId="13.[151,508,151,178]" box="[151,508,151,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
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<heading id="621E81B2FFB5925716BAFF2CFE7001DF" bold="true" box="[151,508,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925716BAFF2CFE7001DF" ID-CoL="6YZZ8" authority="Hopffer, 1855" authorityName="Hopffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,508,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFF2CFE7001DF" bold="true" box="[151,508,151,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFF2CFEC701DC" bold="true" box="[151,331,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
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Hopffer, 1855
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716BAFF65FEDE0356" blockId="13.[151,1437,222,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB5925716BAFF65FDB10052" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272113" collectorName="De Jong" country="Mozambique" location="Machakos" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Machakos">
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This species was placed in the
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571424FF64FDB4019B" box="[521,568,223,246]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571424FF64FDB4019B" box="[521,568,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">spio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
group by
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFB59257149AFF64FC94019A" box="[695,792,223,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">De Jong</collectorName>
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(1978). Hopffer (1855) described
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257129DFF64FAD6019A" box="[1200,1370,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257129DFF64FAD6019A" box="[1200,1370,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Pyrgus diomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
from material collected by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters in
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571550FEB9FB9D0076" box="[893,1041,258,283]" name="Mozambique" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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in 1842. Butler (1899) described
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925716BAFE9CFEF20052" box="[151,382,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machacoana">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFE9CFEF20052" box="[151,382,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Pyrgus machacoana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB5925717EAFE9DFDB10052" box="[455,573,294,319]" country="Kenya" name="Machakos" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Machakos</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB592571466FE9CFBE20052" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272093" box="[587,1134,294,319]" collectingDate="1898-06" collectorName="R. Crawshay" country="Kenya" location="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571466FE9CFD1B0052" box="[587,663,295,319]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, collected by
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFB592571514FE9CFC410052" box="[825,973,294,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">R. Crawshay</collectorName>
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in
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<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFB5925715DBFE9CFBE20052" box="[1014,1134,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1898-06">
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<date id="4D57101EFFB5925715DBFE9CFBE20052" box="[1014,1134,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1898-06">June 1898</date>
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</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB592571251FE9DFEDE0356" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272118" collectingDate="1854-04" collectorName="Johan Wahlberg & De Jong" country="Namibia" county="In" location="Craig" municipality="Ackery" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="River">
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it is now recognised as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257170EFEF0FE1C000E" box="[291,400,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257170EFEF0FE1C000E" box="[291,400,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Wallengren (1863) described
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925714C7FEF1FC18000E" box="[746,916,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Syrichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925714C7FEF1FC18000E" box="[746,916,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Syrichtus ferax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from material collected by
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFB5925712E7FEF1FAF3000E" box="[1226,1407,330,355]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Johan Wahlberg</collectorName>
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in the vicinity of the Kuiseb
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB5925717EBFED5FD8800EA" box="[454,516,366,391]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">River</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571400FED5FD1C00EA" box="[557,656,366,391]" name="Namibia" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, by implication near the coast, probably about
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<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFB59257129DFED5FAA000EA" box="[1200,1324,366,391]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1854-04">
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<date id="4D57101EFFB59257129DFED5FAA000EA" box="[1200,1324,366,391]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1854-04">April 1854</date>
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</collectingDate>
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(
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<location id="3C366005FFB592571310FED5FAF100EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB592571310FED5FAF100EA" box="[1341,1405,366,391]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="Craig" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">Craig</location>
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&
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<location id="3C366005FFB5925716BAFE29FF7500C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB5925716BAFE29FF7500C6" box="[151,249,402,427]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="Hummel" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">Hummel</location>
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1994, pp. 152–153).
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<location id="3C366005FFB5925717C6FE29FDBC00C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB5925717C6FE29FDBC00C6" box="[491,560,402,427]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="Based" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">Based</location>
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on
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<location id="3C366005FFB592571476FE28FD1300C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB592571476FE28FD1300C7" box="[603,671,403,426]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="Evans" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">Evans</location>
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(1937),
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257152DFE29FC1D00C6" box="[768,913,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257152DFE29FC1D00C6" box="[768,913,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Spialia ferax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been treated as the southern subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925716BAFE0CFE8A00A2" box="[151,262,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFE0CFE8A00A2" box="[151,262,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, found from
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB59257178CFE0DFE7A00A2" box="[417,502,438,463]" name="Zambia" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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and to the south, while what was treated as nominate
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571240FE0CFB5100A2" box="[1133,1245,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571240FE0CFB5100A2" box="[1133,1245,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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is found in sub-
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<location id="3C366005FFB5925716BAFE61FECD009E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB5925716BAFE61FECD009E" box="[151,321,474,499]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="Saharan Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">Saharan Africa</location>
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as far south as
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB5925717DCFE61FDCB009E" box="[497,583,474,499]" name="Zambia" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
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and
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<location id="3C366005FFB592571452FE61FCF0009E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB592571452FE61FCF0009E" box="[639,892,474,499]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="northern Mozambique" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">northern Mozambique</location>
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, as well as
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB5925715D3FE60FBC0009F" box="[1022,1100,475,498]" name="Yemen" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
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<collectorName id="941C5308FFB592571271FE60FB37009E" box="[1116,1211,475,499]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<location id="3C366005FFB592571271FE60FB37009E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFB5924B16BAFF2CFC250585:3C366005FFB592571271FE60FB37009E" box="[1116,1211,475,499]" country="Namibia" county="In" municipality="Ackery" name="De Jong" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" stateProvince="River">De Jong</location>
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</collectorName>
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1978,
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<collectingMunicipality id="D932ACA4FFB592571324FE61FAD0009E" box="[1289,1372,474,499]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Ackery</collectingMunicipality>
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257134EFE67FA19009E" box="[1379,1429,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1995).
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<collectingCounty id="D0374E52FFB5925716C5FE44FF73037B" box="[232,255,511,534]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">In</collectingCounty>
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||
the discussion section at the end of this account of
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||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571579FE44FC4E037A" box="[852,962,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
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<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571579FE44FC4E037A" box="[852,962,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, I show that the two should be treated as separate species.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFB5924A16EAFDFCFDF3068E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716EAFDFCFCF003CB" blockId="13.[151,1437,222,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
I have encountered
|
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571787FDFCFD950332" box="[426,537,582,607]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571787FDFCFD950332" box="[426,537,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 11.1–2) in the savannah and dry bush of south and south-east
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<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571361FDFCFA150332" box="[1356,1433,583,607]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However De Jong (1978, Map 5) shows records from central and western
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||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB5925715F8FDD0FB9203EE" box="[981,1054,619,643]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
as well. I agree with De Jong that this species is associated with open ground—more so than
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<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571506FD34FCF903CB" box="[811,885,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571506FD34FCF903CB" box="[811,885,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716EAFD09FB400382" blockId="13.[151,1437,222,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716EAFD09FE1D03A6" bold="true" box="[199,401,690,715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="4D57101EFFB59257179BFD08FDC103A6" box="[438,589,691,715]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1991-01">January 1991</date>
|
||
I found a male feeding at fresh elephant dung in Tsavo
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB5925712EFFD08FB7903A7" box="[1218,1269,691,714]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
, near
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB592571315FD08FA1003A6" box="[1336,1436,691,715]" country="Tanzania" name="Manyara" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Manyara</collectingRegion>
|
||
Gate, and in
|
||
<date id="4D57101EFFB59257170BFD6CFE140382" box="[294,408,727,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" value="1994-05">May 1994</date>
|
||
another male feeding at mud where cattle had been on the Magadi Road.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFB5925716BAFAB9FE7B0438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256608/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[151,1436,806,1258]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716BAFAB9FE7B0438" blockId="13.[151,1436,1282,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFAB9FE920475" bold="true" box="[151,286,1282,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult and ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925717C3FAB9FD090475" box="[494,645,1282,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925717C3FAB9FD090475" box="[494,645,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925714CFFAB9FC840475" bold="true" box="[738,776,1282,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">1–2</emphasis>
|
||
, female collected as final instar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925712CFFAB9FF68045A" authority="Sultan Hamud" authorityName="Sultan Hamud" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925712CFFAB9FAC10475" box="[1250,1357,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Sida ovata</emphasis>
|
||
, Sultan Hamud
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1 Apr 1989; adult emerged and photographed 14 May 1989; MJWC 89/30B.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257120EFA9AFBBC045A" bold="true" box="[1059,1072,1313,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">3</emphasis>
|
||
, eclosed ovum on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925712D7FA9AFAAB045A" box="[1274,1319,1313,1335]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925712D7FA9AFAAB045A" box="[1274,1319,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Sida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Mwea Tebere, 1 Feb 1990; MJWC 90/16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716EAFA39FDD30747" blockId="13.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716EAFA39FED604F6" bold="true" box="[199,346,1410,1435]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Food plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257174CFA39FD8B04F6" box="[353,519,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257174CFA39FD8B04F6" box="[353,519,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571410FA38FD1F04F6" box="[573,659,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571410FA38FD1F04F6" box="[573,659,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar lists of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571556FA39FC7804F6" box="[891,1012,1410,1435]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
food plants (
|
||
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFB5925712ABFA39FB5104F6" box="[1158,1245,1410,1435]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Published food plants of Spialia diomus and S. ferax. Deduced or implied locations are given in square brackets." pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
), although not as extensive as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925717AEFA1CFE5D04D3" box="[387,465,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925717AEFA1CFE5D04D3" box="[387,465,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFB5925717CEFA1DFDB004D2" box="[483,572,1446,1471]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Published food plants of Spialia spio. Deduced or implied locations are given in square brackets." pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In compiling
|
||
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFB5925714D9FA1DFCC004D2" box="[756,844,1446,1471]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Published food plants of Spialia diomus and S. ferax. Deduced or implied locations are given in square brackets." pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
, I have assumed that the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571320FA1DFAB304D2" box="[1293,1343,1446,1471]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571320FA1DFAB304D2" box="[1293,1343,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Sida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925716BAFA71FE88048E" box="[151,260,1482,1507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAFA71FE88048E" box="[151,260,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Waltheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. by Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925717EFFA70FE79048E" box="[450,501,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997) and Woodhall (2005) as food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257123AFA70FBE1048E" box="[1047,1133,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257123AFA70FBE1048E" box="[1047,1133,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are based on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB592571323FA70FAB2048F" box="[1294,1342,1483,1506]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
African records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571735FA54FE08076A" box="[280,388,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571735FA54FE08076A" box="[280,388,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although these genera may well be used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571557FA54FC5C076A" box="[890,976,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571557FA54FC5C076A" box="[890,976,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
too. I do not know the origin of Larsen’s (2005) record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571778F9A8FDD40746" box="[341,600,1554,1579]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571778F9A8FDD40746" box="[341,600,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716EAF98CFE5907B2" blockId="13.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
I have found caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB59257142EF98CFDFD0722" box="[515,625,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB59257142EF98CFDFD0722" box="[515,625,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on two plants in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB5925715B8F98CFC6F0722" box="[917,995,1591,1615]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925715C3F98DFBEA0723" box="[1006,1126,1590,1615]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925715C3F98DFBEA0723" box="[1006,1126,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Sida ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 7.1) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571303F98DFF51071E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571303F98DFF51071E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Waltheria indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although in captivity
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925717C8F9E0FD04071E" box="[485,648,1626,1651]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhombifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925717C8F9E0FD04071E" box="[485,648,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. rhombifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also acceptable. This is the origin of Larsen’s (1991) record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925716BAF9C5FE8807FA" box="[151,260,1662,1687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716BAF9C5FE8807FA" box="[151,260,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Waltheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a food plant genus. I have also found caterpillars on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB592571587F9C4FB9B07FA" box="[938,1047,1662,1687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB592571587F9C4FB9B07FA" box="[938,1047,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">W. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571269F9C5FB2C07FA" box="[1092,1184,1662,1687]" name="Rwanda" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MJWC 90/200) and Cotonou,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB59257172AF919FEC607D6" box="[263,330,1698,1723]" name="Benin" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Bénin</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MJWC 89/207
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB59257142AF918FD9007D6" box="[519,540,1699,1723]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
–B). On the latter occasion caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB5925715D1F918FBC507D7" box="[1020,1097,1699,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925715D1F918FBC507D7" box="[1020,1097,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also found on the same plants (MJWC 89/207C–D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB5925716EAF951FC3206B6" blockId="13.[151,1437,1410,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB5925716EAF951FE94066E" bold="true" box="[199,280,1770,1795]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ova are laid on the upper surface of the young leaves. R. Crawshay (in Butler 1899) describes them as ‘bluish emerald-green and pale grass-green’. I have examined eclosed ova from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB592571237F8B4FBEF064A" box="[1050,1123,1807,1831]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MJWC 88/16, 91/55). The hatching caterpillar eats only the top portion of the egg shell (Figure 11.3), so that the eclosed ovum appears barrel shaped, although the upper surface is probably rounded. There are between 19 and 24 ribs, which resemble strings of lumps or nodules (note the profiles at the top of Figure 11.3); most of these ribs are continuous from base to where the caterpillar has consumed the upper part, but a few join or split from neighbouring ribs. The space between the ribs is smooth and shiny, with about 15 fine transverse ribs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFB6925416BAFF23FF7B01A2" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416BAFF23FF7B01A2" blockId="14.[151,1435,151,207]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416BAFF23FE8B01C2" bold="true" box="[151,263,152,175]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">TABLE 4</emphasis>
|
||
. Published food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB69254141FFF2CFD5901C2" box="[562,725,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254141FFF2CFD5901C2" box="[562,725,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB69254153DFF2CFCE901C2" box="[784,869,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254153DFF2CFCE901C2" box="[784,869,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Deduced or implied locations are given in square brackets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FF51FCAF006D" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,803,234,256]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Species Location Reference</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FEAFFEBA0047" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,310,276,298]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FEAFFEBA0047" box="[159,310,276,298]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FEAFFEBA0047" box="[159,310,276,298]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FE85FCF600CB" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FE85FE9E003E" box="[159,274,318,339]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FE85FE9E003E" box="[159,274,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. East Africa Sevastopulo 1975, Kielland 1990, Larsen 1991, 2005
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FEDDFF740011" box="[159,248,358,380]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FEDDFF740011" box="[159,248,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hibiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p). East Africa Sevastopulo 1975, Larsen 1991, 2005
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FE2AFF7800CB" box="[159,244,401,422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FE2AFF7800CB" box="[159,244,401,422]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Pavonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p). East Africa Larsen 1991, 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FE01FCC200A2" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,846,441,463]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FE01FED700A2" box="[159,347,441,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FE01FED700A2" box="[159,347,441,463]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Pavonia burchellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?East Africa Kielland 1990
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FE63FECF0083" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,323,472,494]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541691FE63FEB70083" box="[188,315,472,494]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FDBAFAF8037A" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,1396,513,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FDBAFF40037A" box="[159,204,513,535]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FDBAFF40037A" box="[159,204,513,535]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB69254143DFDB9FDB0037A" box="[528,572,514,535]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa Sevastopulo unpublished, Le Pelley 1959, Sevastopulo 1975, Larsen
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB692541490FD9BFCB703E5" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<bibRef id="E049A228FFB692541490FD9BFCB703E5" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="journal article">
|
||
<title id="4BEDDDE8FFB692541490FD9BFCC90332" jopScore="0.20080376" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
1991, [Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254154FFD9AFC03035B" box="[866,911,544,566]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997], Larsen 2005, [Woodhall 2005]
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FDF2FE850332" box="[159,265,585,607]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Triumfetta</emphasis>
|
||
sp(p).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB69254143DFDF1FDB00332" box="[528,572,586,607]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa Van Someren
|
||
</title>
|
||
<year id="4D41778DFFB692541566FDF2FC0C0332" box="[843,896,585,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">1974</year>
|
||
,
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="E3283C12FFB6925415A7FDF2FB8A0332" box="[906,1030,585,607]" jopScore="0.2133331" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Sevastopulo</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
<part id="4D4D9C43FFB692541221FDF2FBCD0332" box="[1036,1089,585,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="volume">1974</part>
|
||
,
|
||
<pagination id="0020C82AFFB692541266FDF2FBF20332" box="[1099,1150,585,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="pagination">1975</pagination>
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FDC9FE0503E5" box="[159,393,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
|
||
[Afrotropical] Larsen 2005
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FD27FEAD03B6" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FD27FE8E03DF" box="[159,258,668,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FD27FE8E03DF" box="[159,258,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Waltheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB69254143BFD27FDD103DF" box="[534,605,668,690]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
] Larsen 1991, [Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541580FD26FC5603DF" box="[941,986,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997], Larsen 2005, [Woodhall 2005]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FD7EFEAD03B6" box="[159,289,709,731]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FD7EFEAD03B6" box="[159,289,709,731]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Spialia ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FD4BFCE00269" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,876,750,773]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FD4BFE9E0268" box="[159,274,752,773]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FD4BFE9E0268" box="[159,274,752,773]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. South Africa Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254152DFD4BFCA00269" box="[768,812,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FCA2FA0D0243" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,1409,792,814]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FCA2FEE90243" box="[159,357,793,814]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FCA2FEE90243" box="[159,357,793,814]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia comosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925417A4FCA2FE5A0243" box="[393,470,793,814]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">camosa</emphasis>
|
||
) South Africa Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412B4FCA2FB4A0243" box="[1177,1222,792,814]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541342FCA2FA0D0243" box="[1391,1409,793,814]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB692541490FC8DFC340221" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[701,952,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<bibRef id="E049A228FFB692541490FC8DFC340221" box="[701,952,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="book chapter">
|
||
<title id="4BEDDDE8FFB692541490FC8DFD5C0221" box="[701,720,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FC8DFD5C0221" box="[701,720,822,844]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">al</emphasis>
|
||
</title>
|
||
.
|
||
<year id="4D41778DFFB6925414F0FC8DFC9E0221" box="[733,786,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">1997</year>
|
||
,
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="E3283C12FFB692541530FC8DFCF30221" box="[797,895,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Woodhall</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
<pagination id="0020C82AFFB6925415A8FC8DFC340221" box="[901,952,822,844]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="pagination">2005</pagination>
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FCDAFC3402F9" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FCDAFEF1021B" box="[159,381,864,886]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FCDAFEF1021B" box="[159,381,864,886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia cuneifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
South Africa Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412B4FCDAFB4A021B" box="[1177,1222,864,886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541342FCDAFA0D021B" box="[1391,1409,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541691FCC5FE8902F9" box="[188,261,894,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">pallens</emphasis>
|
||
,=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254170DFCC5FEE902F9" box="[288,357,894,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">pallius</emphasis>
|
||
, =
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925417ABFCC5FE4302F9" box="[390,463,894,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">pollens</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FCC5FD5C02F9" box="[701,720,894,916]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, Woodhall 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FC12FCD402D3" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,856,936,958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FC12FEFD02D3" box="[159,369,936,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FC12FEFD02D3" box="[159,369,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia depressa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
South Africa Woodhall 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FC69FA0D028A" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,1409,977,999]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FC69FED1028A" box="[159,349,977,999]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FC69FED1028A" box="[159,349,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia diffusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925417ACFC6AFE5F028A" box="[385,467,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">pilosula</emphasis>
|
||
) South Africa Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412B4FC69FB4A028A" box="[1177,1222,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541342FC69FA0D028A" box="[1391,1409,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB692541490FC4BFC34056B" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[701,952,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<bibRef id="E049A228FFB692541490FC4BFC34056B" box="[701,952,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="book chapter">
|
||
<title id="4BEDDDE8FFB692541490FC4BFD5C056B" box="[701,720,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FC4BFD5C056B" box="[701,720,1008,1030]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">al</emphasis>
|
||
</title>
|
||
.
|
||
<year id="4D41778DFFB6925414F0FC4BFC9E056B" box="[733,786,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">1997</year>
|
||
,
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="E3283C12FFB692541530FC4BFCF3056B" box="[797,895,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Woodhall</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
<pagination id="0020C82AFFB6925415A8FC4BFC34056B" box="[901,952,1008,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="pagination">2005</pagination>
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FBA1FC340523" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FBA1FED10542" box="[159,349,1050,1071]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FBA1FED10542" box="[159,349,1050,1071]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hermannia incana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
South Africa Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412B4FBA1FB4A0542" box="[1177,1222,1049,1071]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541342FBA1FA0D0542" box="[1391,1409,1050,1071]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541691FB83FEAE0523" box="[188,290,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">candicans</emphasis>
|
||
, =
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541769FB83FE310523" box="[324,445,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">candicamus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FB83FD5C0523" box="[701,720,1080,1102]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, Woodhall 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FBDAFA1D051A" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[159,1425,1121,1143]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FBDAFEFF051A" box="[159,371,1121,1143]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FBDAFEFF051A" box="[159,371,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hibiscus aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
South Africa Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB69254122AFBD9FBBF051A" box="[1031,1075,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412F0FBD9FA85051A" box="[1245,1289,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, Heath
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB692541490FB3AFC5C05FB" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" box="[701,976,1152,1174]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FB3AFD6605FB" box="[701,746,1152,1174]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002, Woodhall 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416B2FB11FBFE05B3" blockId="14.[159,1425,234,1246]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416B2FB11FED705D2" box="[159,347,1193,1215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416B2FB11FED705D2" box="[159,347,1193,1215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Pavonia burchellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
South Africa Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925412B4FB11FB4A05D2" box="[1177,1222,1193,1215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994, Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541342FB11FA0D05D2" box="[1391,1409,1194,1215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541691FB73FEB705B3" box="[188,315,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541490FB73FD5C05B3" box="[701,720,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997, Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541572FB72FC0005B3" box="[863,908,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002, Woodhall 2005
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416EAFA99FE9A04EF" blockId="14.[151,1437,1314,2023]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416EAFA99FE0C0456" bold="true" box="[199,384,1314,1339]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Leaf shelters. T</emphasis>
|
||
he mature caterpillars pull several of the small leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925415D9FA98FBC20456" box="[1012,1102,1315,1339]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925415D9FA98FBC20456" box="[1012,1102,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">S. ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together to form a shelter. On
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB6925416BAFAFDFEDE0432" box="[151,338,1350,1375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416BAFAFDFEDE0432" box="[151,338,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Waltheria indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the caterpillars fold together the two halves of a leaf as the leaves are larger and stiffer than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB692541698FAD0FE8304EE" box="[181,271,1387,1411]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB692541698FAD0FE8304EE" box="[181,271,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">S. ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925416EAFA35FBEE0482" blockId="14.[151,1437,1314,2023]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB6925416EAFA35FBD20482" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272095" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Rwanda" location="A" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" specimenCode="MJWC 90, MJWC 89" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416EAFA35FEDD04CA" bold="true" box="[199,337,1422,1447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The mature caterpillar (Figure 12.2–3) is very distinctive, with its head marked in dull orange and green and conspicuous black twisted, linear setae. Late instar caterpillars and pupae from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB6925412AFFA09FB5204A6" box="[1154,1246,1458,1483]" name="Rwanda" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFB6925412C1FA08FAED04A6" box="[1260,1377,1459,1483]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFB6925412C1FA08FAB304A6" box="[1260,1343,1459,1483]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
90
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/200) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB6925416EBFA6DFE850482" box="[198,265,1494,1519]" name="Benin" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Bénin</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFB692541735FA6CFE000482" box="[280,396,1495,1519]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFB692541735FA6CFEE70482" box="[280,363,1495,1519]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
89
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/207
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB6925417EDFA6CFE590482" box="[448,469,1495,1519]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
–B) do not differ from those described below from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFB69254123CFA6CFBD20482" box="[1041,1118,1495,1519]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB6925516EAFA41FED0002D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1314,2023]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,752]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB6925416EAFA41FED5077E" bold="true" box="[199,345,1530,1555]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Final instar.</emphasis>
|
||
The caterpillar grows to about
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925414E8FA40FC80077E" box="[709,780,1531,1555]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
(Figure 12.2–3). Head 2.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB692541272FA41FB30077E" box="[1119,1212,1530,1555]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="2.75">2.75mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3); rounded, hardly indent at vertex; dark brown, shiny, rugose, but hardly visible except narrowly on posterior margin. Most of the head is covered with unusual fan-like setae, having multiple aciculate branches, flattened against the head, mostly entangled with adjacent setae; those adjacent to the epicranial suture, the adfrontals, laterally and dorsally are dull orange, while the remainder of the epicranium and the clypeus are light orange, but in combination with other setae, and in contrast to the dull orange setae appear greenish; the orange stripe down epicranium and on adfrontals appears as an inverted Y on the face. Pale, erect, simple setae of
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925415D2F969FBF20786" box="[1023,1150,1746,1771]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5mm</quantity>
|
||
down centre of face and above mouthparts; longer (
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925417E9F94CFDCB0662" box="[452,583,1783,1807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
) pale, erect, flexible, slightly barbed setae, some dark distally, on the rest of the epicranium; amongst these some longer (
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925414A2F8A1FC9D065E" box="[655,785,1818,1843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.7mm</quantity>
|
||
) erect, flexible, dark, barbed setae; laterally six very long (
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925416B2F884FF7C063A" box="[159,240,1855,1879]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
) erect, twisted linear ribbon-like black setae (not completely parallel side, but nearly so and
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB6925412D2F884FAC1063A" box="[1279,1357,1855,1879]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2mm</quantity>
|
||
wide); in some individuals the long slightly barbed setae are almost entirely pale. T1 with long, pale, erect setae; the shorter ones simple, and the longer ones slightly barbed, some of which are dark, or dark distally; T1 posterior third black with broad white dorsal line and white dorsolateral patch; T1 anterior two-thirds orange, white dorsal line, laterally a dark longitudinal line and pale ventral to this; one very long, dark, robust, erect, flexible barbed setae dorsolaterally near anterior margin; a small dark, shiny, slightly domed plaque subdorsally near anterior margin; spiracle dark; legs brown. Body dull blue-green-white; T2–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB79255156BFF07FCD001B9" box="[838,860,188,212]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 with very small round black plaques subdorsally and laterally;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB79255171BFF5BFEC70195" box="[310,331,224,248]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB79255174AFF5BFEF00195" box="[359,380,224,248]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7 larger black plaques subdorsally, laterally and ventrolaterally;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB792551273FF5BFBFF0195" box="[1118,1139,224,248]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
8–
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB7925512A3FF5BFB2F0195" box="[1166,1187,224,248]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9 small black plaques laterally and ventrolaterally; body covered with fine white, simple setae; spiracles pale, except that of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB792551333FEBFFABF0071" box="[1310,1331,260,284]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
9 orange; legs concolorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB7925516EAFEF7FBC700C0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB7925516EAFEF7FE660008" bold="true" box="[199,490,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Penultimate (n-1) instar.</emphasis>
|
||
This is generally similar to the final instar; head 1.83 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB792551249FEF7FB4D0009" box="[1124,1217,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.87" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="1.87">1.87mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (range 1.69–2.08 x 1.73 x 2.16, n=8); fan-like setae not as dense, paler, and less contrasting; other setae similar but shorter and most are pale; linear setae up to
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB79255141DFE2FFDF300C1" box="[560,639,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB7925514C3FE2FFCB100C1" box="[750,829,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. T1 as final instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB7925516EAFE0CFF4103C5" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB7925516EAFE0CFEB200BD" bold="true" box="[199,318,439,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Instar n-2</emphasis>
|
||
. The head (Figure 12.1) is similar in shape to those of the later instars, 1.52 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB79255128AFE0CFA9E00BD" box="[1191,1298,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="1.524">1.524mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (range 1.37–1.62 x 1.45–1.61, n=3); dark brown, shiny, irregularly reticulated; scattered pale fan-like setae, smaller than those of later instars, and only partially covering the surface; scattered short, pale, erect, simple setae; longer, slightly barbed, erect, flexible setae laterally, some pale and some dark; at least five long black twisted linear setae on each side of head, but they seem to be easily abraded. It can be seen in Figure 12.1 that the body is pale green, with a darker dorsal line, and the black plaques described under the final instar above are present as very small dots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB7925516EAFD0FFC82039D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB7925516EAFD0FFECC03A0" bold="true" box="[199,320,692,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Instar n-3</emphasis>
|
||
. Similar to instar n-2; head measures 1.11 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB792551567FD0FFC2B03A0" box="[842,935,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="1.16">1.16mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (range 1.04–1.18 x 1.10–1.20, n=4); the black twisted linear setae are
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFB792551462FD6CFD42039D" box="[591,718,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFB7925516BAF954FAA0062F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256609/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" targetBox="[151,1436,807,1750]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB7925516BAF954FAA0062F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1775,1858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB7925516BAF954FE930668" bold="true" box="[151,287,1775,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB792551796F954FDDE0668" box="[443,594,1775,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB792551796F954FDDE0668" box="[443,594,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB792551481F954FD340668" bold="true" box="[684,696,1775,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">1</emphasis>
|
||
, n-2 instar, dorsal view; collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB79255121FF954FBD30668" box="[1074,1119,1775,1797]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB79255121FF954FBD30668" box="[1074,1119,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Sida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Mwea Tebere, 1 Feb 1990; photographed 2 Feb 1990; moulted 11 Feb; MJWC 90/16D.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB79255152DF8B5FC800649" bold="true" box="[768,780,1806,1828]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, dorsal view; collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFB792551304F8B5FEA7062F" authority="Sultan Hamud" authorityName="Sultan Hamud" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB792551304F8B5FA190649" box="[1321,1429,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Sida ovata</emphasis>
|
||
, Sultan Hamud
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1 Apr 1989; photographed 2 Apr 1989; pupated 14–28 Apr; MJWC 89/30A.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB79255126CF897FBC1062F" bold="true" box="[1089,1101,1836,1858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, as #2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFB7924A16EAF8D4FEBD0098" blockId="15.[151,1436,1903,2036]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB7925516EAF8D4FACE06BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272107" location="A" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFB7925516EAF8D4FE8106E5" bold="true" box="[199,269,1903,1928]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
In captivity, the pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFB79255143DF8D4FDF306EA" box="[528,639,1903,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pupa of Spialia diomus, collected as final instar on Sida ovata, Sultan Hamud, 1 Apr 1989; pupated and photographed 5 May; adult 14 May; MJWC 89 / 30 B. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256610/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) is formed in the last leaf shelter. The pupa is rather uniformly brown, thinly and evenly covered with white waxy bloom; long, pale brown, erect, simple setae except on the appendages; the proboscis projects slightly beyond the wing cases for up to one abdominal segment; the spiracles
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB792551332F803FAB806BD" box="[1311,1332,1976,2000]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFB7924A137DF803FD4501DD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272134" collectionCode="MJWC" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" location="A" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" specimenCode="MJWC 88" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFB79255137DF803FAE906BD" box="[1360,1381,1976,2000]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
3 are normally visible or partly visible. One pupa had died after the butterfly formed up within (
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFB7925512B5F867FA830699" box="[1176,1295,2012,2036]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFB7925512B5F867FB670699" box="[1176,1259,2012,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
88
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/79C); white fungal hyphae had grown out of the spiracles
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A148BFF23FD3701DD" box="[678,699,152,176]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A14F5FF23FF3601B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272131" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A14F5FF23FD6101DD" box="[728,749,152,176]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7, indicating that all these have openings, including those of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A16BAFF07FF2001B9" box="[151,172,188,212]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A16E5FF07FE1B0070" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272105" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A16E5FF07FF5101B9" box="[200,221,188,212]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
3 which in many species are covered by the wings, whereas that of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A15CFFF07FC7401B9" box="[994,1016,188,212]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
8 probably does not have an opening (Scoble 1995). The pupa shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA8924A141DFF64FD130195" box="[560,671,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1645,1667]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,555,1621]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Pupa of Spialia diomus, collected as final instar on Sida ovata, Sultan Hamud, 1 Apr 1989; pupated and photographed 5 May; adult 14 May; MJWC 89 / 30 B. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256610/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
has dark brown-black rounded plaques present subdorsally on the anterior margin of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A1759FEBFFE050070" box="[372,393,260,285]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A178BFEBFFBBC0071" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272124" box="[422,1072,260,285]" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A178BFEBFFE370070" box="[422,443,260,285]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
6, a smaller dark plaque on the anterior margin of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A1220FEBFFBAE0071" box="[1037,1058,260,284]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
4
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A1213FEBFFE000009" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272137" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A1213FEBFFBDF0071" box="[1086,1107,260,284]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7 just above the level of the spiracle. Seven other pupae were examined, but only one had visible plaques, which were subdorsally on the anterior margin of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A1747FEF7FE0C0009" box="[362,384,332,356]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
3
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A17B0FEF7FEBD0098" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272130" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A17B0FEF7FE3F0009" box="[413,435,332,356]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
8, but partially obscured by the white waxy powder. The spiracle T1 is similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A16BAFECBFE8800E5" box="[151,260,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A16BAFECBFE8800E5" box="[151,260,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. colotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; dark brown; more or less straight anterior margin; sometimes paler on anterior margin; they are quite variable in size: 0.43 x 0.73 x
|
||
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA8924A17D4FE2FFDD900C1" box="[505,597,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high x thick on posterior margin (range 0.32–0.50 x 0.56–0.90 x 0.24–0.30, n=4). Adults emerge after 9–19 days in Nairobi, or as little as 8 days at the coast (Sevastopulo unpublished).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6D966656FFA8924A16BAF9D6FB9707CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256610/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" targetBox="[151,1436,555,1621]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA8924A16BAF9D6FB9707CF" blockId="16.[151,1435,1645,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A16BAF9D6FEA807EE" bold="true" box="[151,292,1645,1667]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A17A0F9D6FDA507EE" box="[397,553,1645,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A17A0F9D6FDA507EE" box="[397,553,1645,1667]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Spialia diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A154EF9D6FBF207EE" authority="Sultan Hamud" authorityName="Sultan Hamud" box="[867,1150,1645,1667]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A154EF9D6FC5F07EE" box="[867,979,1645,1667]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Sida ovata</emphasis>
|
||
, Sultan Hamud
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1 Apr 1989; pupated and photographed 5 May; adult 14 May; MJWC 89/30B.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A149FF937FD3307CF" bold="true" box="[690,703,1676,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A15A8F937FC1D07CF" bold="true" box="[901,913,1676,1698]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA8924A16EAF975FDF3068E" blockId="16.[151,1436,1742,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A16EAF975FF6E0642" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272135" collectionCode="MJWC" country="Benin" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCode="MJWC 89" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A16EAF975FE18078A" bold="true" box="[199,404,1742,1767]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
I have reared a larval-pupal tachinid parasitoid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A15E5F975FB43078A" box="[968,1231,1742,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A15E5F975FB43078A" box="[968,1231,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Thecocarcelia latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from caterpillars collected
|
||
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFA8924A172AF94FFE250666" box="[263,425,1779,1804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A1703F948FE250666" box="[302,425,1779,1804]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A1703F948FE250666" box="[302,425,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Sida ovata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
at MacKinnon Road (88.79), and
|
||
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFA8924A156FF94FFBA40661" box="[834,1064,1779,1804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A1544F948FBA40661" box="[873,1064,1779,1804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A1544F948FBA40661" box="[873,1064,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Waltheria indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
at Cotonou,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA8924A12E8F948FA840661" box="[1221,1288,1779,1804]" name="Benin" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Bénin</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFA8924A1337F948FA1F0666" box="[1306,1427,1779,1803]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA8924A1337F948FAE10666" box="[1306,1389,1779,1803]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">MJWC</collectionCode>
|
||
89
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
/ 207
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A16E9F8ACFF560642" box="[196,218,1815,1839]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A16C1F8ADFAF206F1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272126" country="Kenya" location="South" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
|
||
The tachinid larva emerges from the host pupa to form a puparium (sometimes in the pupal chamber) about 6 days after pupation; the adult tachinid then emerges from the puparium after a further 21 days or so.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A16BAF8E5FE17061A" box="[151,411,1886,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A16BAF8E5FE17061A" box="[151,411,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Thecocarcelia latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in Africa; it is also recorded as a pupal parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A12BFF8E4FB64061A" box="[1170,1256,1887,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A12BFF8E4FB64061A" box="[1170,1256,1887,1911]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A1321F8E5FAC1061A" box="[1292,1357,1886,1911]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa (Dickson & Kroon 1978, Plate 15). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA8924A1469F83FFD1C06F1" box="[580,656,1924,1948]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it also attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A1514F83FFBB606F1" authority="Higgins" authorityName="Higgins" box="[825,1082,1923,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zebra" subSpecies="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A1514F83FFC5006F1" box="[825,988,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. zebra bifida</emphasis>
|
||
Higgins
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A125DF838FAF206F1" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[1136,1406,1923,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elma">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A125DF838FA8306F1" box="[1136,1295,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Gomalia elma</emphasis>
|
||
(Trimen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA8924A13AAF838FDF3068E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272125" country="South Africa" location="A" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA8924A13AAF838FA1706F6" box="[1415,1435,1923,1947]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A177DF813FDC306D2" authority="Rondani" authorityName="Rondani" box="[336,591,1958,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incedens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A177DF813FE5C06D2" box="[336,464,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">T. incedens</emphasis>
|
||
(Rondani)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is also recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A1571F81CFC3A06D2" box="[860,950,1959,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A1571F81CFC3A06D2" box="[860,950,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA8924A15F3F81DFBFD06D2" box="[990,1137,1958,1983]" name="South Africa" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Dickson & Kroon 1978, Plate 15). See also comments under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA8924A1400F877FDF4068E" box="[557,632,1996,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA8924A1400F877FDF4068E" box="[557,632,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. spio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA9924B16EAFF2CFC250585" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAFF2CFE8D0008" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16EAFF2CFEC001DD" bold="true" box="[199,332,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Although Higgins (1924) treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B14E1FF23FCAE01DD" box="[716,802,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B14E1FF23FCAE01DD" box="[716,802,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1577FF23FC4B01DD" box="[858,967,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1577FF23FC4B01DD" box="[858,967,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate species, Evans (1937) treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16BAFF07FF5D01B9" box="[151,209,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B16BAFF07FF5D01B9" box="[151,209,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1785FF06FD9001B8" box="[424,540,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1785FF06FD9401B8" box="[424,536,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">S. diomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This was followed by de Jong (1978), who believed that ‘there is no need for a specific separation as there is no evidence for geographic overlap of these forms’. In his work on African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B16BAFEBFFE220071" authority="T.B. Larsen" authorityName="T.B. Larsen" box="[151,430,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae, T.B. Larsen</taxonomicName>
|
||
(unpublished) planned to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B153DFEBFFCC60071" box="[784,842,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B153DFEBFFCC60071" box="[784,842,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B15ACFEBFFC5E0070" box="[897,978,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B15ACFEBFFC5E0070" box="[897,978,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as separate species, based on significant differences in wing patterns, the shape of the valves, a zone where neither occurs, and no signs that a cline is involved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAFECBFC470255" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
In this context a comparison of the early stages is helpful. My observations and images are similar to the detailed life history illustrated by G.C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978, Plate 15), and without doubt they are very closely related. I see no clear differences between the ova. The final instar caterpillars have several important features in common, in particular the setae of the head, including the long black linear scales and the fan-like scales covering the face, and the markings of T1. Clark does not illustrate the face in frontal view; it seems rather unlikely that he would not have done so if it were patterned as strongly and distinctively as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B12A7FD9FFB560350" box="[1162,1242,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B12A7FD9FFB560350" box="[1162,1242,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 12.3). In addition, the body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B17BCFDF3FE47030D" box="[401,459,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B17BCFDF3FE47030D" box="[401,459,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dark dull green with what appear to be dark setae in his Plate 15.12 of the whole caterpillar, but white in his Plate 15.13 of ‘segment 7’, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1584FDD7FC7603E8" box="[937,1018,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1584FDD7FC7603E8" box="[937,1018,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is whitish blue-green with pale setae. The conspicuous small dark plaques of the body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B152DFD34FCDC03C5" box="[768,848,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B152DFD34FCDC03C5" box="[768,848,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are just visible on as the subdorsal row on some segments of Clark’s Plate 15.12 and the lateral row in his Plate 15.13, but they are very inconspicuous. The pupae of both species are covered with white waxy powder, but the painting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B15F6FD63FB99039D" box="[987,1045,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B15F6FD63FB99039D" box="[987,1045,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is completely white, and does not show the small brown plaques on the abdomen, although these are not conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B12B8FD46FA8A0278" box="[1173,1286,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B12B8FD46FA8A0278" box="[1173,1286,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Clark’s painting is not at magnification, so this difference may not be significant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAFCFFFD3D0535" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
The photograph of the final instar caterpillar in Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B156AFCFEFCF40230" box="[839,888,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997, p. 113) is also relevant. The body is dull brown-green with a darker dorsal line (matching Clark’s painting) and white dots arranged in longitudinal lines (not apparent in Clark’s painting of the whole caterpillar, but in line with his detailed image of segment
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA9924B136DFC37FADA02C9" box="[1344,1366,908,932]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7) and white setae (dark in Clark’s painting of the whole caterpillar, but in line with his detailed image of segment
|
||
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA9924B136DFC0BFADB02A5" box="[1344,1367,944,968]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
7); the division of the T1 into black and orange-brown areas is hardly discernable; the long black setae of the head appear simple rather than linear (possibly the linear setae have been abraded) and there is a slight differentiation on the epicrania into brown areas on each side of the face and a darker stripe down the epicranial suture (similar to the pattern observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1759FBFBFE6D0535" box="[372,481,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1759FBFBFE6D0535" box="[372,481,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but much darker).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA9924B16EAFBDFFC250585" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
The slightly different food plant lists (
|
||
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFA9924B14AAFBDFFD6D0511" box="[647,737,1124,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Published food plants of Spialia diomus and S. ferax. Deduced or implied locations are given in square brackets." pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) may be significant, but further observations would help to assess if these differences are real. On balance, particularly based on the detail so clearly shown in Clark’s work, I conclude these differences offer significant support to Larsen’s view that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B15CAFB17FBAD05A9" box="[999,1057,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B15CAFB17FBAD05A9" box="[999,1057,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1271FB17FB2105A8" box="[1116,1197,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1271FB17FB2105A8" box="[1116,1197,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">diomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be treated as separate species, and so I reinstate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA9924B1433FB6BFDF80585" box="[542,628,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax" status="stat. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1433FB6BFDF80585" box="[542,628,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10AE57B7FFA9924B1457FB74FD540585" box="[634,728,1231,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA9924B1457FB74FD540585" bold="true" box="[634,728,1231,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">stat rev.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |