1042 lines
100 KiB
XML
1042 lines
100 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.285.4892" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3652a603-2b28-4def-a4c1-3cd46187a389" ID-PMC="PMC3690973" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-285-89" ID-PubMed="23805046" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-285-89" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 285" ModsDocTitle="A new genus for a rare African vespertilionid bat: insights from South Sudan" checkinTime="1451247451873" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reeder, DeeAnn M., Helgen, Kristofer M., Vodzak, Megan E., Lunde, Darrin P. & Ejotre, Imran" docDate="2013" docId="855538ACFF33389CDF9F646C757FF508" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 285: 89-115" docOrigin="ZooKeys 285" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.285.4892" docTitle="Niumbaha Reeder et al., gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="100" masterDocId="9654B709FFB3FFB1FF882F08A531AD5D" masterDocTitle="A new genus for a rare African vespertilionid bat: insights from South Sudan" masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1668155610607" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus for a rare African vespertilionid bat: insights from South Sudan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reeder, DeeAnn M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
|
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Vodzak, Megan E.</mods:namePart>
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||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lunde, Darrin P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Ejotre, Imran</mods:namePart>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>285</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>89</mods:start>
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<mods:end>115</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.285.4892</mods:url>
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||
</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.285.4892</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-285-89</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152042354" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EDF16BEE-0749-41BC-AE19-BAE130BE58F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/855538ACFF33389CDF9F646C757FF508" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EDF16BEE-0749-41BC-AE19-BAE130BE58F8" authority="Reeder et al." class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha Reeder et al.</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="91">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figures 2-6
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The name is the Zande word for
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘rare/unusual’">'rare/unusual'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. This name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus, despite its wide distribution throughout West and Central Africa, and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat. Zande is the language of the Azande people, who are the primary ethnic group in Western Equatoria State in South Sudan (where our recent specimen was collected). The homeland of the Azande extends westwards into Democratic Republic of the Congo, where superba has also been collected (the holotype and another recent capture), and into southeastern Central African Republic. Gender: feminine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="type species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Type species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Glauconycteris superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hayman, 1939; by monotypy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="2" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Among vespertilionids,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears closest comparison with species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the type species of which is
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), to which it is apparently closely related, but it has a considerably larger skull and is more strikingly patterned compared to any member of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(its patterning most closely approaching the Asian vespertilionid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotomanes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotomanes" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scotomanes</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It lacks various of the most exaggeratedly derived traits (specializations) that uniquely unite the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
among African vespertilionids, including the excessively foreshortened rostrum, moderately to highly reduced relative canine size, and very elongate wing tips (second wing phalanxes) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="91">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Externally,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is immediately distinguished from all other African vespertilionid bats by its distinct coloration pattern, including pale yellow spots and stripes on an otherwise dark black pelage (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and detailed descriptions below). While
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:222) noted that, "in general form
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Glauconycteris superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not differ from other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
," we find that most external features are in fact different from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris sensu subsp. stricto" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">Glauconycteris sensu stricto</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ears of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more robust and subquadrangular, contain a larger free lobe at the inner margin, and contain a more strongly curved tragus than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 3). The muzzle of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more robust than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris sensu subsp. stricto" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">Glauconycteris sensu stricto</taxonomicName>
|
||
and contains nostrils that open more to the front than to the side (Fig. 3). The wingtips in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
are longer than in most other African vespertilionids in that phalanx 2 of the third digit is longer than phalanx 1, yet remain considerably shorter than in the characteristically long-wingtipped
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ratio of Ph2/Ph1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at 1.15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 SD, is significantly shorter than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at 1.51
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12 SD; Fig. 4).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares its dental formula with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at 2.1.1.3/3.1.2.3 = 32, but is overall significantly larger than species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all characters, with a total skull length of greater than 16.0 mm (Table 2; Fig. 5). While the rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
is short and generally rises in an even plane from the incisors to the occiput, the frontal region of the skull in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is excavated or 'hollowed
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="out’">out'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, with the upper surface of the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="92" start="start">longer</pageBreakToken>
|
||
rostrum largely flat and roughly parallel to the upper toothrows (see Fig. 5). Additionally, the skull is relatively less broad and less domed and more elongate than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(indicated by ratios of the mastoid width, breadth of the braincase,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="93" start="start">height</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the braincase, and zygomatic breadth to the greatest length of the skull (Table 2)), although the anterior portion of the rostrum is relatively broader (indicated by the ratio of the width at the upper canines to the width at the last molar (M3-M3)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 2. Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
live and as a freshly prepared specimen. Top photos show profile and anterior view, with ventral and dorsal images below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 3. Contrasting facial aspects for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. poensis (left) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right). Top panels show differences in nostril shape and orientation from photographs of live bats, bottom drawings show difference in ear and tragus structure.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 4. Length of the 2nd phalanx (2PL) of the 3rd digit vs. the 1st phalanx (1PL) of the 3rd digit. Several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shown (closed diamond), as is
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(open diamond), and for comparison, two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(open triangle; a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘typical’">'typical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
African vespertilionid bat). The ratio of 2PL/1PL is significantly greater in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with a theoretical 1:1 ratio indicated by the dashed line). Data as reported in Table 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium, lateral views of the cranium and mandible, and dorsal view of the mandible. Species shown include
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G.v.; a relatively large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which nearly matches
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
in linear body size, but not in skull size);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(N.s.; the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(G.p., the type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Table 2. Selected measurements (in mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Summary statistics (mean and standard deviation), observed range and sample size of measurements are given for each species. See Table 1 for definition of measurement abbreviations and see methods for list of specimens examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<table pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Character</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
*
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris alboguttata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alboguttata">Glauconycteris alboguttata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris argentata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentata">Glauconycteris argentata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris beatrix" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beatrix">Glauconycteris beatrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris curryae" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curryae">Glauconycteris curryae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris humeralis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Glauconycteris humeralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. poensis
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus leucogaster" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Scotophilus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus viridis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">Scotophilus viridis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">ML-III</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIII-1PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIII-2PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">ML-IV</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIV-1PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIV-2PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">ML-V</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DV-1PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DV-2PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIII-2PL/1PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">DIV-2PL/1PL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">GLS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">CIL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">CCL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Palatal length</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">ZB</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Mastoid width</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">BBC</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">HBC</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Interorbital width</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">POP</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">POC</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">M3-M3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">C-M3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">C-C</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Mandible</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">c-m3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Height of the upper canine</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Thickness of the upper canine</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">WM3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">WM2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">MRL</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">I-M2 alv</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">Mastoid width/GLS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">BBC/GLS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">HBC/GLS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">ZB/GLS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">C-C/M3-M3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">XSD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
The collection of a new specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South Sudan (USNM 586592) in July 2012 allowed for the examination of a live bat and for the preservation of an intact specimen in fluid. This bat was captured in a single-high ground-level mist net next to a stagnant pool of water on a rocky grasslands plateau. This plateau, located at
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="4.877383">04°52.643'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="27.67595">027°40.557'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(elevation ~ 720 m) is surrounded by secondary thicket forest and is within the boundaries of Bangangai Game Reserve, Ezo County, Western Equatoria State. Data for previously collected specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
were taken from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1947) and from Randolph L.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peterson’s">Peterson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
notes, provided by Judith Eger at the Royal Ontario Museum. An additional specimen was recently collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gembu, Tungaluna G-C" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="2 - 3" title="Observation 24. Fourth observation of Glauconycteris superba from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." volume="28" year="2012">Gembu Tungaluna (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="4" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Data for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
were compared to those of various species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as summarized in Table 2. Additionally, for the wingtip analysis, comparisons with other, more
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘typical’">'typical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
West African vespertilionids of similar size to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus leucogaster" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Scotophilus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus viridis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">Scotophilus viridis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were made. Species/specimens examined:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris alboguttata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alboguttata">Glauconycteris alboguttata</taxonomicName>
|
||
J. A. Allen, 1917 (2): Cameroon (AMNH 236329, USNM 598588);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris argentata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentata">Glauconycteris argentata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dobson, 1875) (14): Cameroon (AMNH 23624, AMNH 23625, AMNH 23627, AMNH 23628), Democratic Republic of the Congo (AMNH 120328, AMNH 120332, USNM 535398), Kenya (USNM 268759), Tanzania (AMNH 55545, AMNH 55546, AMNH 55548, USNM 297476, USNM 297477, USNM 297478);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris beatrix" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beatrix">Glauconycteris beatrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thomas, 1901 (4): Cameroon (USNM 511928, USNM 511929), Gabon (USNM 584723), Ghana (USNM 420078);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris curryae" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curryae">Glauconycteris curryae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Eger and Schlitter, 2001 (1): Gabon (USNM 584724);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris humeralis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Glauconycteris humeralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.A. Allen, 1917 (3): Democratic Republic of the Congo (AMNH 49014, AMNH 49312, AMNH 49315);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gray, 1842) (12): Ivory Coast (USNM 429953, USNM 429954, USNM 429955, USNM 468192), Ghana (USNM 479528, USNM 479529, USNM 479530, USNM 479531, USNM 479533), Nigeria (AMNH 273244), Togo (USNM 437777, USNM 437778);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf. poensis (6): South Sudan (new country record) (USNM 586596, USNM 586597, USNM 586598, USNM 586599, USNM 586600, USNM 586601),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tomes, 1861) (27): Benin (USNM 421480, USNM 421481), Botswana (USNM 518696, USNM 518697), Democratic Republic of the Congo (AMNH 49060, AMNH 49061, AMNH 49062, AMNH 49063, AMNH 49066, AMNH 49067, AMNH 49068, AMNH 49070, AMNH 49195, AMNH 49313), Ghana (USNM 420077, USNM 424900), Kenya (AMNH 238490), Mozambique (USNM 304844), Nigeria (USNM 378863, USNM 378864, USNM 378865), South Africa (AMNH 257397), South Sudan (USNM 586593, USNM 586594, USNM 586595, USNM 590905), Uganda (AMNH 184228);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hayman, 1939) (4): Democratic Republic of the Congo (RMCA 14.765), Ivory Coast (RMCA A9363), Ghana (BMNH 47.10), South Sudan (USNM 586592);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus leucogaster" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Scotophilus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cretzschmar, 1830) (8): Benin (USNM 421421, USNM 421424, USNM 421425), Burkina Faso (USNM 450698,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="94" start="start">USNM</pageBreakToken>
|
||
452887, USNM 452889, USNM 503955), Sierra Leone (USNM 547030);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus viridis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">Scotophilus viridis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Peters, 1852) (9): Ivory Coast (USNM 468194, USNM 468195, USNM 468199), Mozambique (USNM 365411, USNM 365412, USNM 365413, USNM 365414, USNM 365417, USNM 365418). Museum abbreviations and information: USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, (Washington, D.C., USA); AMNH: American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA); BMNH: British Museum of Natural History (London, UK); RMCA: Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="94">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
are quickly recognized by a variety of distinctive traits, many of which are shared with the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Below we examine each of these traits, highlighting similarities and differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Coloration, pattern, and body size:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated the coloration and patterning of this bat in detail, based upon the first specimen collected in Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) (RMCA 14.765). He noted the presence of: (1) two sets of stripes on the dorsum - one set of "lanceolate stripes" found on each side of the median dorsal line of the back starting near the base of the neck and tapering to an end near the middle of the back, and one set of longer, narrower stripes on either side of the body, each commencing a little in advance of and lateral to the ends of medial stripes and each terminating just short of the root of the tail; (2) a set of stripes that begin on the dorsal side of each shoulder and run over the shoulder to the venter where they widen and run the lateral length of the venter joining and widening in the perineal region; (3) a wide throat band that connects to the shoulder/venter stripe, and (4) three spots - one roughly circular patch on the top of the muzzle between the eyes and one at each side of the face at the base of each ear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="94">
|
||
In 1947, Hayman described the second specimen collected, this time from the Gold Coast (Ghana) (BMNH 47.10). Hayman found the markings of this specimen sufficiently different from the holotype of superba that he erected a new subspecies based upon it,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris superba subsp. sheila" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="superba" subSpecies="sheila">Glauconycteris superba sheila</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The patterning of this specimen differs in that (1) two white spots are found on each shoulder next to the base of the humerus, (2) the unpigmented areas on the upper surface of the elbow, knee and ankle joints are present, and (3) the ventral interfemoral membrane is a pale gray color. Our newly collected specimen more closely resembles the Ghana specimen, but has only one white spot on each shoulder next to the base of the humerus and lacks an unpigmented area at the base of the ankle (Fig. 2). The recent DRC specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gembu, Tungaluna G-C" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="2 - 3" title="Observation 24. Fourth observation of Glauconycteris superba from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." volume="28" year="2012">Gembu Tungaluna 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) resembles our South Sudan specimen, but has the unpigmented ankle spots. The only other specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from the Ivory Coast (RMCA A9363) and, while cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peterson, RL" journalOrPublisher="Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Occasional Papers" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 9" title="A new species of Glauconycteris (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera)." volume="22" year="1973">Peterson and Smith (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it has not been described in the literature and we have not examined it. However, Peterson, in his museum notes, noted that it corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris superba subsp. sheila" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="superba" subSpecies="sheila">Glauconycteris superba sheila</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Peterson, in litt., Royal Ontario Museum notes). Thus, of the five specimens, four appear to have characteristics attributed to the subspecies sheila and only one to the nominate subspecies. However, given the variation seen within the specimens of the subspecies sheila and giventhat the single specimen attributed to the nominate subspecies was
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="95" start="start">captured</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in relatively close proximity to two specimens that match more closely the pelage patterning described for sheila,we do not recognize sheila as a valid subspecies (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Simmons 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tendency to produce patterns of spots, stripes and reticulations is pronounced and variable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="95">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="A note on pattern variation in the vespertilionid Glauconycteris poensis (Gray). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 3: 761 - 763." url="10.1080/00222935008654104" year="1950">Hayman and Jones (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“remarkable”">"remarkable"</normalizedToken>
|
||
variation in the pattern of white shoulder spots and flank stripes, suggesting that variation is normal for this and related species. Further study, ideally based upon the collection and (morphological and genetic) study of additional material from additional localities, will be needed to ascertain whether clear patterns of geographic variation exist within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
and whether multiple subspecies can be recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="6" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Notably, our specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and that reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gembu, Tungaluna G-C" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="2 - 3" title="Observation 24. Fourth observation of Glauconycteris superba from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." volume="28" year="2012">Gembu Tungaluna 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was not originally black and white when collected, but rather black and cream/
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="96" start="start">buffy</pageBreakToken>
|
||
yellow.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1947) described superba from museum specimens, in which we suspect the color had faded (Rosevear [1965] also noted the "pure white hairs" and included a drawing of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris superba subsp. sheila" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="superba" subSpecies="sheila">Glauconycteris superba sheila</taxonomicName>
|
||
, taken from a black and white photograph [from which the original color is thus not clear] of the bat on a tree trunk). Indeed, our specimen, fixed in formalin and stored in ethanol, is now black and white, such that the yellow coloration of the paler fur ornamentation has leached from the fur, and only the images of the freshly collected bat indicate its true color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1947).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Rosevear (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently noted the larger body size as well, but also noted that body size measurements are not "very much larger" than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris argentata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentata">Glauconycteris argentata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but that the skull is far bigger, with a total skull length greater than 16mm (Table 2; see also discussion below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="7" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Wing morphology:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="96">Rosevear (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other African
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Vespertilioninae">Vespertilioninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its distinctive wing morphometry - noting that phalanx 2 (Ph2) on digit 3 (DIII) is longer than Ph1. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="97" start="start">best</pageBreakToken>
|
||
studied species and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Findley, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="429 - 444" title="Morphologic properties of bat wings." url="10.2307/1379035" volume="53" year="1972">Findley et al. (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described it being among the bat species with the highest aspect ratio (wing length/wing width) and the longest wing tips. Wing size and shape represent a compromise between different (and often conflicting) selective forces and the kinematics of bat flight are complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norberg, UM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera): Wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 316 B: 335 - 427." url="10.1098/rstb.1987.0030" year="1987">Norberg and Rayner 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, we can say that the long pointed wingtips and high aspect ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest relatively maneuverable, low flight speed that might favor feeding in open areas around, but not within clutter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norberg, UM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera): Wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 316 B: 335 - 427." url="10.1098/rstb.1987.0030" year="1987">Norberg and Rayner 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Obrist, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="828 - 833" url="10.2307/1381721" volume="70" year="1989">Obrist et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, whose examination of echolocation calls also supported this flight/feeding mode).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while retaining Ph2>Ph1 for DIII, diverges from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the ratio of Ph2/Ph1 is significantly less extreme (1.15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05 SD vs. 1.51
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12 SD; t = -6.12, df = 31, p <0.0001; Fig. 4), which has not previously been noted for this taxon. This suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps closer to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘typical’">'typical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
vespertilionids in ecomorphological space (for comparison, measurements for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also included in Fig. 4). This difference in wing shape may reflect differences in habitat type and feeding mode (see also the discussion of differences in dentition between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Glauconycteris, below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Facial features (including the ear):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctive among African vespertilionids in possessing an extremely shortened but broad muzzle in which the nostrils open more or less to the side from a transverse, thick subcylindrical naked pad. On the underlip is found a thickened pair of pads and the lower lip near the corner of the mouth has a fleshy lappet or fold that can be made to extend horizontally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum is proportionally longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
as compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we have found no mention in the literature of differences in other facial features.We note here that the fleshy lappet is present on the lower lip but that the muzzle appears to be more robust and contains nostrils that open more to the front than to the side (Fig. 3), a more
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘typical’">'typical'</normalizedToken>
|
||
vespertilionid configuration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
The ears of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris sensu subsp. stricto" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">Glauconycteris sensu stricto</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of small to moderate size and rounded with a strong semicircular inner margin that ends basally in a "curiously backwardly projecting lobe" and a pronounced antitragus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="97">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:273). The tragus is
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sickle”">"sickle"</normalizedToken>
|
||
or half-moon shaped with a large and broadly triangular basal lobe. In his original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the ears are less rounded and more subquadrangular than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 3). Rosevear (1965:284-285), noting that his observations were from a dried skin, described the inner margin of the ear of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba subsp. sheila" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="superba" subSpecies="sheila">Niumbaha superba sheila</taxonomicName>
|
||
as "terminating in a long almost parallel-sided free lobe", the antitragus as large and semicircular, and the tragus as broader than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a "boldly curved" outer margin and a small acute lobule. Based upon examination of the fresh and subsequent fluid specimen from South Sudan, we generally concur. The "free lobe" at the inner margin of the ear is larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we note that the antitragus is more squared off than semicircular. Additionally, the horizontal cartilaginous ridges in the outer ear margin are pronounced in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(especially in the fresh specimen; Fig. 3) relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="8" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Cranial features: Despite placing this bat in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Hayman (1939:222) noted that the skull was longer and less broad with marked flattening of the rostrum
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="98" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
|
||
so that the profile shows an angle at the junction of the brain-case and the rostrum" and (1947:549) and so that there is "considerable lengthening of the infraorbital foramen"; he also noted the presence of proportionally deeper basisphenoid pits (Fig. 5).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Rosevear (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the skull is significantly larger and more powerful than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris sensu subsp. stricto" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">Glauconycteris sensu stricto</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that the upper surface of the rostrum does not rise in an even plane from the incisors to the occiput (as occurs in most
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see skull images of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Fig. 5) but rather is flat or roughly parallel to the upper toothrow. This results in an excavation or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“hollowing-out”">"hollowing-out"</normalizedToken>
|
||
of the frontal region of the skull (Fig. 5). Lastly, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a domed braincase with virtually no sagittal crest, a low crest is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it joins posteriorly with a lambdoidal crest to form a low supraoccipital pyramid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="98">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares its dental formula and many dental characteristics with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dental formula is 2.1.1.3/3.1.2.3 = 32, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a greater proportional difference in size between the lower i1 and i3 than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris sensu subsp. stricto" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">Glauconycteris sensu stricto</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5). As with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the upper incisor is long and pointed and the upper premolar is long, similar in height to the molars. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="A new race of Glauconycteris superba from West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13: 547 - 550." url="10.1080/00222934608654576" year="1947">Hayman (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted a considerably reduced m3 compared to other (we presume
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
) species, we do not find this to be the case in our South Sudan specimen. The canines, and especially the upper canine, are considerably more robust (unreduced) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The size difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
presumably allows
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
to take larger, more hard-bodied prey than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an apparent lepidopteran (moth) specialist (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fenton, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="73 - 85" title="Activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by some African insectivorous bats." url="10.2307/2387662" volume="9" year="1977">Fenton et al. 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="10" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="99" start="start">Our</pageBreakToken>
|
||
principal components analysis of cranial and dental data (based upon measurements listed in Table 2 from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) clearly indicates that the skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from skulls of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting greater overall ecomorphological resemblance of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
with medium-sized, less specialized African vespertilionids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 6). The first principal component reflects distinctions in overall skull size and indeed each of the cranial measurements in this analysis is significantly larger for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
than for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Table 2). Beyond size, separation of skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in combination along the second and third components indicates the morphological isolation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and illustrates consistent differences in skull shape, reflecting (in separation along the third component) the proportionally narrower interorbital dimensions, less dramatic postorbital constric
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="100" start="start">tion</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, longer toothrows, narrowed skull, but widened anterior rostrum in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
Figure 6. Morphometric separation (first three principal components of a Principal Components Analysis) of 12 cranial and dental measurements. Data are from 70 adult skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with measurements following Table 1 and 2). Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, included for ecomorphological comparison, are indicated in red (open red squares,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus leucogaster" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">Scotophilus leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
; open red circles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus viridis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">Scotophilus viridis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indicated in blue (open blue diamonds,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris alboguttata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alboguttata">Glauconycteris alboguttata</taxonomicName>
|
||
; open blue triangles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris argentata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentata">Glauconycteris argentata</taxonomicName>
|
||
; open blue circles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris beatrix" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beatrix">Glauconycteris beatrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
, closed blue circles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris curryae" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curryae">Glauconycteris curryae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; closed blue squares,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris humeralis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humeralis">Glauconycteris humeralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; closed blue diamonds,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris poensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poensis">Glauconycteris poensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; closed blue triangles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
from central Africa (DRC, S Sudan) are marked with crosses; specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
from west Africa (Cote
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Ivoire">D'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Ghana) are marked with asterisks. A Skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from skulls of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
in combination along the first and second components, suggesting greater overall ecomorphological resemblance of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
with medium-sized, less specialized African vespertilionids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first principal component reflects distinctions in overall skull size, which increases from right to left. B Separation of skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in combination along the second and third components indicates the morphological isolation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
and illustrates consistent differences in skull shape, reflecting (in separation along the third component) the proportionally narrower interorbital dimensions, less dramatic postorbital constriction, longer toothrows, narrowed skull, but widened anterior rostrum in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
Table 3. Factor loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of variance explained by illustrated components (Fig. 6) from Principal Components Analysis of 70 adult skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Chilopoda" family="Dignathodontidae" genus="Scotophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scotophilus" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Principal components were extracted from a covariance matrix of 12 log-transformed cranial measurements (see Table 1, 2).<br/>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<table pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">Variable</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">PC1</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">PC2</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">PC3</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="100" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been rarely captured (only five times) but is apparently widely distributed (Fig. 7), being recorded from Ghana, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. This broad distribution suggests that it is more common than its collection records indicate. Although most species in its apparent sister genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,are not well known, at least one species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris variegata" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegata">Glauconycteris variegata</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is believed to be a high flier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Obrist, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Mammalogy" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="828 - 833" url="10.2307/1381721" volume="70" year="1989">Obrist et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which could translate to poor capture success for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially if it typically flies at even greater heights.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Glauconycteris" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found in a variety of habitats, mostly from moist forest zones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Rosevear 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We can only speculate that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Niumbaha</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in similar habitat types. Neither the description of the first specimen collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="Two new mammals from the Belgian Congo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 3: 219 - 224." url="10.1080/03745481.1939.9723594" year="1939">Hayman 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) nor that of the second specimen from Ghana, which was "found alive on the ground" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayman, RW" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" title="A new race of Glauconycteris superba from West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13: 547 - 550." url="10.1080/00222934608654576" year="1947">Hayman 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:550) contain habitat descriptions. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Rosevear (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that both locations were in closed forest (though the Ghana location was on the edge of closed forest and a Guinea woodland zone) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="100">Hayman and Hill (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that both locations are from heavy rain forest. A recent specimen from Democratic Republic of the Congo was mist-net captured in secondary forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gembu, Tungaluna G-C" journalOrPublisher="African Bat Conservation News" pageId="13" pageNumber="102" pagination="2 - 3" title="Observation 24. Fourth observation of Glauconycteris superba from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." volume="28" year="2012">Gembu Tungaluna 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) and our specimen from South Sudan was mist-net captured on a grassland plateau just above a secondary thicket forest.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
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||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="100">
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||
Figure 7. Distribution map showing the locations of the five recorded specimens of
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||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Niumbaha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niumbaha superba" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superba">Niumbaha superba</taxonomicName>
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. Given how widely distributed this species is, its rarity in collections is enigmatic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |