353 lines
60 KiB
XML
353 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="DFFDEC0228E441AF37BFD57778AE9831" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440885" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630450697882" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2011" docId="7D5E87ADC0565545FCE84CF8D675F98D" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Metabus O.Pickard-Cambridge 1899" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="779" masterDocId="8167FFD5C0695507FFAD4A40D36DFFF7" masterDocTitle="Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="879" masterPageNumber="713" pageNumber="776" updateTime="1699275123143" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E878BA195654684337C12D7AD4F06ED1">Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C30D5E84525F7EA2D6646AB6413B2D70">Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1CB4F9180B1737D87ACD29CAF24B0EC5">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6B33077275251933969A501BB8C8662A">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BECE330541D6DB888E0E4F6CC86CAE94">
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<mods:date id="2DCF25FAFA6352BB40EA175609D07893">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="80A3CECDCF2C5CBCF69C9B66811C97BB">162</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C0565538FCE84CF8D6FBF939" box="[837,1430,1720,1742]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC0565538FCE84CF8D6FBF939" blockId="63.[837,1430,1720,1742]" box="[837,1430,1720,1742]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">
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<heading id="AE0081D7C0565538FCE84CF8D6FBF939" box="[837,1430,1720,1742]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FCE84CF8D0DEF93B" ID-CoL="5Q5R" ID-ENA="473143" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[837,947,1720,1741]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FCE84CF8D0DEF93B" box="[837,947,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">METABUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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O. P.-
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FC534CF8D7AAF93A" author="Cambridge OP" box="[1022,1223,1720,1741]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="289 - 304" refId="ref66689" refString="Cambridge OP. 1899. Arachnida. Araneida. In: Ducane FG, Salvin O, eds. Biologia centrali-americana, zoology. London: 1: 289 - 304." type="journal article" year="1899">CAMBRIDGE 1899</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0565538FB774CF8D655F93A" box="[1242,1336,1720,1741]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1217,1236]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-204@4.[303,1263,195,1187]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Webs of tetragnathids: A, Mesida argentiopunctata from Noosa National Park, Australia (37 cm horizontal) (Leuc004b). B, Metabus ebanoverde from Ébano Verde Natural Reserve, Dominican Republic (72 cm horizontal) (DSCN7567). C, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (15 cm horizontal, photograph by Nikolaj Scharff). D, Metleucauge eldorado from California, USA (40 cm horizontal). E, Mollemeta edwardsi from Puyehue National Park, Chile (50 cm horizontal). F, Nanometa sp. from Lamington National Park, Australia (18 cm horizontal) (DSCN0492). Photographs (D) and (E) by Gustavo Hormiga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440893/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">FIGS 4B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0565538FAEA4CF8D6E3F939" box="[1351,1422,1720,1742]" captionStart-0="Figure 61" captionStart-1="Figure 62" captionStart-2="Figure 63" captionStart-3="Figure 64" captionStart-4="Figure 65" captionStartId-0="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" captionStartId-1="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionStartId-2="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionStartId-3="65.[164,243,1145,1164]" captionStartId-4="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox-0="[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetBox-1="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetBox-2="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetBox-3="[323,1282,197,1116]" captionTargetBox-4="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId-0="figure-281@62.[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetId-1="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetId-2="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId-3="figure-296@65.[323,1283,197,1116]" captionTargetId-4="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId-0="62" captionTargetPageId-1="63" captionTargetPageId-2="64" captionTargetPageId-3="65" captionTargetPageId-4="66" captionText-0="Figure 61. Metabus ocellatus abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036." captionText-1="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." captionText-2="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." captionText-3="Figure 64. Metabus ocellatus male pedipalp: A, mesal view. B, ventral view. C, dorsal view. D, cymbial dorsobasal process. E, pedipalp dorsal view. F, embolus and conductor. All images from SEMFAP036." captionText-4="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441017" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5441017/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">61–65</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C0565545FC974C9FD675F98D" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="779" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC0565538FC974C9FD0ADF898" blockId="63.[826,1441,1758,1903]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FC974C9FD0BCF903" box="[826,977,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Type species:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FC4D4C9ED6F0F903" authority="(Keyserling, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[992,1437,1758,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FC4D4C9ED7DEF904" box="[992,1203,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FB674C9ED6F8F903" author="Keyserling E" box="[1226,1429,1758,1780]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="119 - 154" refId="ref70275" refString="Keyserling E. 1864. Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis, Dresden. 1863: 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="459F3CE6C0565538FC974CBDD0D0F898" country="Colombia" location="Natural History Museum" municipality="London" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Bogota" typeStatus="syntype">
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||
The
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||
<typeStatus id="2A4C8819C0565538FCC34CBDD0AAF8E5" box="[878,967,1789,1810]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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||
series of
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||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FB9A4CBDD64FF8E5" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1864" box="[1079,1314,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tetragnatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FB9A4CBDD64FF8E5" box="[1079,1314,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Tetragnatha ocellata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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consists of
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<specimenCount id="E3F1FD32C0565538FC974D5CD0C0F8C5" box="[826,941,1820,1842]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="E3F1FD32C0565538FC4B4D5CD7EBF8C5" box="[998,1158,1820,1842]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" type="female">seven females</specimenCount>
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||
from
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||
<collectingRegion id="3733F859C0565538FB644D5CD675F8C6" box="[1225,1304,1820,1841]" country="Colombia" name="Bogota" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Bogota</collectingRegion>
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||
(
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<collectingCountry id="8DE0762BC0565538FA8B4D5CD6FBF8C5" box="[1318,1430,1820,1842]" name="Colombia" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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), deposited at the
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<location id="F0286060C0565538FBA74D7AD656F8A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D5E87ADC0565545FCE84CF8D675F98D:F0286060C0565538FBA74D7AD656F8A7" box="[1034,1339,1850,1872]" country="Colombia" municipality="London" name="Natural History Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" stateProvince="Bogota">Natural History Museum</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="152CACC1C0565538FAE14D7AD6CCF8A7" box="[1356,1441,1850,1872]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">London</collectingMunicipality>
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(examined)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="A1886633C0295547FF3D4ED7D7A1FB30" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777" startId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" targetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" targetPageId="64">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC0295547FF3D4ED7D7A1FB30" blockId="64.[144,1421,1175,1224]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FF3D4ED7D268FB5D" bold="true" box="[144,261,1175,1194]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Figure 63.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0295547FEBC4ED7D2A0FB5D" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[273,461,1175,1194]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="64" pageNumber="777" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FEBC4ED7D2A0FB5D" box="[273,461,1175,1194]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0295547FF3D4F54D13DF9AC" blockId="64.[144,759,1299,1627]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">
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||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FF3D4F54D26BFADE" box="[144,262,1300,1321]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0295547FEA34F53D2ABFADE" box="[270,454,1299,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="64" pageNumber="777" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FEA34F53D202FADF" box="[270,367,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Metabus</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: leg I more than four times the body length; femur IV without trichobothria (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FF354FCED396FA53" box="[152,251,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 62C</figureCitation>
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); epigynum flat, well sclerotized and with a rectangular atrium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FE334FECD15CFA35" box="[414,561,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 63A, B</figureCitation>
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||
); spermathecae weakly sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FEDF4F8BD2B4FA16" box="[370,473,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Figs 63C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FE4B4F8BD17BFA16" box="[486,534,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">65C</figureCitation>
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||
); fertilization ducts coiled over the copulatory ducts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FD9C4FAAD1F9F9F7" box="[561,660,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 63B</figureCitation>
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);
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<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC0295547FD024FAAD19BFA08" box="[687,758,1514,1535]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">CEDP</collectionCode>
|
||
longer than half the cymbial width and parallel to the cymbium longitudinal axis; conductor longer than wide and apically projected (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FE4D4C05D12EF9AC" box="[480,579,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1145,1164]" captionTargetBox="[323,1282,197,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[323,1283,197,1116]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 64. Metabus ocellatus male pedipalp: A, mesal view. B, ventral view. C, dorsal view. D, cymbial dorsobasal process. E, pedipalp dorsal view. F, embolus and conductor. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441017/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 64B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0295546FF3D4CC3D215FA54" blockId="64.[144,759,1667,1903]" lastBlockId="65.[164,779,1269,1903]" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="778" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FF3D4CC3D219F96F" box="[144,372,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Description: Female</emphasis>
|
||
: body length
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FDBA4CC3D144F96F" box="[535,553,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">c.</emphasis>
|
||
14.0 mm. Cephalothorax fovea formed by two short transverse grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FF554C80D230F921" box="[248,349,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 62A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FED84C9ED2BAF903" box="[373,471,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 62F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FEB64D5CD2ECF8C5" box="[283,385,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 62G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FE1B4D7AD177F8A7" box="[438,538,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[323,1281,196,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-181@63.[323,1283,196,1307]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 62. Metabus ocellatus cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, female femur IV ectal view. D, male chelicera. E, female chelicera. F, female tangential view. G, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. H, male tangential view. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441013/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 62E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus more than one AME diameter high. Abdomen covered with silver guanine patches. Booklung cuticle smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FBC04F2FD7BDFA72" box="[1133,1232,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-281@62.[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 61. Metabus ocellatus abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 61B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets, almost without accessory glands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FC204FECD082FA35" box="[909,1007,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-281@62.[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 61. Metabus ocellatus abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 61F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Median tracheae not ramified, with leaf-shaped tips and shorter than half the lateral tracheae length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FBEB4FAAD7A4F9F7" box="[1094,1225,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-281@62.[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 61. Metabus ocellatus abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 61C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). ALS with
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FAF44FAAD606FA08" box="[1369,1387,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">c.</emphasis>
|
||
70 piriform spigots.
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC0295547FC584C48D741F9EA" box="[1013,1068,1544,1565]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9hjz-r0xi" name="Peabody Essex Museum" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">PMS</collectionCode>
|
||
with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface.
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC0295547FBE84C24D718F98E" box="[1093,1141,1636,1657]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
with
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0295547FB7B4C25D785F98D" box="[1238,1256,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">c.</emphasis>
|
||
20 aciniform spigots roughly arranged in two parallel lines; distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the distal end of the flagelliform spigot (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0295547FB214CFED6E4F922" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[1164,1417,1726,1749]" pageId="64" pageNumber="777" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 9A–C). Epigynal plate flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FB3A4C9ED670F903" box="[1175,1309,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 63A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copulatory openings ventrally orientated with the shape of longitudinal grooves located under the atrial edges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0295547FC834D7AD0FCF8A7" box="[814,913,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="777">Fig. 65C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts more than half the spermathecae length but less than its total length, cuticle weakly sclerotized. Fertilization ducts well sclerotized, coiled around copulatory ducts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FDEB4F72D1A6FABF" box="[582,715,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Figs 63C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FF094F10D3B9FA91" box="[164,212,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">65C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Accessory glands ducts in individual pits, concentrated over spermatheca-fertilization duct junction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FF484FCED206FA54" box="[229,363,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="64.[144,223,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[304,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-292@64.[303,1263,195,1145]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 63. Metabus ocellatus epigynum: A, ventral view. B, posterior view. C, spermatheca dorsal view. D, spermatheca lateral view. E, copulatory and fertilization ducts. F, accessory glands. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441015/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 63C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1886633C0285546FF094E39D707FB5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441017/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" startId="65.[164,243,1145,1164]" targetBox="[323,1282,197,1116]" targetPageId="65">
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0285546FF094E39D707FB5D" blockId="65.[164,1441,1145,1194]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FF094E39D274FB7B" bold="true" box="[164,281,1145,1164]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Figure 64.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FE8B4E3AD288FB7A" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[294,485,1146,1165]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FE8B4E3AD288FB7A" box="[294,485,1146,1165]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male pedipalp: A, mesal view. B, ventral view. C, dorsal view. D, cymbial dorsobasal process. E, pedipalp dorsal view. F, embolus and conductor. All images from SEMFAP036.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0285546FF114FECD0DEFA72" blockId="65.[164,779,1269,1903]" lastBlockId="65.[826,1442,1269,1413]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FF114FECD391FA36" box="[188,252,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Male:</emphasis>
|
||
size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except that legs I and
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC0285546FDF54F8BD101FA17" box="[600,620,1483,1504]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">II</collectionCode>
|
||
are considerably longer. Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove with bases wider than fusule shaft. Posterior margin of the epiandrous plate thicker than the anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FD374C05D192F9AC" box="[666,767,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-281@62.[303,1263,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 61. Metabus ocellatus abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 61G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC0285546FF094C24D3B9F98E" box="[164,212,1636,1657]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
triplet reduced to nubbins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FDFF4C23D3B3F96F" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 9D). Male palpal patella with one macroseta. Paracymbium hook-shaped, without apophyses and considerably shorter than cymbium length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FF014C9ED27DF903" box="[172,272,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1145,1164]" captionTargetBox="[323,1282,197,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[323,1283,197,1116]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 64. Metabus ocellatus male pedipalp: A, mesal view. B, ventral view. C, dorsal view. D, cymbial dorsobasal process. E, pedipalp dorsal view. F, embolus and conductor. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441017/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 64A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegulum roughly ovoid, with an ectal depression produced by the displaced subtegulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FF014D5CD262F8C5" box="[172,271,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1145,1164]" captionTargetBox="[323,1282,197,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-296@65.[323,1283,197,1116]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 64. Metabus ocellatus male pedipalp: A, mesal view. B, ventral view. C, dorsal view. D, cymbial dorsobasal process. E, pedipalp dorsal view. F, embolus and conductor. All images from SEMFAP036." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441017/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 64B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Conductor rigid, with sclerotized edges, although some parts are weakly sclerotized. Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous, originating at the ventral edge of the tegulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FA974EB5D023FADE" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 65A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FCEF4F72D0CBFABF" box="[834,934,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 65A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct path convoluted, with several coils (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FCEF4F2FD0CAFA72" box="[834,935,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" captionTargetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-198@66.[303,1263,195,1334]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 65. Metabus ocellatus genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 65D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0285546FC974FECD74CF898" blockId="65.[826,1442,1452,1903]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FC974FECD096FA36" box="[826,1019,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
This genus includes four species with a Neotropical distribution.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FB1A4F8BD757FA08" authority="Alvarez-Padilla, 2007" authorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" authorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebanoverde">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FB1A4F8BD6CCFA17" box="[1207,1441,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Metabus ebanoverde</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FC974FA8D757FA08" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[826,1082,1512,1535]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, builds horizontal webs with open hubs, fewer than ten radii, and fewer than 20 spirals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0285546FC374C67D082F9CA" box="[922,1007,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1217,1236]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-204@4.[303,1263,195,1187]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Webs of tetragnathids: A, Mesida argentiopunctata from Noosa National Park, Australia (37 cm horizontal) (Leuc004b). B, Metabus ebanoverde from Ébano Verde Natural Reserve, Dominican Republic (72 cm horizontal) (DSCN7567). C, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (15 cm horizontal, photograph by Nikolaj Scharff). D, Metleucauge eldorado from California, USA (40 cm horizontal). E, Mollemeta edwardsi from Puyehue National Park, Chile (50 cm horizontal). F, Nanometa sp. from Lamington National Park, Australia (18 cm horizontal) (DSCN0492). Photographs (D) and (E) by Gustavo Hormiga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440893/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
), but other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FBD24C67D656F9CA" box="[1151,1339,1575,1597]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FBD24C67D78DF9CB" box="[1151,1248,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem to have denser webs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FB9A4C05D658F9AC" author="Lopardo L & Ramirez MJ & Grismado C & Compagnucci LA" box="[1079,1333,1605,1627]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="42 - 54" refId="ref71792" refString="Lopardo L, Ramirez MJ, Grismado C, Compagnucci LA. 2004. Web building behavior and the phylogeny of austrochiline spiders. Journal of Arachnology 32: 42 - 54." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Lopardo
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FB044C06D7B7F9AD" box="[1193,1242,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 16).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FC974C24D787F98D" authority="(Keyserling, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[826,1258,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FC974C24D764F98E" box="[826,1033,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FBB04C24D78FF98D" author="Keyserling E" box="[1053,1250,1636,1658]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="119 - 154" refId="ref70275" refString="Keyserling E. 1864. Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis, Dresden. 1863: 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
builds communal orb webs over ponds and shares a communal retreat during the night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FBF24CE1D67CF940" author="Buskirk RE" box="[1119,1297,1697,1719]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="1314 - 1328" refId="ref66469" refString="Buskirk RE. 1975 a. Coloniality, activity patterns and feeding in a tropical orb-weaving spider. Ecology 56: 1314 - 1328." type="journal article" year="1975">Buskirk, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1, 1986;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FC974C80D74BF921" author="Uetz GW & Craig HS" box="[826,1062,1728,1750]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="458 - 475" refId="ref75201" refString="Uetz GW, Craig HS. 1997. Colonial web-building spiders: balancing the costs and benefits of group-living. In: Choe J, Crespi BJ, eds. Evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 458 - 475." type="book chapter" year="1997">Uetz & Craig, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This communal behaviour has not been reported for any other species in the family. The web building behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FB7D4CBED60EF8E5" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1232,1379,1789,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FB7D4CBED60EF8E5" box="[1232,1379,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">M. ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FC7E4D5CD7FEF8C5" author="Eberhard WG" box="[979,1171,1820,1842]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="1067 - 1095" refId="ref67888" refString="Eberhard WG. 1982. Behavioral characters for the higher classification of orb-weaving spiders. Evolution 36: 1067 - 1095." type="journal article" year="1982">Eberhard (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The communal behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0285546FC204D7BD77AF8B8" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[909,1047,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0285546FC204D7BD77AF8B8" box="[909,1047,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="778">M. ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described and discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0285546FCF24D19D770F898" author="Buskirk RE" box="[863,1053,1881,1903]" pageId="65" pageNumber="778" pagination="560 - 567" refId="ref66494" refString="Buskirk RE. 1975 b. Aggressive display and orb defense in a colonial spider, Metabus gravidus (Araneae: Araneidae). Animal Behavior 23: 560 - 567." type="journal article" year="1975">Buskirk (1975b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1886633C02B5545FF3D4F14D1DDFA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441019/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" startId="66.[144,223,1364,1383]" targetBox="[307,1262,204,1334]" targetPageId="66">
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02B5545FF3D4F14D1DDFA73" blockId="66.[144,1421,1364,1412]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FF3D4F14D268FA90" bold="true" box="[144,261,1364,1383]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Figure 65.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FEBC4F14D2BDFA90" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[273,464,1364,1383]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FEBC4F14D2BDFA90" box="[273,464,1364,1383]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genital anatomy illustrations: A, and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view. D, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02B5545FF3D4F8CD675F98D" blockId="66.[144,759,1483,1903]" lastBlockId="66.[806,1421,1483,1658]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FF3D4F8CD21EFA17" box="[144,371,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">
|
||
Taxonomy:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FEBF4F8BD21EFA17" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[274,371,1483,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metabus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has recently been revised and its monophyly tested (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FED64FA8D112F9F7" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[379,639,1512,1536]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Synapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FE944C48D2F7F9EA" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[313,410,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FE944C48D2F7F9EA" box="[313,410,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the conductor apex curved apically and the absence of trichobothria on the fourth femora. In that study
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FDBB4C05D11AF9AD" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[534,631,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FDBB4C05D11AF9AD" box="[534,631,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was sister to a clade that included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FE6E4C25D152F98D" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[451,575,1637,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FE6E4C25D152F98D" box="[451,575,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">L. venusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FD2B4C25D19AF98D" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[646,759,1637,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyra">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FD2B4C25D19AF98D" box="[646,759,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">L. argyra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FF3A4CC1D2F1F96F" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[151,412,1665,1688]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 9B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FDB04CC3D219F940" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Okileucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FDB04CC3D1C5F96F" box="[541,680,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Okileucauge</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FD164CC3D27AF941" author="Tanikawa A" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="16 - 20" refId="ref74923" refString="Tanikawa A. 2001. Okileucauge sasakii, a new genus and species of spider from Okinawajima Island, southwest Japan (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology 29: 16 - 20." type="journal article" year="2001">Tanikawa, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FDDF4CE1D1BEF941" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[626,723,1697,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FDDF4CE1D1BEF941" box="[626,723,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their genital anatomy and somatic morphology, i.e. both genera lack femoral trichobothria. However, a previous phylogenetic analysis proposed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FD3B4CBDD19AF8E5" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[662,759,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FD3B4CBDD19AF8E5" box="[662,759,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FF7C4D5CD231F8C6" authorityName="Tanikawa" authorityYear="2001" box="[209,348,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Okileucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FF7C4D5CD231F8C6" box="[209,348,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Okileucauge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not sister taxa; instead
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FF3D4D7AD39CF8B8" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[144,241,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FF3D4D7AD39CF8B8" box="[144,241,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was hypothesized to be sister to a clade that included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FEA04D19D215F899" authorityName="WHITE" authorityYear="1841" box="[269,376,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FEA04D19D215F899" box="[269,376,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Leucauge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FE374D19D148F899" authorityName="Tanikawa" authorityYear="2001" box="[410,549,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Okileucauge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FE374D19D148F899" box="[410,549,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Okileucauge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FDE44D19D1C4F899" authorityName="SIMON" authorityYear="1894" box="[585,681,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FDE44D19D1C4F899" box="[585,681,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC8B4F8BD015FA17" authorityName="KULCZYNSKI" authorityYear="1911" box="[806,888,1483,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Mesida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC8B4F8BD015FA17" box="[806,888,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Mesida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FC234F8BD720FA17" author="Tanikawa A" box="[910,1101,1483,1505]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="16 - 20" refId="ref74923" refString="Tanikawa A. 2001. Okileucauge sasakii, a new genus and species of spider from Okinawajima Island, southwest Japan (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology 29: 16 - 20." type="journal article" year="2001">Tanikawa, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02B5545FBF24F8BD7D9FA16" box="[1119,1204,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[144,223,1185,1204]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,197,1154]" captionTargetId="figure-274@8.[303,1263,196,1155]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. Allende nigrohumeralis abdomen: A, tracheal system dorsal view (arrows pointing upwards correspond to lateral trachea and downward pointing arrows median trachea; trachea follow the same arrangement on all images). B, lateral tracheae cuticle. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, detail of tracheal spiracle. E, median trachea tip. F, epiandrous fusules (arrow). Images of tracheal system (SEMFAP058), epiandrous fusules (SEMFAP057)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440901/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The morphology plus behaviour data set did not resolve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FB4B4FAAD62AFA08" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[1254,1351,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FB4B4FAAD62AFA08" box="[1254,1351,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sister taxa relationships with either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FB3F4C48D79FF9EA" authorityName="SIMON" authorityYear="1894" box="[1170,1266,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FB3F4C48D79FF9EA" box="[1170,1266,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FA8D4C49D6E0F9E9" authorityName="THORELL" authorityYear="1890" box="[1312,1421,1545,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FA8D4C49D6E0F9E9" box="[1312,1421,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Orsinome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02B5545FC834C67D0F2F9CA" box="[814,927,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="143.[164,243,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,194,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-93@143.[323,1283,194,1462]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 143. Strict consensus trees of parsimony analyses of the morphological and behavioural data set presented in Appendix 2: A, strict consensus cladogram of the five cladograms of minimal length obtained under equal weights of 1033 steps (consistency index = 26, retention index = 58); the consensus tree is ten steps longer. Bremer support values are given under the nodes. B, strict consensus of 11 optimal cladograms obtained with implied weights at concavities 1 to 100; the consensus tree is 101 steps longer than the equal weighted optimal cladograms. Symmetric resampling support values above 51% are given under each node. See text for additional details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441178/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Fig. 143A</figureCitation>
|
||
). When these data are combined with DNA sequences
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC0C4C05D76FF9AD" authorityName="O.Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1899" box="[929,1026,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC0C4C05D76FF9AD" box="[929,1026,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metabus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
come out as sister to a clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC234C24D096F98E" authorityName="THORELL" authorityYear="1890" box="[910,1019,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Orsinome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC234C24D096F98E" box="[910,1019,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Orsinome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FB974C24D7F7F98E" authorityName="SIMON" authorityYear="1894" box="[1082,1178,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tylorida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FB974C24D7F7F98E" box="[1082,1178,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Tylorida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02B5545FB014C24D666F98D" box="[1196,1291,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1257,1276]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,196,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-233@144.[367,1199,195,1227]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 144. Preferred optimal cladogram from the study of Álvarez-Padilla et al. (2009). This tree is based on a combined analysis, using direct optimization methods, of multigene DNA sequences and the morphological and behavioural data set presented in Appendix 2. The single most parsimonious tree was 54 536 steps when all the data were analysed simultaneously. Numbers under each node correspond to the node numbers in Table 1 where all support values are plotted and the synapomorphies mapped." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441180/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Fig. 144</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |