388 lines
70 KiB
XML
388 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="D68D1ED090E3002200D4A7EBB620EE3A" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440885" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630450697882" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2011" docId="7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Meta C. L. KOCH 1836" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="775" masterDocId="8167FFD5C0695507FFAD4A40D36DFFF7" masterDocTitle="Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="879" masterPageNumber="713" pageNumber="773" updateTime="1699275123143" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4538C39C3103237FDF1C2A1896489C61">Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B04F4E0CC343C4D4BD1FC896149FF8B4">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1CE71FE9CD6DC935D1643E1047F32174">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="019DDDD255B87D426CF681597FD5D8B2">
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<mods:date id="3DB669A039C8041D15F291F20C782519">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5492037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5492037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87ADC0555538FF1B4C41D766F98D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="775" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C055553BFF1B4C41D1BCF9E1" box="[182,721,1536,1558]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC055553BFF1B4C41D1BCF9E1" blockId="60.[182,721,1536,1558]" box="[182,721,1536,1558]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
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<heading id="AE0081D7C055553BFF1B4C41D1BCF9E1" box="[182,721,1536,1558]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C055553BFF1B4C41D2A2F9E1" ID-CoL="5Q4W" ID-ENA="94025" authority="C. L. KOCH, 1836" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[182,463,1536,1558]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="60" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFF1B4C41D27DF9E3" box="[182,272,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">META C</emphasis>
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. L. KOCH, 1836
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFE4C4C40D12CF9E2" box="[481,577,1536,1557]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[323,1282,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-257@1.[323,1283,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Examples of tetragnathid spiders: A, Tetragnatha versicolor from Virginia, USA (voucher number DSCN7721, see Appendix 2 detailed locality data). B, Tetragnatha sp. from Daintree National Park, Australia (DSCN1180). C and E, Leucauge venusta from Virginia, USA (DSCN3055). D, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (photograph by Nikolaj Scharff)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440887/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">FIGS 1D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFDFD4C40D11EF9E2" box="[592,627,1536,1557]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1217,1236]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-204@4.[303,1263,195,1187]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Webs of tetragnathids: A, Mesida argentiopunctata from Noosa National Park, Australia (37 cm horizontal) (Leuc004b). B, Metabus ebanoverde from Ébano Verde Natural Reserve, Dominican Republic (72 cm horizontal) (DSCN7567). C, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (15 cm horizontal, photograph by Nikolaj Scharff). D, Metleucauge eldorado from California, USA (40 cm horizontal). E, Mollemeta edwardsi from Puyehue National Park, Chile (50 cm horizontal). F, Nanometa sp. from Lamington National Park, Australia (18 cm horizontal) (DSCN0492). Photographs (D) and (E) by Gustavo Hormiga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440893/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">4C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFD2F4C40D1A4F9E1" box="[642,713,1536,1558]" captionStart-0="Figure 56" captionStart-1="Figure 57" captionStart-2="Figure 58" captionStart-3="Figure 59" captionStart-4="Figure 60" captionStartId-0="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionStartId-1="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionStartId-2="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionStartId-3="60.[144,223,1121,1140]" captionStartId-4="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox-0="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetBox-1="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetBox-2="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetBox-3="[303,1262,197,1092]" captionTargetBox-4="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId-0="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId-1="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetId-2="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId-3="figure-321@60.[303,1263,197,1092]" captionTargetId-4="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId-0="57" captionTargetPageId-1="58" captionTargetPageId-2="59" captionTargetPageId-3="60" captionTargetPageId-4="61" captionText-0="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." captionText-1="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." captionText-2="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." captionText-3="Figure 59. Meta menardi male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, embolic division. E, ectal view. F, cymbial ectobasal process and paracymbium. All images from SEMFAP076." captionText-4="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441007" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5441007/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">56–60</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C0555538FF3D4C67D766F98D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="776" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC055553BFF3D4C67D18BF9AB" blockId="60.[144,758,1575,1628]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFF3D4C67D24CF9CB" box="[144,289,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
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<typeStatus id="2A4C8819C055553BFF3D4C67D3A9F9CB" box="[144,196,1575,1596]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C055553BFE874C67D1EEF9CB" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[298,643,1575,1597]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFE874C67D2A0F9CB" box="[298,461,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Meta menardi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC055553BFE7B4C67D1EEF9CB" author="Latreille PA" box="[470,643,1575,1597]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" pagination="144 - 305" refId="ref70869" refString="Latreille PA. 1804. Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes. Paris 7: 144 - 305." type="journal article" year="1804">Latreille, 1804</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. The
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<typeStatus id="2A4C8819C055553BFD684C67D19BF9CB" box="[709,758,1575,1596]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">type</typeStatus>
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||
specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C055553BFE804C06D284F9AD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[301,489,1605,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFE804C06D284F9AD" box="[301,489,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Aranea menardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are lost (
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC055553BFDF14C05D1B4F9AB" author="Levi HW" box="[604,729,1605,1628]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC055553BFF3D4CC3D7F9FA79" blockId="60.[144,759,1667,1903]" lastBlockId="60.[806,1421,1217,1422]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFF3D4CC3D26BF96F" box="[144,262,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C055553BFEA24CC3D2CDF96E" box="[271,416,1667,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFEA24CC3D225F96F" box="[271,328,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Meta</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: abdomen as high as long (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFD314C80D19CF922" box="[668,753,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[323,1282,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-257@1.[323,1283,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Examples of tetragnathid spiders: A, Tetragnatha versicolor from Virginia, USA (voucher number DSCN7721, see Appendix 2 detailed locality data). B, Tetragnatha sp. from Daintree National Park, Australia (DSCN1180). C and E, Leucauge venusta from Virginia, USA (DSCN3055). D, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (photograph by Nikolaj Scharff)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440887/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC055553BFF3D4C9ED261F903" author="Levi HW" box="[144,268,1758,1780]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 113–115);
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<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC055553BFE124C9FD29BF903" box="[447,502,1759,1780]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9hjz-r0xi" name="Peabody Essex Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">PMS</collectionCode>
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anterior surface with more than 20 aciniform spigots (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFDA04CBDD11DF8E4" box="[525,624,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 56C</figureCitation>
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); epigynum ventrally projected with the copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFED24D7AD165F8A7" box="[383,520,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 58A, B</figureCitation>
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); fertilization ducts crossing over the spermathecae (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFD894D19D1CAF898" box="[548,679,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Figs 58C–F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFD174D19D187F898" box="[698,746,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">60C</figureCitation>
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); cymbial ectobasal process and cymbial ectomedian process present (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFC464E9FD722FB02" box="[1003,1103,1247,1269]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1121,1140]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,197,1092]" captionTargetId="figure-321@60.[303,1263,197,1092]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 59. Meta menardi male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, embolic division. E, ectal view. F, cymbial ectobasal process and paracymbium. All images from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441007/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 59A</figureCitation>
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); cymbial ectobasal process formed by a massive cuticular fold and cymbial ectomedian process shorter than half the cymbial width without macrosetae (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFBB04F7BD7F2FAA6" box="[1053,1183,1339,1361]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1121,1140]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,197,1092]" captionTargetId="figure-321@60.[303,1263,197,1092]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 59. Meta menardi male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, embolic division. E, ectal view. F, cymbial ectobasal process and paracymbium. All images from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441007/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 59A–F</figureCitation>
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); and by having the metaine embolic apophysis, when present, fused to the embolus base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFBAF4F38D7EAFA79" box="[1026,1159,1400,1422]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 60A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC055553AFC8B4F8CD764F9E9" blockId="60.[806,1422,1483,1903]" lastBlockId="61.[826,1442,1391,1903]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="774" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFC8B4F8CD76AFA17" box="[806,1031,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Description: Female</emphasis>
|
||
: body length
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFB0C4F8CD7DEFA16" box="[1185,1203,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">c.</emphasis>
|
||
14.0 mm. Cephalic fovea formed by two deep longitudinal pits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFAB34FAAD6EFFA08" box="[1310,1410,1513,1536]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 57A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ocular area lower than the carapace lateral margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFC834C67D0D4F9CB" box="[814,953,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 57B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum as wide as long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFAB34C05D6ECF9AC" box="[1310,1409,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 57C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth, boss present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFC834CC3D0D2F96F" box="[814,959,1666,1689]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 57B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC055553BFC324CE1D74FF941" author="Levi HW" box="[927,1058,1697,1719]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 122, 123). Eyes roughly subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller and juxtaposed and on a tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFBD64C9ED673F903" box="[1147,1310,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 57A, B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clypeus
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C055553BFC8B4CBED055F8E4" box="[806,824,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">c.</emphasis>
|
||
1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle grooved. Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFC834D7AD0FEF8A7" box="[814,915,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 56A</figureCitation>
|
||
). ALS piriform spigots base rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC055553BFC834D19D0FFF898" box="[814,914,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">Fig. 56B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC055553BFC0A4D19D0BAF899" box="[935,983,1881,1902]" pageId="60" pageNumber="773">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
with more than 20 aciniform spigots; distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the tip of the flagelliform spigot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFE494FCED125FA53" box="[484,584,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 56D</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC054553AFDF74FCED3B3FA35" author="Hormiga G & Eberhard WG & Coddington JA" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" pagination="313 - 364" refId="ref70017" refString="Hormiga G, Eberhard WG, Coddington JA. 1995. Webconstruction behaviour in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 313 - 364." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hormiga
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFD614FCED190FA54" box="[716,765,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 19A–D). Epigynal plate protruded, copulatory openings posteriorly orientated and in the shape of longitudinal grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFE6A4FAAD122FA08" box="[455,591,1513,1536]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 58A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFE064C48D141F9E9" box="[427,556,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 58C–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle of copulatory ducts well sclerotized and shorter than half the spermathecae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFEFD4C05D2D9F9AC" box="[336,436,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Figs 58F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFE124C05D29DF9AC" box="[447,496,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">60C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC054553AFDAF4C05D1F2F9AC" author="Wiehle H" box="[514,671,1605,1627]" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" pagination="183 - 196" refId="ref75681" refString="Wiehle H. 1967. Meta, - eine semientelegyne Gattung der Araneae (Arach.). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 183 - 196." type="journal article" year="1967">Wiehle (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C054553AFF704C25D209F98E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[221,356,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFF704C25D209F98E" box="[221,356,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">M. menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a semi-entelegyne reproductive system, lacking fertilization ducts and, as in haplogyne reproductive systems, that the sperm must pass through the copulatory ducts to fertilize the eggs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC054553AFF464C9ED2CCF902" author="Levi HW" box="[235,417,1758,1781]" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi (1980: 40)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that he could not verify that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C054553AFE8A4CBED2C3F8E5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[295,430,1789,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFE8A4CBED2C3F8E5" box="[295,430,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">M. menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacked fertilization ducts, but did not state that this species had them. We found by means of SEM that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C054553AFE024D7BD158F8B8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[431,565,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Aranea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFE024D7BD158F8B8" box="[431,565,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">M. menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeed has fertilization ducts; furthermore, these ducts cross over the spermathecae and copulatory duct junction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFCEF4FCED0A8FA53" box="[834,965,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 58D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Owing to this particular configuration it is difficult to differentiate both ducts in cleared epigyna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFC084F8BD764FA16" box="[933,1033,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 60C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Accessory glands distributed over the spermathecae, with gland openings arranged in groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFC344C48D090F9E9" box="[921,1021,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1249,1268]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetId="figure-264@59.[323,1283,194,1219]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 58. Meta menardi epigynum: A, lateral view. B, posterior view. C, dorsal view. D–F, spermatheca and ducts view. All images from SEMFAP042." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441005/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 58E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1886633C054553AFF094F4CD12AFACB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" startId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" targetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" targetPageId="61">
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC054553AFF094F4CD12AFACB" blockId="61.[164,1441,1292,1340]" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFF094F4CD274FAE8" bold="true" box="[164,281,1292,1311]" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Figure 60.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C054553AFE8B4F4DD2D1FAE8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[294,444,1292,1311]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="61" pageNumber="774" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFE8B4F4DD2D1FAE8" box="[294,444,1292,1311]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Meta menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0545539FCFE4C67D160FAB8" blockId="61.[826,1442,1391,1903]" lastBlockId="62.[144,759,1306,1359]" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="775" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFCFE4C67D0FFF9CB" box="[851,914,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Male:</emphasis>
|
||
body length
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C054553AFB804C67D752F9CB" box="[1069,1087,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">c.</emphasis>
|
||
10.0 mm. Cephalothorax morphology as in females, except that the anterior cheliceral cuticle is rugose (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFB2C4C24D67EF98E" box="[1153,1299,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1111,1130]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-298@58.[303,1263,195,1081]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 57. Meta menardi cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male tangential view. C, female sternum. D, female tangential view. E, female chelicera. F, male chelicera. Images from female specimens SEMFAP042, from male SEM- FAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441003/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 57B, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen cylindrical.
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC054553AFC6D4CC3D09DF96F" box="[960,1008,1667,1688]" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
triplet reduced to nubbins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFA9F4CC3D6FBF96F" box="[1330,1430,1666,1689]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 56E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epiandrous fusules dispersed over a flat plate and immersed in pits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFBB84C80D71AF921" box="[1045,1143,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-271@57.[323,1283,195,1166]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 56. Meta menardi abdomen: A, tracheal spiracle and colulus. B, anterior lateral spinnerets. C, posterior median spinnerets. D, female posterior lateral spinnerets. E, male posterior lateral spinnerets. F, epiandrous fusules. Images (A–D) from SEMFAP042, (E–F) from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441001/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 56F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palpal patella with one macroseta; palpal tibia slightly longer than wide. Tegulum wider than long and slightly larger than the subtegulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFC714D5CD752F8C6" box="[988,1087,1819,1842]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 60B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Conductor well sclerotized and fused to the tegulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC054553AFBC64D7AD7BDF8A7" box="[1131,1232,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="774">Fig. 60A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embolic apophysis bearing several processes. Embolus short and well sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0575539FEB54F5AD2EDFAC7" box="[280,384,1306,1328]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1121,1140]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,197,1092]" captionTargetId="figure-321@60.[303,1263,197,1092]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 59. Meta menardi male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, embolic division. E, ectal view. F, cymbial ectobasal process and paracymbium. All images from SEMFAP076." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441007/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Figs 59B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0575539FE214F5AD2B1FAC7" box="[396,476,1306,1328]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">60A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sperm duct with fewer than two switchbacks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0575539FE334F79D16CFAB8" box="[414,513,1337,1359]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1292,1311]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetId="figure-267@61.[323,1283,196,1262]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 60. Meta menardi genital anatomy illustrations: A, male pedipalp expanded. B, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. C, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441009/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Fig. 60B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1886633C0575539FF3D4EC4D1A4FB25" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441011/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" startId="62.[144,223,1156,1175]" targetBox="[303,1263,195,1126]" targetPageId="62">
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0575539FF3D4EC4D1A4FB25" blockId="62.[144,1422,1156,1234]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FF3D4EC4D268FB60" bold="true" box="[144,261,1156,1175]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Figure 61.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FEBC4EC4D2BCFB60" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[273,465,1156,1175]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FEBC4EC4D2BCFB60" box="[273,465,1156,1175]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Metabus ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
abdomen: A, cuticle of the abdomen, close up of median lateral section. B, booklung external cuticle. C and D, median tracheae tip. E, tracheal system dorsal view. F, tracheal spiracle posterior view. G, epiandrous fusules. All images from SEMFAP036.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0575539FF3D4FCED001FA99" blockId="62.[144,759,1422,1903]" lastBlockId="62.[806,1421,1306,1390]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FF3D4FCED2F7FA54" box="[144,410,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">
|
||
Natural history:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FECC4FCED2F7FA54" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[353,410,1422,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Meta</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
includes 37 species with a Holarctic distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FE3A4FECD12FFA34" author="Platnick NI" box="[407,578,1452,1475]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" refId="ref73225" refString="Platnick NI. 2009. The world spider catalog. Version 10.0. The American Museum of Natural History. Available at: http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog" type="url" year="2009">Platnick, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FDF84FEDD19BFA36" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[597,758,1452,1474]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FDF84FEDD19BFA36" box="[597,758,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Meta menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
builds vertical webs with open hubs, few radii, and few spirals (fewer than 15) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0575539FE454FAAD153F9F7" box="[488,574,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1217,1236]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,195,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-204@4.[303,1263,195,1187]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Webs of tetragnathids: A, Mesida argentiopunctata from Noosa National Park, Australia (37 cm horizontal) (Leuc004b). B, Metabus ebanoverde from Ébano Verde Natural Reserve, Dominican Republic (72 cm horizontal) (DSCN7567). C, Meta menardi from Zealand, Denmark (15 cm horizontal, photograph by Nikolaj Scharff). D, Metleucauge eldorado from California, USA (40 cm horizontal). E, Mollemeta edwardsi from Puyehue National Park, Chile (50 cm horizontal). F, Nanometa sp. from Lamington National Park, Australia (18 cm horizontal) (DSCN0492). Photographs (D) and (E) by Gustavo Hormiga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440893/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). These spiders are usually found inside caves, near the entrance or deep inside, and in humid dark places such as tunnels, mines, and wells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FE684C05D12DF9AB" author="Levi HW" box="[453,576,1605,1628]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The egg-sac is white, large, drop-shaped, and hangs from a thread near the web (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FEE14CC3D166F96F" author="Comstock JH" box="[332,523,1667,1689]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" refId="ref67444" refString="Comstock JH. 1948. The spider book. Revised and edited by Gertsch WJ. Ithaca: Cornell University." type="book" year="1948">Comstock, 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FD8D4CC3D1CFF96E" author="Levi HW" box="[544,674,1667,1689]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FD104CC3D39DF941" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FD104CC3D39DF941" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Meta menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species in which the biology is relatively well documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FE4C4C80D186F921" author="Ecker R & Moritz M" box="[481,747,1728,1750]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="345 - 350" refId="ref68249" refString="Ecker R, Moritz M. 1992. Meta menardi (Latr.) and Meta meriane (Scop.): On the biology and habitat of the commonest spiders in caves of the Harz, the Kyffhauser, Thuringa and the Zittau mountains. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 68: 345 - 350." type="journal article" year="1992">Ecker & Moritz, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The web building behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FD854C9FD1D5F904" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[552,696,1758,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FD854C9FD1D5F904" box="[552,696,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">M. menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FE824CBDD29FF8E4" author="Eberhard WG" box="[303,498,1789,1811]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1067 - 1095" refId="ref67888" refString="Eberhard WG. 1982. Behavioral characters for the higher classification of orb-weaving spiders. Evolution 36: 1067 - 1095." type="journal article" year="1982">Eberhard (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Some studies of this species have covered aspects of its diet and predatory behaviour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FEBC4D7AD15EF8B8" author="Yoshida M & Shinkai A" box="[273,563,1850,1872]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="21 - 25" refId="ref75947" refString="Yoshida M, Shinkai A. 1993. Predatory behaviour and web structure of Meta menardi (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Acta Arachnologica 42: 21 - 25." type="journal article" year="1993">Yoshida & Shinkai, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FDEC4D7AD19FF8A7" author="Smithers P" box="[577,754,1850,1872]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="12 - 14" refId="ref74500" refString="Smithers P. 1996. Observations on the prey of the cave spider Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) in South Devon. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 77: 12 - 14." type="journal article" year="1996">Smithers, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FF3D4D19D3BAF898" author="Smithers P" box="[144,215,1881,1903]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="243 - 246" refId="ref74536" refString="Smithers P. 2005 a. The diet of the cave spider Meta menardi (Latreille 1804) (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology 33: 243 - 246." type="journal article" year="2005">2005a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), its distribution within its habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FD2A4D19D032FAC7" author="Smithers P" box="[647,863,1306,1903]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="6" refId="ref74467" refString="Smithers P. 1995. Some observations on the distribution of Meta menardi (Latreille) in disused mines in SW Devon. Newsletters of the British Arachnological Society 73: 6." type="journal article" year="1995">Smithers, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and observations on its dispersal biology and early life stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FC464F79D7C4FAB8" author="Smithers P" box="[1003,1193,1337,1359]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="213 - 216" refId="ref74569" refString="Smithers P. 2005 b. The early life history and dispersal of the cave spider Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 13: 213 - 216." type="journal article" year="2005">Smithers, 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FB184F79D00DFA99" author="Smithers P & Smith FM" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref74610" refString="Smithers P, Smith FM. 1998. Observations on the behaviour of second instars of the cave spider Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804). Newsletters of the British Arachnological Society 81: 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1998">Smithers & Smith, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC0575538FC8B4FEDD766F98D" blockId="62.[806,1422,1452,1903]" lastBlockId="63.[826,1441,1514,1658]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="776" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FC8B4FEDD0CDFA35" box="[806,928,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Taxonomy:</emphasis>
|
||
North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FBC44FEDD7CFFA35" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[1129,1186,1453,1474]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FBC44FEDD7CFFA35" box="[1129,1186,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some European and Japanese species have been revised (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FAA14F8BD6E5FA17" author="Levi HW" box="[1292,1416,1483,1505]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FC8B4FAAD0A3F9F7" author="Marusik YM" box="[806,974,1514,1536]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="19 - 22" refId="ref72040" refString="Marusik YM. 1986. A redescription of types of certain orbweaving spiders (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae) from S. A. Spassky collection. Vestnik Zoologii 6: 19 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Marusik, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FC744FAAD7FEF9F7" author="Yaginuma T" box="[985,1171,1514,1536]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="187 - 200" refId="ref75834" refString="Yaginuma T. 1986. Taxonomic notes on Japanese spiders. (II): Araneus, Neoscona, Metellina, Cispius, Heptathela. Faculty of Letters Review Otemon Gakuin University 20: 187 - 200." type="journal article" year="1986">Yaginuma, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FB324FAAD00DF9E9" author="Marusik YM & Koponen S" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="137 - 143" refId="ref72074" refString="Marusik YM, Koponen S. 1992. A review of Meta (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with description of two new species. Journal of Arachnology 20: 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1992">Marusik & Koponen, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our description and diagnosis are based on the species included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FBA14C67D7FFF9CA" author="Levi HW" box="[1036,1170,1575,1597]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FB0D4C67D01DF9AB" author="Marusik YM & Koponen S" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="137 - 143" refId="ref72074" refString="Marusik YM, Koponen S. 1992. A review of Meta (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with description of two new species. Journal of Arachnology 20: 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1992">Marusik & Koponen (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the illustrations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FB3B4C05D62DF9AC" author="Roberts MJ" box="[1174,1344,1605,1627]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" refId="ref73635" refString="Roberts MJ. 1985. The spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1: Atypidae to Theridiosomatidae. Colchester, England: Harley Books." type="book" year="1985">Roberts (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the European species. We coded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FBD94C25D796F98E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[1140,1275,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FBD94C25D796F98E" box="[1140,1275,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">M. menardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the phylogenetic analysis, by far the species that has been most intensively studied. We propose that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FAB24CE2D635F940" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[1311,1368,1698,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FAB24CE2D635F940" box="[1311,1368,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0575539FC8B4C80D0FFF922" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[806,914,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0575539FC8B4C80D0FFF922" box="[806,914,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="775">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are different genera, as suggested by previous authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FC7C4C9ED7FBF903" author="Palmgren P" box="[977,1174,1758,1780]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="241 - 242" refId="ref72883" refString="Palmgren P. 1978 a. Taxonomic position of the genus Meta (Araneida). Annales Zoologici Fennici 15: 241 - 242." type="journal article" year="1978">Palmgren, 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FB0C4C9ED677F903" author="Levi HW" box="[1185,1306,1758,1780]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FA8B4C9ED0CCF8E5" author="Coddington JA" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref67266" refString="Coddington JA. 1990 a. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">Coddington, 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0575539FC014CBDD7B0F8E4" author="Marusik YM & Koponen S" box="[940,1245,1789,1811]" pageId="62" pageNumber="775" pagination="137 - 143" refId="ref72074" refString="Marusik YM, Koponen S. 1992. A review of Meta (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with description of two new species. Journal of Arachnology 20: 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1992">Marusik & Koponen, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, this hypothesis has not been cladistically tested with a sufficiently large taxonomic sample of both genera. The phylogenetic analysis that has included more
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FF094FAAD258F9F7" box="[164,309,1514,1536]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FF094FAAD3B0FA08" box="[164,221,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to date included only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FD9A4FAAD231F9EA" authority="Tanikawa, 1994" authorityName="Tanikawa" authorityYear="1994" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigridorsalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FD9A4FAAD067FA08" box="[567,778,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta nigridorsalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FF094C48D231F9EA" author="Tanikawa A" box="[164,348,1544,1566]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="65 - 69" refId="ref74847" refString="Tanikawa A. 1994. A new species of the spider genus Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from Japan. Acta Arachnologica Tokyo 43: 65 - 69." type="journal article" year="1994">Tanikawa, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FE364C49D066F9E9" authority="Yaginuma, 1958" authorityName="Yaginuma" authorityYear="1958" box="[411,779,1544,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticuloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FE364C49D128F9EA" box="[411,581,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">M. reticuloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FDFD4C48D066F9E9" author="Yaginuma, T" box="[592,779,1544,1566]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="24 - 30" refId="ref75801" refString="Yaginuma, T. 1958. Revision of Japanese spiders of family Argiopidae. I. Genus Meta and a new species. Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo 15: 24 - 30." type="journal article" year="1958">Yaginuma, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FF064C67D207F9CB" author="Tanikawa A" box="[171,362,1575,1597]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="16 - 20" refId="ref74923" refString="Tanikawa A. 2001. Okileucauge sasakii, a new genus and species of spider from Okinawajima Island, southwest Japan (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology 29: 16 - 20." type="journal article" year="2001">Tanikawa, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 141B). This latter author proposed five synapomorphies for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FD244C06D1AFF9AC" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[649,706,1606,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FD244C06D1AFF9AC" box="[649,706,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: male chelicerae larger than female chelicerae; large teeth on the chelicera fang furrow; sperm duct with switch backs; paracymbium large and modified; and epigynum weakly sclerotized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FE6D4C80D117F921" author="Tanikawa A" box="[448,634,1728,1750]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="16 - 20" refId="ref74923" refString="Tanikawa A. 2001. Okileucauge sasakii, a new genus and species of spider from Okinawajima Island, southwest Japan (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Arachnology 29: 16 - 20." type="journal article" year="2001">Tanikawa, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other phylogenetic analyses have found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FDBF4C9FD126F903" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[530,587,1759,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FDBF4C9FD126F903" box="[530,587,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister either to a clade comprised by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FE7E4CBDD152F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[467,575,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FE7E4CBDD152F8E5" box="[467,575,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FD294CBDD2CAF8C6" authority="(Hormiga et al., 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Hormiga" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FD294CBDD066F8E5" box="[644,779,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Chrysometa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FF064D5CD2F2F8C6" author="Hormiga G & Eberhard WG & Coddington JA" box="[171,415,1819,1842]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="313 - 364" refId="ref70017" refString="Hormiga G, Eberhard WG, Coddington JA. 1995. Webconstruction behaviour in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 313 - 364." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hormiga
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FEB04D5CD220F8C6" box="[285,333,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to a clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FD7E4D5CD277F8B8" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Dolichognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FD7E4D5CD277F8B8" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Dolichognatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FEF84D7AD1B9F8A7" authority="(Alvarez-Padilla, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[341,724,1849,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FEF84D7AD2ACF8B8" box="[341,449,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC0565538FE7D4D79D1A1F8A7" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[464,716,1849,1872]" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FD7F4D19D066F899" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[722,779,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FD7F4D19D066F899" box="[722,779,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to a clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FB6D4FAAD641FA08" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1216,1324,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FB6D4FAAD641FA08" box="[1216,1324,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FAC44FAAD0DDF9EA" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Dolichognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FAC44FAAD0DDF9EA" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Dolichognatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; when these data were combined with DNA sequences
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FC514C67D758F9CB" authorityName="C. L. KOCH" authorityYear="1836" box="[1020,1077,1575,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Meta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FC514C67D758F9CB" box="[1020,1077,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came out as sister to a clade that includes the previous taxa plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FB4B4C05D600F9AD" box="[1254,1389,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FB4B4C05D600F9AD" box="[1254,1389,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Chrysometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C0565538FC974C24D0E0F98E" authorityName="NICOLET" authorityYear="1849" box="[826,909,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="63" pageNumber="776" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C0565538FC974C24D0E0F98E" box="[826,909,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Diphya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC0565538FC324C24D093F98D" box="[927,1022,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1257,1276]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,196,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-233@144.[367,1199,195,1227]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 144. Preferred optimal cladogram from the study of Álvarez-Padilla et al. (2009). This tree is based on a combined analysis, using direct optimization methods, of multigene DNA sequences and the morphological and behavioural data set presented in Appendix 2. The single most parsimonious tree was 54 536 steps when all the data were analysed simultaneously. Numbers under each node correspond to the node numbers in Table 1 where all support values are plotted and the synapomorphies mapped." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441180/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="776">Fig. 144</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |