209 lines
24 KiB
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209 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="748091BAA5CD363D8EA9D20E7E7A9CFF">Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="681A4F7C8FBDF958B95ABAC6540A01BF">Lehmann, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6DC9BF5D34D82CC14CFB3BE2090C7A50">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E55EDA6572450DBFF7E52B3C11CA2517">2009-03-31</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="6DA925CFFFB17737FF73FA50B59F6189" box="[151,751,1414,1436]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FF73FA50B59F6189" blockId="34.[151,751,1414,1436]" box="[151,751,1414,1436]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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<heading id="7E44C128FFB17737FF73FA50B59F6189" allCaps="true" box="[151,751,1414,1436]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" reason="9">
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GENUS
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FF14FA50B59F6189" ID-CoL="63GYP" authority="GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE, 1796" authorityName="Geoffroy St Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" box="[240,751,1414,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FF14FA50B6E4618F" box="[240,404,1414,1435]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">ORYCTEROPUS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FE7AFA50B59F6189" author="Geoffroy St Hilaire E" box="[414,751,1414,1436]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref42593" refString="Geoffroy St Hilaire E. 1796. Extrait d'un memoire sur le Myrmecophaga capensis Gmelin, 1788. Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique, Paris 50: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1796">GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE, 1796</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6DA925CFFFB17737FF74FA7BB3C0637A" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FF74FA7BB2F66734" blockId="34.[144,759,1452,1903]" lastBlockId="34.[806,1421,196,801]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FF74FA7BB67661D7" box="[144,262,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Large-sized
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FE55FA7AB51D61D7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[433,621,1452,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Orycteropodidae</taxonomicName>
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displaying the following apomorphic characters on the cranium: low temporal lines, and a post-palatine foramina positioned caudally to the M
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<superScript id="D2C6DB0CFFB17737FE52F9D0B6CE6207" attach="right" box="[438,446,1542,1554]" fontSize="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">3</superScript>
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. On the post-cranium: six sacral vertebrae, the presence of a falciform process on the proximal epiphysis of the tibio-fibula, and a femur longer than the tibia. Moreover, this genus distinctively has a flat (or button-like) radial (or bicipital) tuberosity on the radius, possesses a deep dorsal notch between the tibial tuberosity and the fibula on the proximal epiphysis of the tibio-fibula, and shows a quadrate talus (subequal breadth and length). Additionally, all
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FE4EF8CAB5F96327" box="[426,649,1820,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FE4EF8CAB5426324" box="[426,562,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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are characterized by the combination of the following features: a rectilinear nuchal line; an anterior border of the orbit situated above the M
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<superScript id="D2C6DB0CFFB17737FBB6FF12B32A64C5" attach="right" box="[1106,1114,196,208]" fontSize="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">3</superScript>
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; a ventralmost point of the maxillojugal suture caudal to M
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<superScript id="D2C6DB0CFFB17737FB45FF34B3D964FB" attach="left" box="[1185,1193,226,238]" fontSize="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">3</superScript>
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; a rectilinear postpalatine torus caudal to the M
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<superScript id="D2C6DB0CFFB17737FB76FED7B3EA6518" attach="left" box="[1170,1178,257,269]" fontSize="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">3</superScript>
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; a broad palate; the presence of a palatine groove; the absence of crests on the pterygoid; an interorbital constriction formed strictly by the frontal, orbitosphenoid, and the alisphenoid; the absence of canines; a rectangular outline of the upper and lower molars; a mandibular angle ranging from 60° to 73°; flat (or slightly convex on the mandible) craniomandibular articulation surfaces; a strong and projected laterally deltoid crest on the humerus; an oval and bounded proximally olecranon fossa on the humerus; a broad distal epiphysis of the humerus; a sharp oblique rim on the radius; a caput femoris oriented mediolaterally; an articular facet for the sesamoid bone of the gastrocnemius muscle on the femur positioned at the level of the diaphysis; a long tibial crest merging in a gentle slope close to the middle of the diaphysis of the tibia; and a concave and developed cotyloid facet on the talus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2FC9BB33467E9" blockId="34.[806,1422,845,1020]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FC9BB4E26777" box="[806,914,845,866]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Remarks:</emphasis>
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The original diagnosis of the genus given by
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FCB6FCBAB3CC6797" author="Geoffroy St Hilaire E" box="[850,1212,876,898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref42593" refString="Geoffroy St Hilaire E. 1796. Extrait d'un memoire sur le Myrmecophaga capensis Gmelin, 1788. Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique, Paris 50: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1796">Geoffroy St Hilaire (1796: 1)</bibRefCitation>
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is very concise: ‘Orycterope.
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FC5DFC5DB33167B5" authorityName="Geoffroy St Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" box="[953,1089,907,928]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC5DFC5DB33167B5" box="[953,1089,907,928]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Dents molaires (six), à couronne plate; corps recouvert de poils’. To the best of my knowledge, no other author has proposed another diagnosis for this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2FBFFB240602A" blockId="34.[806,1328,1065,1087]" box="[806,1328,1065,1087]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FBFFB4C8602B" box="[806,952,1065,1086]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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||
<typeStatus id="FA08C8E6FFB17737FCC2FBFFB42A602B" box="[806,858,1065,1086]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FC26FBFFB25C602A" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[962,1324,1065,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC26FBFFB3F0602B" box="[962,1152,1065,1086]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus afer</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB76FBFFB253602A" author="Pallas PS" box="[1170,1315,1065,1087]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" refId="ref44653" refString="Pallas PS. 1766. Miscellanea zoologica. La Haye: AP Van Cleef." type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2FBBDB24F61E5" blockId="34.[806,1422,1131,1520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FBBDB4C76095" box="[806,951,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Other forms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FC24FBBDB2F86094" authority="MacInnes, 1956" authorityName="MacInnes" authorityYear="1956" box="[960,1416,1131,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassidens">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC24FBBDB3B76095" box="[960,1223,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus crassidens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB34FBBAB2F86094" author="MacInnes DG" box="[1232,1416,1131,1153]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref44218" refString="MacInnes DG. 1956. Fossil Tubulidentata from East Africa. Fossil Mammals of Africa, British Museum (Natural History), London 10: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1956">MacInnes, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FB5CB2F8608A" authority="Lehmann et al., 2004" authorityName="Lehmann" authorityYear="2004" box="[806,1416,1162,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="djourabensis">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FB5CB329608A" box="[806,1113,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus djourabensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB95FB5CB2F8608A" author="Lehmann T & Vignaud P & Likius A & Brunet M" box="[1137,1416,1162,1184]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="201 - 217" refId="ref43971" refString="Lehmann T, Vignaud P, Likius A, Brunet M. 2004. A fossil aardvark (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from the lower Pliocene of Chad. African Journal of Earth Science 40: 201 - 217." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Lehmann
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FB1CFB5CB240608A" box="[1272,1328,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FB7FB3BD60AB" authority="Langebaanweg" authorityName="Langebaanweg" box="[806,1229,1192,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FB7FB4DE60AB" box="[806,942,1193,1214]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC03FB7EB36360A8" box="[999,1043,1192,1213]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">afer</emphasis>
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Langebaanweg
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB00FB7EB2F860A8" author="Hendey QB" box="[1252,1416,1192,1214]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="13 - 14" refId="ref42826" refString="Hendey QB. 1973. Fossil occurrences at Langebaanweg, Cape Province. Nature 244: 13 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Hendey, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FCC2FB11B4A760C8" author="Pickford M" box="[806,983,1223,1245]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="715 - 726" refId="ref45017" refString="Pickford M. 2005. Orycteropus (Tubulidentata, Mammalia) from Langebaanweg and Baard's Quarry, Early Pliocene of South Africa. Comptes Rendus Palevol 4: 715 - 726." type="journal article" year="2005">Pickford, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FC0AFB11B3CB60C8" author="Lehmann T" box="[1006,1211,1223,1245]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="187 - 188" refId="ref43863" refString="Lehmann T. 2006 b. Langebaanweg aardvarks: phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical implications. African Natural History 2: 187 - 188." type="journal article" year="2006">Lehmann, 2006b</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FB3DFB11B48960EE" authority="Makapansgat" authorityName="Makapansgat" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FB3DFB11B21160C9" box="[1241,1377,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FB30B42260EE" box="[806,850,1254,1275]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">afer</emphasis>
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Makapansgat
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FBEFFB33B3C960EE" author="Kitching JW" box="[1035,1209,1253,1275]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="119 - 121" refId="ref43371" refString="Kitching JW. 1963. A fossil Orycteropus from the limeworks quarry, Makapansgat, Potgietersrus. Paleontologica Africana 8: 119 - 121." type="journal article" year="1963">Kitching, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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; Lehmann, 2004);
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FAD2B2F9610F" authority="Swartkrans" authorityName="Swartkrans" box="[806,1417,1284,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FAD2B4DE610C" box="[806,942,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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||
cf.
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC0CFAD2B364610C" box="[1000,1044,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">afer</emphasis>
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Swartkrans (Lehmann, 2004)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FAF5B25A612C" authority="Lothagam" authorityName="Lothagam" box="[806,1322,1315,1337]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="djourabensis">
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FAF5B4DE612D" box="[806,942,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FBEEFAF5B3EB612D" box="[1034,1179,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">djourabensis</emphasis>
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Lothagam
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</taxonomicName>
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Lower Nawata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FC75FA97B34E6142" author="Milledge SAH" box="[913,1086,1345,1367]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="303 - 308" refId="ref44517" refString="Milledge SAH. 2003. Fossil aardvarks from the Lothagam Beds. In: Harris JM, Leakey MG, eds. Lothagam - the down of humanity in Eastern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 303 - 308." type="book chapter" year="2003">Milledge, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FBB7FA94B4A16163" authority="Lothagam" authorityName="Lothagam" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="djourabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FBB7FA94B3AB6142" box="[1107,1243,1346,1367]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FAF6FA97B4346160" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">djourabensis</emphasis>
|
||
Lothagam
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Upper Nawata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB20FAB6B2F16163" author="Milledge SAH" box="[1220,1409,1376,1398]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="303 - 308" refId="ref44517" refString="Milledge SAH. 2003. Fossil aardvarks from the Lothagam Beds. In: Harris JM, Leakey MG, eds. Lothagam - the down of humanity in Eastern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 303 - 308." type="book chapter" year="2003">Milledge, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FAA9B41861A6" authority="Lukeino" authorityName="Lukeino" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="djourabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FAA9B4DE6181" box="[806,942,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FBE5FAA8B3E26186" box="[1025,1170,1406,1427]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">djourabensis</emphasis>
|
||
Lukeino (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FAC2FAA8B42F61A6" author="Pickford M" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="57 - 88" refId="ref44800" refString="Pickford M. 1975. New fossil Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from East Africa. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 25: 57 - 88." type="journal article" year="1975">Pickford, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FC92FA4BB35961A6" box="[886,1065,1437,1459]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FC92FA4BB48E61A7" box="[886,1022,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Asa Koma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB5FFA4BB2F061A6" author="Lehmann T" box="[1211,1408,1437,1459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="517 - 520" refId="ref43914" refString="Lehmann T. 2008 a. Tubulidentata. In: Haile-Selassier Y, Woldegabriel G, eds. Ardipithecus kadabba. Berkeley: University of California Press, 517 - 520." type="book chapter" year="2008">Lehmann, 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FA6AB4A661C4" box="[806,982,1468,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FA6AB4DE61C4" box="[806,942,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Laetoli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FBDEFA6AB3AF61C4" author="Dietrich WO" box="[1082,1247,1468,1490]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="43 - 133" refId="ref42161" refString="Dietrich WO. 1942. Altestquartare Saugetiere aus der sudlichen Serengeti, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Palaeontographica 94 (Abt. A): 43 - 133." type="journal article" year="1942">Dietrich, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FB0EFA6AB2F061C7" author="Leakey MG" box="[1258,1408,1468,1490]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" pagination="297 - 300" refId="ref43688" refString="Leakey MG. 1987. Fossil aardvarks from the Laetolil Beds. In: Leakey MD, Harris JM, eds. Laetoli, a Pliocene site in Northern Tanzania. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 297 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1987">Leakey, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B30DC7FFB17737FCC2FA0DB4A961E5" box="[806,985,1499,1520]" class="Mammalia" family="Orycteropodidae" genus="Orycteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tubulidentata" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2FA0DB4DE61E5" box="[806,942,1499,1520]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Orycteropus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Swartkrans (Lehmann, 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2F9CBB3EF629B" blockId="34.[806,1422,1565,1678]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2F9CBB4D46227" box="[806,932,1565,1586]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
The genus name is a latinized form based on the Greek R (‘orukter’, a burier), which is a variation of (‘oryctes’), and PO (‘pous’, foot). It means litteraly: ‘digging foot’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2F96DB3E662C4" blockId="34.[806,1174,1723,1745]" box="[806,1174,1723,1745]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2F96DB34E62C5" box="[806,1086,1723,1744]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Geographic distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="250C7644FFB17737FCC2F92BB3C0637A" blockId="34.[806,1422,1789,1903]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FCC2F92BB35A6307" box="[806,1066,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">Temporal distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Late Miocene to present day. The oldest record (
|
||
<emphasis id="17C7AA56FFB17737FBE6F8CAB36C6324" box="[1026,1052,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="683">O.</emphasis>
|
||
sp.) is from the Lower Nawata Formation of Lothagam, dated to between 7.4 and 6.5 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41220BB5FFB17737FC77F88FB3D5637A" author="Leakey MG & Harris JM" box="[915,1189,1881,1903]" pageId="34" pageNumber="683" refId="ref43728" refString="Leakey MG, Harris JM, eds. 2003. Lothagam - the dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press." type="book" year="2003">Leakey & Harris, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |