173 lines
19 KiB
XML
173 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="0AC6A843E136818DA034C6842F3F9224" ID-DOI="10.1206/602.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389446" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630310581776" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A. & Triplehorn, Don M." docDate="2008" docId="A96E8799FFD9DE731A1AE660F54AF9D1" docLanguage="en" docName="N3612.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3612 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F602.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Bibio Geoffrey 1762" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="5557FFE1FFD3DE78193EE429F767FFD0" masterDocTitle="Insects from the Upper Miocene Grubstake Formation of Alaska" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1699222507036" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8298A4FA6492DD23CB0C183A0CB1A231">
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<mods:title id="EA0DF4032E08705AA9BCA5D40F9251B0">Insects from the Upper Miocene Grubstake Formation of Alaska</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="501EC14269900A3351A11F7B9D972BA6">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="644EE0EF6CB5F5F1E5F785E1C2B68A2F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2A557CE1604978E9AAC71FDEE3C019F2">Triplehorn, Don M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="693EF1BB460AFB90EEE5104ED159C26B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F2F91BF80FD830DA25D21916EB918C52">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="962EE4C6536B8D27F517ABFC95669BBA">
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<mods:date id="C2E619C6FF2A89211C565BDF2BC21AFE">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9785DAA640A936C425A1A8C02A7469D3" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="F8E07D45A9266AA332F3D5E8A1D393A3">2008-06-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6895899F96DDE222B7EE9A75FD3FB3FE">3612</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="74A78EDB89228D2130C5089B51F9AA01">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2A93D7CE71DC97FA2010BEB20D4B3334">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F602.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="BC428CA997D11CBF39B3F36C77A3F089">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="007ABD89C6739043EB0D1424D8A3D72B" type="DOI">10.1206/602.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4385710EFCD029E86D09AE18F69E3A69" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DB58A6A23FEFC8794E8C931E8A395464" type="Zenodo-Dep">5389446</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A96E8799FFD9DE731A1AE660F54AF9D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A96E8799FFD9DE731A1AE660F54AF9D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A96E8799FFD9DE731A1AE660F54AF9D1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="69DD6504FFD9DE721A1AE660F590FBC7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD9DE721A1AE660F303FDB1" blockId="10.[804,1124,585,609]" box="[804,1124,585,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="7A3081E3FFD9DE721A1AE660F303FDB1" box="[804,1124,585,609]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="9">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A48E660F303FDB1" ID-CoL="9CJF7" authority="Geoffrey, 1762" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[886,1124,585,609]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A48E660F4D6FDB1" box="[886,945,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bibio</emphasis>
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Geoffrey, 1762
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD9DE721BE6E6A8F590FBC7" blockId="10.[701,1228,641,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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SPECIMENS: Both specimens, UAF-GS6, 7 (
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<figureCitation id="B9FC2A0AFFD9DE721BFBE6B6F46AFD67" box="[709,781,671,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[191,229,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[109,1167,210,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-182@9.[109,1167,210,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of Bibionidae (Bibio) wings. A. UAF-GS6. B. UAF-GS7." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389472/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">figs. 7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B9FC2A0AFFD9DE721A1DE6B6F455FD67" box="[803,818,671,695]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[159,197,950,972]" captionTargetBox="[172,1103,210,916]" captionTargetId="figure-341@11.[171,1104,210,916]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Camera lucida drawings of Bibionidae (Bibio) wings A. UAF-GS6. B. UAF-GS7." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389474/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8</figureCitation>
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), are well preserved, with intact venation, and the dark, fuscous membrane of the wing preserved. The very dark, heavily sclerotized stigma at the apex of vein R
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<subScript id="BD4334CAFFD9DE721DB3E728F3F0FCC1" attach="left" box="[1165,1175,769,785]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</subScript>
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was apparently not preserved (probably retained on the obverse of each specimen, which was not available). However, even the gradation in fuscous coloration is preserved (best in specimen UAF-GS7), being darkest on the costal third of the wing. Specimen UAF-GS6 has the membrane finely crenulate, which may be just preservational. The wings are 5.5 and 6.0 mm long.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69DD6504FFD9DE731BE6E037F54AF9D1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD9DE721BE6E037F317F90A" blockId="10.[701,1228,641,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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DISCUSSION: The latest revision of the extant North American bibionids was by
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD9DE721B83E070F43FFBA1" author="Hardy, D. E." box="[701,856,1113,1137]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="367 - 547" refId="ref6794" refString="Hardy, D. E. 1945. Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae including Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Diptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 30 (15): 367 - 547." type="journal article" year="1945">Hardy (1945)</bibRefCitation>
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, in which he included 51 species of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A71E05FF4EEFB5E" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[847,905,1142,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A71E05FF4EEFB5E" box="[847,905,1142,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; he later mentioned (
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD9DE721D45E05FF594FB7B" author="Hardy, D. E." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref6829" refString="Hardy, D. E. 1981. Bibionidae. In J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. H. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth and D. M. Wood (editors), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. vol. 1, 217 - 222. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of Supply and Services." type="journal article" year="1981">Hardy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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) that there were 53 Nearctic species. There are an approximately equal number of Palearctic species. There are at least a dozen species of
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A13E0C5F400FAD4" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[813,871,1260,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A13E0C5F400FAD4" box="[813,871,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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whose distributions extend into
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<collectingCountry id="59D0761FFFD9DE721B83E120F472FAF1" box="[701,789,1289,1313]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(generally to
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<collectingRegion id="E303F86DFFD9DE721A86E120F369FAF1" box="[952,1038,1289,1313]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="E303F86DFFD9DE721D75E120F3D8FAF1" box="[1099,1215,1289,1313]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
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), and Hardy recorded four species of
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721D6DE10EF3EAFAEF" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[1107,1165,1319,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721D6DE10EF3EAFAEF" box="[1107,1165,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Alaska:
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A1CE16DF343FA8C" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[802,1060,1348,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A1CE16DF4A7FA8C" box="[802,960,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. fumipennis</emphasis>
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Walker
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721D09E16DF598FAA9" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721D09E16DF3ACFA8C" box="[1079,1227,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. inaequalis</emphasis>
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Loew
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A37E14BF347FAA9" authority="Johnson" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1929" box="[777,1056,1377,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labradorensis">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A37E14BF4DDFAAA" box="[777,954,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. labradorensis</emphasis>
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Johnson
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721D64E14BF469FA47" authority="Hardy." authorityName="Hardy." class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenellus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721D64E14BF3ABFAAA" box="[1114,1228,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. tenellus</emphasis>
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Hardy.
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</taxonomicName>
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Wing venation rarely distinguishes species in this genus, and the fossil wings are very similar to living species with one possible exception: the base of vein CuA
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<subScript id="BD4334CAFFD9DE721D66E1C8F305FA21" attach="left" box="[1112,1122,1505,1521]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</subScript>
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appears separate from the base of CuA
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<subScript id="BD4334CAFFD9DE721D06E1D6F325F9DF" attach="left" box="[1080,1090,1535,1551]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</subScript>
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, instead of being connected by a fork at about midlength. Since a small knob on CuA
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<subScript id="BD4334CAFFD9DE721AC4E210F363F999" attach="left" box="[1018,1028,1593,1609]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</subScript>
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occurs where the fork would normally occur, it is almost certain that this venational difference is merely preservational. Thus, the
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD9DE721A8BE2AEF488F94F" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[949,1007,1671,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD9DE721A8BE2AEF488F94F" box="[949,1007,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fossils indicate that the present distribution of the genus in Alaska extended at least to the Late Miocene.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="75B86607FFD8DE7319A1E79FF32EFC1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389474" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389474" box="[159,1097,950,972]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389474/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[159,197,950,972]" targetBox="[172,1103,210,916]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD8DE7319A1E79FF32EFC1C" blockId="11.[159,1097,950,972]" box="[159,1097,950,972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Fig. 8.
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE7319C4E79FF6F6FC1C" box="[250,401,950,972]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Camera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">Camera lucida</taxonomicName>
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drawings of
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE731B24E79FF5B2FC1C" authority="(Bibio)" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1835" baseAuthorityName="Bibio" box="[538,725,950,972]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Bibionidae (
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE731BA7E79FF5A9FC1B" box="[665,718,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bibio</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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wings
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE731A21E79FF450FC1C" bold="true" box="[799,823,950,972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A.</emphasis>
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UAF-GS6.
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE731A86E79FF4A8FC1C" bold="true" box="[952,975,950,972]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B.</emphasis>
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UAF-GS7.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD8DE73194CE7DEF661FA16" blockId="11.[88,614,1015,1478]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Bibionids are an ancient group, with definitive fossils first occurring in the Cretaceous (a Triassic record is incorrect). Nearly 350 names have been attributed to Tertiary bibionids of the Northern Hemisphere (summarized by
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD8DE731966E0A3F66DFB72" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[88,266,1162,1186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref6554" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. 1994. Catalogue of the Fossil Flies of the World. Leiden: Backhuys, 600 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evenhuis, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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). There are nearly 130 species names of Tertiary
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE731871E08EF6EDFB6F" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[335,394,1191,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE731871E08EF6EDFB6F" box="[335,394,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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alone, from the Pliocene through Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere. Eleven North American fossil
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE731966E0D6F7F4FAC7" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[88,147,1279,1303]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE731966E0D6F7F4FAC7" box="[88,147,1279,1303]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are reported, all except two from the Oligocene of Florissant; the other two are from the Miocene Latah Formation of
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<collectingRegion id="E303F86DFFD8DE731B1CE110F501FA81" box="[546,614,1337,1361]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Idaho</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD8DE731961E17FF79BFABE" author="Lewis, S. E." box="[95,252,1366,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="99 - 115" refId="ref7297" refString="Lewis, S. E. 1969. Fossil insects from the Latah Formation (Miocene) of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Northwest Science 43: 99 - 115." type="journal article" year="1969">Lewis, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD8DE731825E17FF54FFABE" author="Lewis, S. E. & P. M. Heikes & K. L. Lewis" box="[283,552,1366,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref7329" refString="Lewis, S. E., P. M. Heikes, and K. L. Lewis. 1990 a. Entomofauna from Miocene deposits of Juliaetta, Idaho. Occasional Papers in Paleobiology 4: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1990">Lewis et al., 1990a</bibRefCitation>
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, b).
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<bibRefCitation id="45564B7EFFD8DE731966E15AF645FA5B" author="Fitzgerald, S. J." box="[88,290,1395,1419]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="182 - 187" refId="ref6578" refString="Fitzgerald, S. J. 1999. A new species of Plecia from the Green River Formation and new combinations of fossil Bibionidae (Diptera). Great Basin Naturalist 59: 182 - 187." type="journal article" year="1999">Fitzgerald (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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described and redescribed several additional Tertiary bibionids, although none are
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE7319FAE187F798FA16" authorityName="Geoffrey" authorityYear="1762" box="[196,255,1454,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Bibio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="13B3EA9DFFD8DE7319FAE187F798FA16" box="[196,255,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bibio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2178368FFFD8DE7319AEE1C0F54AF9D1" blockId="11.[144,557,1513,1537]" box="[144,557,1513,1537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="E6C74D0CFFD8DE7319D4E1C0F54AF9D1" authority="Rondani, 1856" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[234,557,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchaeidae Rondani, 1856</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |