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<document id="4432C21623F28E4143545ECC1496644E" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38068" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256597" ID-ZooBank="3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1475735022662" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W." docDate="2016" docId="B14087C8FFAE924116BAF8EDFB9E069F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4173.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4173 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spialia dromus Plotz 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="328" masterDocId="4D79FFB0FFB8925A162DFFBBFF8C016D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="323" updateTime="1698429372848" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9F093B85DAC61B086640CDE00346F899">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B14087C8FFAE924116BAF8EDFB9E069F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5632230" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124997293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5632230" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B14087C8FFAE924116BAF8EDFB9E069F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B14087C8FFAE924116BAF8EDFB9E069F" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFAE924D16BAF8EDFD480195" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924C16BAF8EDFE52061D" blockId="22.[151,478,1878,1904]" box="[151,478,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<heading id="621E81B2FFAE924C16BAF8EDFE52061D" bold="true" box="[151,478,1878,1904]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C16BAF8EDFE52061D" ID-CoL="6YZZB" authority="Plotz, 1884" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,478,1878,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16BAF8EDFE52061D" bold="true" box="[151,478,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C16BAF8EDFEC2061D" bold="true" box="[151,334,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Spialia dromus</emphasis>
Plötz, 1884
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAE924D16BAF825FD480195" blockId="22.[151,1436,1949,2010]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAE924D16BAF825FE1901DD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272074" collectorName="De Jong" country="Namibia" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" location="Cape" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cape">
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAE924C16BAF825FF7906DB" box="[151,245,1950,1974]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">De Jong</collectorName>
(1978) places
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C178DF825FD9D06DB" box="[416,529,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C178DF825FD9D06DB" box="[416,529,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, together with
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C14EDF825FC0506D8" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[704,905,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wrefordi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C14EDF825FCB006DB" box="[704,828,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. wrefordi</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C15E9F825FBA106DB" box="[964,1069,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C15E9F825FBA106DB" box="[964,1069,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1252F826FB5E06DB" box="[1151,1234,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1252F826FB5E06DB" box="[1151,1234,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAE924C1368F826FA1806DB" box="[1349,1428,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAE924C1368F826FA1806DB" box="[1349,1428,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Spialia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species was originally described from ‘Congo’ (Plötz 1884) and occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa except the
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D16EDFF23FF7601DD" box="[192,250,152,176]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Cape</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D171CFF2CFE1901DD" box="[305,405,151,176]" name="Namibia" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Namibia</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
. Higgins (1925) described
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D14E9FF23FCDA01DD" box="[708,854,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="variety" variety="elongata">
var.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D14D9FF2CFCDA01DD" box="[756,854,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Makindu, Kenya; it has the spots of the upper side hind wing continued across space 1C (as on the underside). Some specimens, particularly those from the coast, have reduced white spotting on the upper surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFAF924316EAFEBFFEBF0727" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="326" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="description">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16EAFEBFFB7D002D" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Adults and caterpillars may be found in a variety of habitats, ranging from open agricultural land to rain forest margins. It is therefore one of the more widespread and frequently encountered species (
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAF924D125EFE9CFB68002D" box="[1139,1252,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,941,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,941,1818]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19. Adults of Spialia dromus, Kenya. 1 – 2, male, collected as caterpillar on Triumfetta rhomboidea, Kakamega, 17 May 1989; adult 16 Jun 1989; MJWC 89 / 45 A. 3, female, Kakamega Forest, 6 Apr 1990; vouchered. 4, female, collected as caterpillar on T. rhomboidea, Malindi, 21 Sep 1989; adult 24 Oct; MJWC 89 / 59 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256616/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFAF924D16BAFECBFF4A00CA" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16BAFECBFF4A00CA" blockId="23.[151,1436,367,423]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16BAFECBFE8500EA" bold="true" box="[151,265,368,391]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
Published food plant records for
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D145DFED4FC8C00EA" box="[624,768,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D145DFED4FD7000EA" box="[624,764,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">Spialia mafa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Doubts about the records for ssp.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1243FED4FB4800EA" box="[1134,1220,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">higginsi</emphasis>
are discussed in the text.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FE79FCD000B5" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,860,450,472]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Food plant species Location Reference</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FE56FF73036F" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,255,492,514]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
ssp.
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16E1FE57FF73036F" box="[204,255,492,514]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mafa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16E1FE57FF73036F" box="[204,255,492,514]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">mafa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FDAEFC0D03FF" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FDAEFEB2031E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272084" collectorName="De Jong" country="South Africa" location="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FDAEFEFF0346" box="[159,371,533,555]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FDAEFEFF0346" box="[159,371,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hibiscus aethiopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D1468FDAEFD440346" box="[581,712,533,555]" name="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South Africa</collectingCountry>
Murray 1959, Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978,
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAF924D1251FDADFB420346" box="[1148,1230,534,555]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">De Jong</collectorName>
1978; Pringle
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D134CFDADFA000346" box="[1377,1420,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D15BFFD8EFC330327" box="[914,959,564,586]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1997, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1260FD8EFBF60327" box="[1101,1146,564,586]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 2002, Woodhall 2005
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FDE5FE9F031E" box="[159,275,606,627]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FDE5FE9F031E" box="[159,275,606,627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D1468FDE6FC0D03FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272065" country="South Africa" location="South" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FDE6FD0C031E" box="[581,640,605,627]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Pringle
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D126DFDE5FBE1031E" box="[1088,1133,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D12D6FDE5FAA4031E" box="[1275,1320,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FD33FEE903F0" box="[159,357,648,669]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comosa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FD33FEE903F0" box="[159,357,648,669]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia comosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17A4FD33FE5A03F0" box="[393,470,648,669]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">camosa</emphasis>
)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FD3DFD0C03F1" box="[581,640,646,668]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa Murray 1959 1
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FD08FC0D03D3" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,897,690,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FD08FEF103A5" box="[159,381,690,712]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneifolia">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FD08FEF103A5" box="[159,381,690,712]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia cuneifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17B6FD09FE6803A5" box="[411,484,690,712]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">pollens</emphasis>
) South Africa Murray 1959 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FD64FC0D027E" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FD64FEFD0399" box="[159,369,734,756]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FD64FEFD0399" box="[159,369,734,756]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia depressa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D1468FD65FD440399" box="[581,712,734,756]" name="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FD65FD0C0399" box="[581,640,734,756]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
</collectingCountry>
Pringle
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1568FD64FCFD0399" box="[837,881,734,756]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1236FD64FBCB0399" box="[1051,1095,734,756]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1997, Woodhall 2005
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FCB2FED10270" box="[159,349,775,798]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffusa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FCB2FED10270" box="[159,349,775,798]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia diffusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17ACFCBCFE5F0270" box="[385,467,775,797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">pilosula</emphasis>
)
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D1468FCBCFD440270" box="[581,712,775,797]" name="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FCBCFD0C0270" box="[581,640,775,797]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
</collectingCountry>
Murray 1959 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FC8FFC0D0252" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,897,819,844]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FC8FFED10224" box="[159,349,820,841]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FC8FFED10224" box="[159,349,820,841]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1757FC88FE7F0224" box="[378,499,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">candicamus</emphasis>
) South Africa Murray 1959 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FCDBFE9202A7" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FCDBFE9202A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272089" location="South" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FCDBFF780218" box="[159,244,864,885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FCDBFF780218" box="[159,244,864,885]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Pavonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p).
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FCE4FD0C0218" box="[581,640,863,885]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D157EFCDBFC0C0218" box="[851,896,863,885]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 1997, Woodhall 2005
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FC32FED702F3" box="[159,347,904,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burchellii">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FC32FED702F3" box="[159,347,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Pavonia burchellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1753FC33FE7102F3" box="[382,509,904,926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">macrophylla</emphasis>
)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FC33FD0C02F3" box="[581,640,904,926]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
Africa Murray 1959 1, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D15FCFC37FC7102CC" box="[977,1021,907,929]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
. 2002 ssp.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16E1FC0FFE9202A7" box="[204,286,948,970]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">higginsi</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FC65FC270299" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,939,990,1012]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FC65FC270299" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272067" box="[159,939,990,1012]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FC65FF740299" box="[159,248,990,1012]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FC65FF740299" box="[159,248,990,1012]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hibiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p).
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FC64FDFD0299" box="[581,625,991,1012]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Sevastopulo 1975
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FBB1FC390570" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,949,1031,1056]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FBB1FC390570" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272082" box="[159,949,1031,1056]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FBB1FEF9054D" box="[159,373,1034,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macranthus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FBB1FEF9054D" box="[159,373,1034,1056]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hibiscus macranthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
2
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FBB3FDFD0570" box="[581,625,1032,1053]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FB88FC260524" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,938,1075,1097]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FB88FC260524" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272070" box="[159,938,1075,1097]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FB88FF400524" box="[159,204,1075,1097]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FB88FF400524" box="[159,204,1075,1097]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Sida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FB8FFDFD0524" box="[581,625,1076,1097]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Sevastopulo 1975
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FBE6FC39051F" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,949,1116,1138]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FBE6FC39051F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272092" box="[159,949,1116,1138]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FBE6FF7C051F" box="[159,240,1117,1138]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FBE6FF7C051F" box="[159,240,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?) (=
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D171BFBE6FE31051F" box="[310,445,1116,1138]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grewioides">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D171BFBE6FE31051F" box="[310,445,1116,1138]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. grewioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FBE6FDFD051F" box="[581,625,1117,1138]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FB3DFC3905F6" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,949,1157,1179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FB3DFC3905F6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272121" box="[159,949,1157,1179]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FB3DFEA305F6" box="[159,303,1157,1179]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhombifolia">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FB3DFEA305F6" box="[159,303,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. rhombifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FB3DFDFD05F6" box="[581,625,1158,1179]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B2FB09FC3905A8" blockId="23.[159,1426,450,1223]" box="[159,949,1199,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16B2FB09FC3905A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272119" box="[159,949,1199,1223]" location="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D16B2FB09FEAA05AA" box="[159,294,1202,1223]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuicarpa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16B2FB09FEAA05AA" box="[159,294,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. tenuicarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1764FB09FE4B05AA" box="[329,455,1201,1223]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneifolia">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1764FB09FEDA05AA" box="[329,342,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D174FFB0AFE4B05AA" box="[354,455,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">cuneifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)3
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D1468FB0BFDFD05A8" box="[581,625,1200,1221]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16B0FB52FDBD0489" blockId="23.[151,1436,1257,1543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
1 The layout of the table in Murray (1959) is not as clear as one would like; he appears to use ditto marks to list the food plants as the same as those of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D17F2FAB1FDB7044F" box="[479,571,1290,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nanus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17F2FAB1FDB7044F" box="[479,571,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. nanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e. “The same as
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1526FAB1FCFF044F" box="[779,883,1290,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1526FAB1FCFF044F" box="[779,883,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. diomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[i.e.
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1581FAB1FC73044F" box="[940,1023,1290,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1581FAB1FC73044F" box="[940,1023,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. ferax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; also
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1267FAB1FAA5044F" box="[1098,1321,1290,1314]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1267FAB1FAA5044F" box="[1098,1321,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hibiscus aethiopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.” but as this is split onto a second line after ‘also’ it could be interpreted as only referring to
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D126FFA90FB6C042F" box="[1090,1248,1322,1346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D126FFA90FB6C042F" box="[1090,1248,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">H. aethiopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only, rather than including the food plants of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D17E1FAF1FD93040F" box="[460,543,1354,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferax">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17E1FAF1FD93040F" box="[460,543,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. ferax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1462FAF1FD3B040F" box="[591,695,1354,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diomus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1462FAF1FD3B040F" box="[591,695,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. diomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). This seems to have been the interpretation of De Jong (1978), but
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFAF924D16BAFAD0FF5904EF" box="[151,213,1387,1410]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">South</collectingRegion>
African authors seem to have accepted
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1453FAD0FD7B04EF" box="[638,759,1387,1410]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1453FAD0FD7B04EF" box="[638,759,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1573FAD0FC3B04EF" box="[862,951,1387,1410]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pavonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1573FAD0FC3B04EF" box="[862,951,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Pavonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. based on Murray (1959). 2 This is a valid name in Tropicos (2015), but an unresolved name in The Plant List (2015). Blundell (1987) treats it as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D170DFA15FE1604A9" box="[288,410,1452,1477]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ludwigii">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D170DFA15FE1604A9" box="[288,410,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">H. ludwigii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a common upland species in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D14C4FA16FCBD04A9" box="[745,817,1453,1476]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAF924D1512FA16FC4704A9" box="[831,971,1453,1476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="1.52" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="m" value="1980.0" valueMax="2440.0" valueMin="1520.0">1520–2440m</quantity>
(
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAF924D15F6FA16FBFF04A9" box="[987,1139,1453,1476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" metricValueMax="2.4384" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="ft" value="6500.0" valueMax="8000.0" valueMin="5000.0">5000–8000 ft</quantity>
.), and this may well be the species Van Someren (1974) intended.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16BAFA55FDD1076A" blockId="23.[151,1436,1257,1543]" box="[151,605,1518,1543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
3See discussion of this name under
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1422FA4BFDD9076A" box="[527,597,1520,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spio">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1422FA4BFDD9076A" box="[527,597,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. spio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16EAF98FFA09066C" blockId="23.[151,1436,1588,1937]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D16EAF98FFD5907D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272094" country="Kenya" location="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16EAF98FFED60720" bold="true" box="[199,346,1588,1613]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Food plants.</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D17F6F98EFDDC0720" box="[475,592,1589,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17F6F98EFDDC0720" box="[475,592,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Triumfetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFAF924D1470F98FFD470720" box="[605,715,1588,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1199,1221]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1175]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,195,1175]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 20. Triumfetta spp., food plants of Spialia dromus, Kenya. 1, T. rhomboidea, Malindi 22 Sep 1989. 2, T. tomentosa, Kisumu, 25 Feb 1988; food plant of MJWC 88 / 13." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256617/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 20</figureCitation>
) are consistently recorded as the food plants of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D12CDF98EFAC20720" box="[1248,1358,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D12CDF98EFAC20720" box="[1248,1358,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="746B0365FFAF924D1371F98FFF2B071C" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 6. Published food plants of Spialia dromus." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Early records of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1754F9E2FE75071D" box="[377,505,1625,1648]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1754F9E2FE75071D" box="[377,505,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (?),
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D144FF9E3FD42071C" box="[610,718,1624,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D144FF9E3FD42071C" box="[610,718,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Melhania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1514F9E3FC78071C" box="[825,1012,1624,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1514F9E3FC78071C" box="[825,1012,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Waltheria indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not seem to have been repeated in recent years, and should be considered as needing confirmation. I have found caterpillars
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFAF924D129DF9C6FAF007F8" box="[1200,1404,1660,1685]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D12FBF9C6FAF007F8" box="[1238,1404,1660,1685]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D12FBF9C6FAF007F8" box="[1238,1404,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D16BAF91AFF6C07D4" box="[151,224,1697,1721]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D1734F91BFE1807D4" box="[281,404,1696,1721]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D17FCF91AFDED07D5" box="[465,609,1697,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17FCF91AFDED07D5" box="[465,609,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">T. tomentosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D14A5F91AFD5907D4" box="[648,725,1697,1721]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFAF924D14CCF91AFA09066C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272100" collectingDate="2013-02" collectorName="T. C. E. Congdon &amp; Although I" country="Tanzania" location="Tanzania" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="1">
In
<collectingDate id="5D13E9F6FFAF924D152CF91BFCE707D4" box="[769,875,1696,1721]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" value="2013-02">
<date id="4D57101EFFAF924D152CF91BFCE707D4" box="[769,875,1696,1721]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" value="2013-02">Feb 2013</date>
</collectingDate>
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAF924D1559F91AFBA707D4" box="[884,1067,1696,1721]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">T.C.E. Congdon</collectorName>
(pers. comm. 2013) found early stages on a
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1706F97EFE2C07B0" box="[299,416,1733,1757]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1706F97EFE2C07B0" box="[299,416,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Triumfetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFAF924D17D0F97FFDEE07B0" box="[509,610,1732,1757]" name="Tanzania" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
and reared an adult through.
<collectorName id="941C5308FFAF924D15E2F97FFBC307B1" box="[975,1103,1732,1757]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Although I</collectorName>
have collected
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D133CF97FFAEC07B0" box="[1297,1376,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D133CF97FFAEC07B0" box="[1297,1376,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Spialia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. caterpillars from
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1775F952FE5B066D" box="[344,471,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1775F952FE5B066D" box="[344,471,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Hermannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D1437F953FD0A066C" box="[538,646,1768,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D1437F953FD0A066C" box="[538,646,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Melhania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D14DCF952FCDB066C" box="[753,855,1768,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D14DCF952FCDB066C" box="[753,855,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">W. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I have not found
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D120AF952FB1A066C" box="[1063,1174,1768,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D120AF952FB1A066C" box="[1063,1174,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">S. dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on these food plants.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFAF924D16EAF8B7FDB506FC" blockId="23.[151,1436,1588,1937]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D16EAF8B7FE940648" bold="true" box="[199,280,1804,1829]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Ovum.</emphasis>
Oviposition
<collectedFrom id="8AF57523FFAF924D1799F8B6FD0F0648" box="[436,643,1804,1829]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFAF924D17F1F8B6FD0F0648" box="[476,643,1804,1829]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFAF924D17F1F8B6FD0F0648" box="[476,643,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
was observed in the Shimba Hills at about 13:00h,
<date id="4D57101EFFAF924D12D8F8B6FA100648" box="[1269,1436,1804,1829]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" value="1990-04-13">13 April 1990</date>
(MJWC 90/48). The ovum shown in Figure 20.1 is similar to others of the genus, and to that illustrated by G.C. Clark (in Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Plate 14). It was laid on one of the youngest leaves of a
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFAF924D12B8F8EFFB560601" box="[1173,1242,1876,1901]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
plant growing in the open beside a path through scrub.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFA0924216BAFF23FD4801C2" box="[151,708,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216BAFF23FD4801C2" blockId="24.[151,708,151,175]" box="[151,708,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216BAFF23FE8601C2" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">TABLE 6.</emphasis>
Published food plants of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA092421436FF2CFD4C01C2" box="[539,704,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">Spialia dromus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FF71FCDA018D" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,854,202,224]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Food plant species Location Reference</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FF4EFC760067" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,1018,244,266]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FF4EFC760067" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272110" box="[159,1018,244,266]" location="Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Southern">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FF4EFE9E0067" box="[159,274,245,266]" class="Arachnida" family="Hermanniidae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FF4EFE9E0067" box="[159,274,245,266]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Hermannia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p). (?)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFF4FFDF30067" box="[547,639,244,266]" country="Zambia" name="Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Southern</collectingRegion>
Africa Pinhey 1965, Larsen 2005
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FEA6FCE3005E" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,879,285,307]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FEA6FCE3005E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272117" box="[159,879,285,307]" location="Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Southern">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FEA6FF74005E" box="[159,248,285,307]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FEA6FF74005E" box="[159,248,285,307]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Hibiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p). (?)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFEA6FDF3005E" box="[547,639,285,307]" country="Zambia" name="Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Southern</collectingRegion>
Africa Pinhey 1949
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FEFDFA9700EB" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FEFDFA9700EB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272122" location="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FEFDFE8C0031" box="[159,256,326,348]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melhania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FEFDFE8C0031" box="[159,256,326,348]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Melhania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (=
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA09242177EFEFDFE370031" box="[339,443,326,348]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Malhamia</emphasis>
sp.)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFEFCFDC30031" box="[547,591,327,348]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974, Sevastopulo 1974, 1975, Larsen 1991 [
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA092421404FECAFDDB00EB" box="[553,599,369,390]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa] Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421560FECAFCF500EB" box="[845,889,368,390]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 1997, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421225FECAFBB900EB" box="[1032,1077,368,390]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 2002, Woodhall 2005
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FE22FC7700B5" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FE22FC7700B5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272111" location="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FE22FE8500C2" box="[159,265,409,431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FE22FE8500C2" box="[159,265,409,431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Triumfetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p).
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFE21FDC300C2" box="[547,591,410,431]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Sevastopulo 1974, 1975, Larsen 1991
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFE79FDF300B5" box="[547,639,450,472]" country="Zambia" name="Southern" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Southern</collectingRegion>
Africa Pinhey 1949, Pinhey 1965
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA09242140EFE57FCF8036F" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[547,884,492,514]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Malawi Gifford 1965</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA09242140EFDAEFCE20346" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[547,878,533,555]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Afrotropical Larsen 2005</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FD85FA0A0339" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,1414,574,596]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FD85FE050339" box="[159,393,574,596]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FD85FE050339" box="[159,393,574,596]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
South Africa Platt 1929, Murray 1959, Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Kielland 1990,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924214C2FDE6FB9C03F1" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
Pringle
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421512FDE5FCE7031E" box="[831,875,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924215D7FDE5FBAB031E" box="[1018,1063,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 2002, Woodhall 2005 Côte d’Ivoire Vuattoux 1999, Larsen 2005
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FD0BFA0A03AB" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,1414,688,710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FD0BFEFB03AB" box="[159,375,688,710]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FD0BFEFB03AB" box="[159,375,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Triumfetta tomentosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
South Africa Platt 1929, Murray 1959, Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Kielland 1990,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924214C2FD75FA810389" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[751,1293,718,741]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
Pringle
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421512FD6BFCE70389" box="[831,875,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Heath
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924215D7FD6BFBAB0389" box="[1018,1063,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 2002, Woodhall 2005
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FD43FBA30263" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,1071,760,782]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FD43FBA30263" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272101" box="[159,1071,760,782]" location="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FD43FE8E0263" box="[159,258,760,782]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FD43FE8E0263" box="[159,258,760,782]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Waltheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp(p).
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFD42FDC30263" box="[547,591,761,782]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Sevastopulo 1975, Larsen 1991
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA09242140EFC99FB67025A" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[547,1259,801,823]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA09242140EFC99FB67025A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272115" box="[547,1259,801,823]" location="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
[
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA092421404FC99FDDB025A" box="[553,599,802,823]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa] Henning
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421560FC99FCF5025A" box="[845,889,801,823]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al</emphasis>
. 1997, Larsen 2005, Woodhall 2005
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216B2FCF1FC3C020D" blockId="24.[159,1414,202,864]" box="[159,944,842,864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA0924216B2FCF1FC3C020D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272099" box="[159,944,842,864]" location="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="East">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924216B2FCF1FECB020D" box="[159,327,842,864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216B2FCF1FECB020D" box="[159,327,842,864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Waltheria indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA092421746FCF0FE7A020D" box="[363,502,843,864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Waltheria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421746FCF0FE7A020D" box="[363,502,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">W. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA09242140EFCF0FDC3020D" box="[547,591,843,864]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">East</collectingRegion>
Africa Van Someren 1974
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFA0924216BAF889FC5506E8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256616/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" targetBox="[151,1436,941,1817]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA0924216BAF889FC5506E8" blockId="24.[151,1436,1842,1925]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924216BAF889FEAD0625" bold="true" box="[151,289,1842,1864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA0924217BCF889FDA00625" box="[401,556,1842,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924217BCF889FDA00625" box="[401,556,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Spialia dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924214A6F889FD3C0625" bold="true" box="[651,688,1842,1864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">1–2</emphasis>
, male, collected as caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA092421223F889FB760625" box="[1038,1274,1842,1864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421223F889FB760625" box="[1038,1274,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega, 17 May 1989; adult 16 Jun 1989; MJWC 89/45A.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA0924214A8F8EBFD1E060B" bold="true" box="[645,658,1872,1894]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">3</emphasis>
, female, Kakamega Forest, 6 Apr 1990; vouchered.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA092421299F8EBFB4C060B" bold="true" box="[1204,1216,1872,1894]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">4</emphasis>
, female, collected as caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA09242170EF8CBFE3A06E8" box="[291,438,1903,1925]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA09242170EF8CBFE3A06E8" box="[291,438,1903,1925]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Malindi, 21 Sep 1989; adult 24 Oct; MJWC 89/59A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6D966656FFA1924316BAFB14FD150589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256617/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1175]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA1924316BAFB14FD150589" blockId="25.[151,1435,1199,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924316BAFB14FEAC05A8" bold="true" box="[151,288,1199,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA19243170AFB14FE1D05A8" box="[295,401,1199,1221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA19243170AFB14FE1D05A8" box="[295,401,1199,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Triumfetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., food plants of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA192431449FB14FD7205A8" box="[612,766,1199,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA192431449FB14FD7205A8" box="[612,766,1199,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Spialia dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA192431577FB14FCEA05A8" bold="true" box="[858,870,1199,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">1</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA192431559FB0AFB8205A8" box="[884,1038,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA192431559FB0AFB8705A8" box="[884,1035,1199,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">T. rhomboidea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Malindi 22 Sep 1989.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924312D7FB14FA8A05A8" bold="true" box="[1274,1286,1199,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">2</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA192431339FB0AFA1905AB" box="[1300,1429,1201,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA192431339FB0AFA1905AB" box="[1300,1429,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">T. tomentosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kisumu, 25 Feb 1988; food plant of MJWC 88/13.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA1924316EAFAAAFEBF0727" blockId="25.[151,1437,1297,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924316EAFAAAFEEB0447" bold="true" box="[199,359,1297,1322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
The small caterpillars sometimes form a shelter on a mature leaf by folding up the distal portion of the leaf either side of a main vein to form a shallow groove, the edges of which are drawn together with silk. Small caterpillars will also use one lobe of the small trilobate leaves of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA1924315E2FAE1FBFF041F" box="[975,1139,1369,1394]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924315E2FAE1FBFF041F" box="[975,1139,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and draw the edges up to form initially an open tube, but subsequently a closed shelter. They will also cut a flap from the edge of a leaf and fold this over. Medium sized caterpillars make shelters on mature leaves which may be folded either in a flap from the edge or along the mid-rib, and either upwards or downwards. The mature caterpillars may shelter between two leaves held together by silk. The pupal chamber described by Sevastopulo (unpublished) for
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA192431293FA51FABF076C" box="[1214,1331,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA192431293FA51FABF076C" box="[1214,1331,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">S. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which I believe to be
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA19243171CF9B5FE2D074B" box="[305,417,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA19243171CF9B5FE2D074B" box="[305,417,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">S. dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was formed in a folded leaf and perforated with many small holes, as is the case with
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA1924313AAF9B5FF6E0727" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ploetzi">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924313AAF9B5FF6E0727" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">S. ploetzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA1924116EAF9EEFEDB0098" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA1924016EAF9EEFA9A0008" blockId="25.[151,1437,1297,2006]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,608]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA1924316EAF9EEFEDD0703" bold="true" box="[199,337,1621,1646]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
The following account is based on material from
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA192431599F9EDFB8C0703" box="[948,1024,1622,1646]" name="Kenya" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, but the early stages from
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA192431364F9EDFA140700" box="[1353,1432,1622,1645]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Harare" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Harare</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA1924316BAF9C2FE8307FF" box="[151,271,1657,1682]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA19243170DF9C2FEFF07FC" box="[288,371,1657,1681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">MJWC</collectionCode>
88/25), were not different. The final instar caterpillar (Figure 21.2–3) is
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA1924312ECF9C2FA8407FC" box="[1217,1288,1657,1681]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="11.0">11mm</quantity>
when newly moulted and grows to
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA1924317A2F925FE5A07DB" box="[399,470,1694,1718]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="17.0">17mm</quantity>
or more. Head 2.3 x
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA1924314ECF925FC9C07DB" box="[705,784,1694,1718]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4mm</quantity>
wide x high (range 2.20–2.47 x 2.31–2.44, n=7); rounded, slightly indent at vertex, with a long narrow neck; black, shiny, irregularly reticulate; two round brown plaques at the dorsal end of each adfrontal; face partially covered with scattered very short, pale, erect, blunt setae, densely aciculate in the basal half; these setae reduced or absent each side of epicranial suture, around the four brown plaques, and two patches anterolaterally one above the other on each epicranium; in ventral part of face the setae are longer, pale, erect, pointed and simple; laterally and dorsally a mixture of (1) short, pale, erect, blunt setae, (2) slightly longer pale, erect, very narrow linear setae, (3) similar black setae, and (4) long, black, twisted linear setae, truncate at apex, up to
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA19243178CF822FE7106DC" box="[417,509,1945,1969]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA19243145EF822FD5C06DF" box="[627,720,1945,1970]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16mm</quantity>
wide; posterior margin with short, pale, erect, pointed, simple setae. T1 marked in black and white (or yellow as in Figure 21.2); a quadrate white dorsal spot in anterior threequarters; similar dorsolateral spot in anterior two-thirds; these white spots show individual variation in size, but are distinct in all material examined; the narrow black area between these two white spots contains an oval brown plaque near the anterior margin; a similar plaque in the lateral black area at the bottom of the pronotum; ventral to pronotum pale; very short pale, erect, simple setae, slightly dilated and blunt at apex, and long, pale, erect, simple setae; legs black. Body pale greenish blue; dorsal line slightly darker; with mixed short and long pale, erect setae, dilated and blunt at apex; legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous. The final instar takes 15–19 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA2924016EAFED4FEB40375" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
The penultimate instar is
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long when newly moulted and grows to
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. Head similar to that of final instar; 1.5 x
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA292401701FE2FFEF700C0" box="[300,379,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
wide x high (range 1.44–1.62 x 1.46–1.64, n=4); black, shiny, rugose-reticulate; two small brown, round plaques on dorsal part of each adfrontal (one missing in individual
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA292401216FE03FB0000BD" box="[1083,1164,440,464]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">MJWC</collectionCode>
88/13); setae similar to those of final instar but less dense and less conspicuous, the black twisted linear setae up to
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA2924012FCFE67FAA20099" box="[1233,1326,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA2924016BAFDBBFF7F0375" box="[151,243,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA2924016EAFD9FFC37030D" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
The first instar from an observed oviposition event (
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA29240153BFD9FFCE50351" box="[790,873,548,572]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">MJWC</collectionCode>
90/48) had the head 0.46 x
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA292401284FD9FFA8A0351" box="[1193,1286,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44mm</quantity>
wide x high; brown, shiny, finely rugose; white, pale, erect, blunt primary setae only.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6D966656FFA2924016BAF893FC3606F0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256618/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" targetBox="[151,1436,663,1807]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA2924016BAF893FC3606F0" blockId="26.[151,1436,1832,1949]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA2924016BAF893FEAE0653" bold="true" box="[151,290,1832,1854]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA292401706F893FE4B0653" box="[299,455,1832,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA292401706F893FE4B0653" box="[299,455,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Spialia dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
egg and caterpillar, Kenya.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA2924014DCF893FD720653" bold="true" box="[753,766,1832,1854]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">1</emphasis>
, ovum; oviposition observed on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA292401274F893FF470630" authority="Shimba Hills" authorityName="Shimba Hills" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA292401274F893FACA0653" box="[1113,1350,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
Shimba Hills
</taxonomicName>
, 13 Apr 1990; MJWC 90/48.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA2924017DBF8FCFD8F0630" bold="true" box="[502,515,1863,1885]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">2</emphasis>
, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; collected on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA2924015DAF8F3FB060630" box="[1015,1162,1863,1885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA2924015DAF8F3FB060630" box="[1015,1162,1863,1885]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">T. rhomboidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega, 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May; pupated 27 May—4 Jun; 16mm; MJWC 89/45A.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA2924015AEF8DCFC030610" bold="true" box="[899,911,1895,1917]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">3</emphasis>
, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar as #2; photographed 14 Jun; died; 17mm; MJWC 89/45C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA3924116EAFF2CFEDB0098" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA3924116EAFF2CFEF2002D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272116" location="A" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924116EAFF2CFE8001DD" bold="true" box="[199,268,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Pupa.</emphasis>
The pupa (
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA3924117BDFF2CFD8D01DD" box="[400,513,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1636,1658]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 22. Pupa of Spialia dromus, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Triumfetta rhomboidea, Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills, 30 Mar 1989; pupated 30 Apr; photographed 2 May; adult 14 May; 12 mm; MJWC 89 / 26. 1, lateral view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256619/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 22</figureCitation>
) is
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA392411400FF23FD1301DD" box="[557,671,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.0">12–13mm</quantity>
long and similar to others of the genus; the proboscis projects just beyond the end of the wings; variable in colour: at one extreme, uniformly dark including appendages, and at the other pale brown with the wings and other appendages pale;
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA392411512FF64FC200195" box="[831,940,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1636,1658]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 22. Pupa of Spialia dromus, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Triumfetta rhomboidea, Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills, 30 Mar 1989; pupated 30 Apr; photographed 2 May; adult 14 May; 12 mm; MJWC 89 / 26. 1, lateral view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256619/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 22</figureCitation>
is intermediate, i.e. dark brown with mostly pale wings; it turns darker during development; pale, erect, simple setae; covered with a slightly blotchy white wax bloom; spiracles
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA392411771FE93FEFD002D" box="[348,369,296,320]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
2
</materialsCitation>
–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924117A3FE93FE2F002D" box="[398,419,296,320]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
3 partly visible; pale brown oval plaque on subdorsal anterior margin of
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924112DDFE93FA8A002D" box="[1264,1286,296,320]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
2
</materialsCitation>
–
<materialsCitation id="89813C83FFA39241130EFE93FE3200E5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1316272091" collectionCode="MJWC" location="A" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" specimenCode="MJWC 89" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA39241130EFE93FAB5002D" box="[1315,1337,296,320]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
3; in one individual (
<specimenCode id="694F9EA5FFA392411734FEF7FE1D0008" box="[281,401,332,357]" collectionCode="MJWC" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<collectionCode id="5FF8AE1BFFA392411734FEF7FEE00009" box="[281,364,332,356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">MJWC</collectionCode>
89
</specimenCode>
/59B) these plaques are positioned just above and anterior to the spiracles; similar plaques ventral to spiracles on
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924117B6FECBFE3C00E5" box="[411,432,368,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
4
</materialsCitation>
–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924117E0FECBFE6E00E5" box="[461,482,368,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
8 (just visible in
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA39241148EFED4FC9800E5" box="[675,788,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1636,1658]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,555,1611]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 22. Pupa of Spialia dromus, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Triumfetta rhomboidea, Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills, 30 Mar 1989; pupated 30 Apr; photographed 2 May; adult 14 May; 12 mm; MJWC 89 / 26. 1, lateral view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256619/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 22</figureCitation>
), although in some cases those on
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA39241128EFED4FB3400E5" box="[1187,1208,367,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
6
</materialsCitation>
–
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924112F8FED4FB6600E5" box="[1237,1258,367,392]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">A</collectingRegion>
8 are smaller or indistinct; spiracle T1 dark brown, with the fibrous top brown and raised at the posterior margin, 0.44 x 0.71 x
<quantity id="FE119B3BFFA3924116BAFE03FF7F00BD" box="[151,243,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31mm</quantity>
wide x high x deep (range: 0.38–0.48 x 0.64–0.80 x 0.20–0.40, n=7); other spiracles dark. The pupal stage lasts 15–19 days.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="6D966656FFA3924116BAF9DFFED807DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256619/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" targetBox="[151,1436,555,1611]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA3924116BAF9DFFED807DA" blockId="27.[151,1436,1636,1719]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924116BAF9DFFEAC0717" bold="true" box="[151,288,1636,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA392411751F9DFFD990717" box="[380,533,1636,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dromus">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA392411751F9DFFD990717" box="[380,533,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Spialia dromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA3924115C6F9DFFEAD07F5" authority="Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills" authorityName="Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Triumfetta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhomboidea">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924115C6F9DFFB590717" box="[1003,1237,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Triumfetta rhomboidea</emphasis>
, Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills
</taxonomicName>
, 30 Mar 1989; pupated 30 Apr; photographed 2 May; adult 14 May; 12mm; MJWC 89/26.
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924112C9F939FB7D07F5" bold="true" box="[1252,1265,1666,1688]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">1</emphasis>
, lateral view;
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924113A4F939FA1907F5" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1666,1688]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">2</emphasis>
, ventrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA3924116EAF965FBF90676" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" type="description">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA3924116EAF965FBF90676" blockId="27.[151,1436,1758,2035]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924116EAF965FE1E079A" bold="true" box="[199,402,1758,1783]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
I recorded none in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA392411442F964FD37079A" box="[623,699,1759,1783]" name="Kenya" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, although caterpillars were collected on 14 occasions. Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978, plate 14) record that caterpillars in
<collectingCountry id="41FE764EFFA392411493F8B9FCC10676" box="[702,845,1794,1819]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA392411493F8B9FD730676" box="[702,767,1794,1819]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
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are attacked by a
<taxonomicName id="FEE94D5DFFA392411234F8B9FBFD0676" box="[1049,1137,1794,1819]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="71F36555FFA3924116EAF89DFB9E069F" pageId="27" pageNumber="328" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="395636DEFFA3924116EAF89DFB9E069F" blockId="27.[151,1436,1758,2035]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">
<emphasis id="0B9DEACCFFA3924116EAF89DFEC00652" bold="true" box="[199,332,1830,1855]" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Discussion.</emphasis>
Although these descriptions and
<figureCitation id="A1D22A5BFFA3924114FAF89DFCCB0652" box="[727,839,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,663,1807]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,663,1807]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 21. Spialia dromus egg and caterpillar, Kenya. 1, ovum; oviposition observed on Triumfetta rhomboidea Shimba Hills, 13 Apr 1990; MJWC 90 / 48. 2, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; collected on T. rhomboidea, Kakamega, 17 May 1989; photographed 17 May; pupated 27 May— 4 Jun; 16 mm; MJWC 89 / 45 A. 3, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; collected as penultimate instar as # 2; photographed 14 Jun; died; 17 mm; MJWC 89 / 45 C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256618/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">Figure 21</figureCitation>
shows that the dorsal plate on T1 has white spots dorsally and dorsolaterally, the caterpillars illustrated by G.C. Clark (in Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978, Plate 14) from
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<collectingRegion id="FB2DF83CFFA3924116BAF8D5FF5406EA" box="[151,216,1902,1927]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="27" pageNumber="328">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
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seem to have a plain black T1 dorsal plate. Clark’s illustrations do not appear to show the brown plaques that I have noted on the caterpillar head and pupa abdomen, but are otherwise compatible with my observations. The T1 differences may reflect geographical variation, but the adults of this species are quite variable (De Jong 1978), and this may also be the case for caterpillars, as it is for pupae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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