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<document id="5B044C7541739BB2166E1AAE81F3C939" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia mafa subsp. higginsi Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="323" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="323" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2AB53B928E5A7743A9C77EB361C1F5F6">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="352EBF1B9C5ACC012E500B8B5C960B5E">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632228" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997294" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632228" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E" lastPageNumber="323" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFAE924C16BAFB84FE05043E" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16BAFB84FDBB0537" blockId="22.[151,567,1087,1114]" box="[151,567,1087,1114]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<heading id="621E81B2FFAE924C16BAFB84FDBB0537" bold="true" box="[151,567,1087,1114]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C16BAFB84FDBB0537" ID-CoL="7L3GL" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,567,1087,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mafa" subSpecies="higginsi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16BAFB84FDBB0537" bold="true" box="[151,567,1087,1114]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16BAFB84FE160534" bold="true" box="[151,410,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Spialia mafa higginsi</emphasis>
Evans, 1937
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16BAFB3DFE05043E" blockId="22.[151,1436,1158,1795]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAE924C16BAFB3DFEBF0442" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272120" collectorName="De Jong" country="Botswana" location="southern Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C16BAFB3DFE1D05F2" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[151,401,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16BAFB3DFEAA05F2" box="[151,294,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Spialia mafa</emphasis>
(Trimen)
</taxonomicName>
is the only Kenyan representative of the
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1548FB3CFC4505F3" box="[869,969,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sertorius">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1548FB3CFC4505F3" box="[869,969,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">sertorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1217FB3DFAC805F2" authority="De Jong 1978" authorityName="De Jong" authorityYear="1978" box="[1082,1348,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1217FB3DFB0605F2" box="[1082,1162,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Spialia</emphasis>
(De Jong 1978)
</taxonomicName>
. Larsen (1991) suggests that
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C17BFFB10FE7805AE" box="[402,500,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galba">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C17BFFB10FE7805AE" box="[402,500,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. galba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAE924C1424FB11FDE105AE" box="[521,621,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1706,1728]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,894,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,894,1682]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Biology of Spialia galba, collected as caterpillars on Sida sp., Islamabad, Pakistan, 5 Jul 1995. 1, penultimate instar, dorsal / dorsolateral view; moulted to final instar 18 Jul; photographed 18 Jul; pupated 28 Jul; MJWC 95 / 203 B. 2, final instar, detail of head, anterolateral view; as # 1. 3, pupa, lateral view; pupated 13 Jul; photographed 15 Jul; emerged 23 Jul; 12 mm; MJWC 95 / 203 A. 4, adult male, emerged 23 Jul 1995; MJWC 95 / 203 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256598/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 1</figureCitation>
) replaces it in Asia. Trimen (1870) described
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1289FB10FB5105AE" box="[1188,1245,1195,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1289FB10FB5105AE" box="[1188,1245,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">mafa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C1300FB10FA1705AF" box="[1325,1435,1195,1218]" name="Botswana" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Botswana</collectingCountry>
(Basutoland), but the range of the species (or superspecies—see
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAE924C15A8FB74FC69058A" box="[901,997,1231,1255]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">De Jong</collectorName>
1978) extends through
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAE924C12D7FB74FAA6058B" box="[1274,1322,1231,1254]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">East</collectingRegion>
Africa to
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C16BAFB49FF5D0466" box="[151,209,1266,1291]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">India</collectingCountry>
and Hainan. Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C17C7FB48FDAE0466" box="[490,546,1267,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C17C7FB48FDAE0466" box="[490,546,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">mafa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to
<location id="3C366005FFAE924C14E2FB49FC0D0466" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E:3C366005FFAE924C14E2FB49FC0D0466" box="[719,897,1266,1291]" country="Botswana" name="southern Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="East">southern Africa</location>
, while subspecies
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C127CFB49FB270466" box="[1105,1195,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">higginsi</emphasis>
which was described from Mumias
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAE924C1713FAACFE09043E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272098" country="Kenya" location="northern Malawi" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zaire">
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C1713FAACFE0B0442" box="[318,391,1303,1327]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(Evans 1937), is recorded from
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C14DEFAADFC0A0442" box="[755,902,1302,1327]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C1591FAACFB810443" box="[956,1037,1303,1326]" name="Yemen" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Yemen</collectingCountry>
, through
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C125AFAADFB5A0442" box="[1143,1238,1302,1327]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAE924C134CFAADFA100442" box="[1377,1436,1302,1327]" country="Angola" name="Zaire" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Zaire</collectingRegion>
and
<location id="3C366005FFAE924C16EBFA81FE09043E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E:3C366005FFAE924C16EBFA81FE09043E" box="[198,389,1338,1363]" country="Kenya" name="northern Malawi" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Zaire">northern Malawi</location>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFAE924C16EAFAE4FE19066E" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="description">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16EAFAE4FD61048E" blockId="22.[151,1436,1158,1795]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAE924C16EAFAE4FD61048E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272112" collectorName="Van Someren &amp; De Jong" country="Kenya" location="western Kenya. It" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1">
In
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C16CBFAE4FEA3041A" box="[230,303,1375,1399]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(the only country where
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1463FAE4FC8A041A" box="[590,774,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mafa" subSpecies="higginsi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1463FAE4FC8A041A" box="[590,774,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. mafa higginsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems fairly common), this species is widespread through the highlands of central and
<location id="3C366005FFAE924C17F8FA38FD1004F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFAE924C16BAFB84FE19066E:3C366005FFAE924C17F8FA38FD1004F7" box="[469,668,1411,1435]" country="Kenya" name="western Kenya. It" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">western Kenya. It</location>
is reported from the Chyulu Hills (
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAE924C120BFA38FB3304F6" box="[1062,1215,1411,1435]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Van Someren</collectorName>
1939), but
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAE924C136DFA38FA1004F6" box="[1344,1436,1411,1435]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">De Jong</collectorName>
(1978) does not list any material from this area, so this locality should be considered unconfirmed. It seems to be associated with open grassy spaces rather than forest.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16EAFA55FBDC07FA" blockId="22.[151,1436,1158,1795]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16EAFA55FEEC076A" bold="true" box="[199,352,1518,1543]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Food plants.</emphasis>
The two subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C14A9FA54FD52076A" box="[644,734,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C14A9FA54FD52076A" box="[644,734,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. mafa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently have slightly different food plant lists (
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFAE924C131CFA55FA02076A" box="[1329,1422,1518,1543]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="23.[151,239,368,391]" captionText="TABLE 5. Published food plant records for Spialia mafa. Doubts about the records for ssp. higginsi are discussed in the text." pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Table 5</tableCitation>
). Sevastopulos (1975) records are based on those of Van Someren (1974) as Sevastopulo (unpublished) did not rear this species himself. I have only found caterpillars of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C14D1F98CFCC50723" box="[764,841,1591,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C14D1F98CFCC50723" box="[764,841,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C15AFF98CFC7C0722" box="[898,1008,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C15AFF98CFC7C0722" box="[898,1008,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. diomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1230F98DFBC20722" box="[1053,1102,1590,1615]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1230F98DFBC20722" box="[1053,1102,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Sida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1293F98DFAAC0722" box="[1214,1312,1590,1615]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1293F98DFAAC0722" box="[1214,1312,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Hibiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. when collecting in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C1706F9E0FEF8071E" box="[299,372,1627,1651]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
in areas where
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C140BF9E0FD51071E" box="[550,733,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mafa" subSpecies="higginsi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C140BF9E0FD51071E" box="[550,733,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. mafa higginsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to occur or might be expected to occur, which leads me to the suggestion that confirmation of Van Somerens records would be desirable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16EAF919FE19066E" blockId="22.[151,1436,1158,1795]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAE924C16EAF919FE19066E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272090" collectorName="G. C. Clark" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16EAF919FDDE07D6" bold="true" box="[199,594,1698,1723]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Life history and natural enemies.</emphasis>
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAE924C1475F918FD4307D6" box="[600,719,1698,1723]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">G.C. Clark</collectorName>
(in Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Plate 17) illustrates the detailed life history of ssp.
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1768F97CFEF207B2" box="[325,382,1735,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1768F97CFEF207B2" box="[325,382,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">mafa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAE924C17E4F97DFDD307B2" box="[457,607,1734,1759]" name="South Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978) suggest parasitism is similar to that of other members of the genus.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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