treatments-xml/data/78/5E/CE/785ECE2C9DA390C342740933DE77E186.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.316.4256" ID-GBIF-Dataset="069dc757-2368-4fdf-baae-f75d544fcc21" ID-PMC="PMC3713335" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-316-67" ID-PubMed="23878515" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-316-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 316" ModsDocTitle="Where’s Waldo? A new commensal species, Waldo arthuri (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Galeommatidae), from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean" checkinTime="1451247140765" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Valentich-Scott, Paul, O Foighil, Diarmaid &amp; Li, Jingchun" docDate="2013" docId="785ECE2C9DA390C342740933DE77E186" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 316: 67-80" docOrigin="ZooKeys 316" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.316.4256" docTitle="Waldo arthuri Valentich-Scott, Foighil &amp; Li, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="74" masterDocId="1211CD11500AFFCDFFDEFF95E245FFFE" masterDocTitle="Where's Waldo? A new commensal species, Waldo arthuri (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Galeommatidae), from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1668156128532" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Where's Waldo? A new commensal species, Waldo arthuri (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Galeommatidae), from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Valentich-Scott, Paul</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>O Foighil, Diarmaid</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Jingchun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>316</mods:number>
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<mods:start>67</mods:start>
<mods:end>80</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.316.4256</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.316.4256</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-316-67</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152046081" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1000CA2C-56A1-4846-B8B0-91D3AD0199CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/785ECE2C9DA390C342740933DE77E186" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1000CA2C-56A1-4846-B8B0-91D3AD0199CE" class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="70">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
, 2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Divariscintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Divariscintilla" order="Galeommatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Divariscintilla</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="70">&quot; &quot; sp. A Coan et al. 2000: 314</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Shell extremely thin, fragile, moderately inflated, translucent; equilateral to slightly longer posteriorly, anterior end slightly flared to gently sloping (Figure 1A-C); shell margins only weakly gaping if at all. Prodissoconch non-umbonate, D-shaped, with a greatly reduced PII comprised of a small number of faint commarginal striae bordering the metamorphic prodissoconch/dissoconch boundary (Figure 1D), prodissoconch length ranged from 338 to 357 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(n=8) (Figure 1B). Dissoconch sculpture of commarginal striae, plus low broad irregular radial ribs; external sculpture variable, radial ribs absent to moderately strong, especially on anterior and posterior ends in some specimens. Beaks low, wide. Hinge plate extremely narrow, edentulous (Figures 1E, F). Length to 5 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Mantle large, reflected, covering approximately 80% of outer shell surface when fully extended, not covering umbones (Figure 1G); mantle can be completely retracted into the shell; reflected portion papillate (Figure 1H); fused posteroventrally; facultative exhalant siphon, trumpet-shaped, non-papillate; anterior end thin, non-papillate.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Mantle tentacles long, extend well past shell margins (Figure 1G). Adult with projecting anterior pair, two laterally projecting pairs just posterior to anterior tentacles (one pair on each side); lateral tentacles not present on individuals less than 1 mm in length; ventral pair of tentacles just anterior of exhalant siphon (largest of all tentacles, in adults up to length of shell); single posterior tentacle projects dorsally to the exhalant opening. When animals are actively crawling, it appears that the tentacles might be used as levers to navigate between the urchin spines.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Foot large, exceeds the length of the shell when fully extended, vermiform, without heel (Figure 1G); long ventral byssal groove extending to end of smooth foot tip. This species is an active crawler, and can also attach to the host by byssal threads.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Figure 1. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
new species 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
paratypes, SBMNH 149934 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
Exterior of left valve D Prodissoconch E Close up of hinge of both valves F Close up of hinge of right valve G Live animal with extended mantle and mantle tentacles; posterior mantle tentacle (pt); siphon (s), foot (f), lateral mantle tentacle (lt), anterior mantle tentacle (at) H Detail of mantle papillae. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, G scale bar = 1 mm; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
, H scale bar = 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="71" start="start">Ctenidia</pageBreakToken>
with one demibranch on each side, comprised of about 12-15 widely spaced filaments in larger specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="development">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Development.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
The reproduction is typical of galeommatoideans, in that the animal is hermaphroditic, and the young are brooded in the ctenidia. Two brooding individuals sampled in 1989 showed early and mid developmental stages respectively. Fecundity was low; the early developmental stage individual (3.8 mm length) had 160 yolky embryos all at the blastula stage (approximately 200 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter) (Figure 2A). The second specimen was brooding mid-late stage shelled embryos (~ 270 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
length) with a protruding unciliated velum containing partially depleted yolk reserves, a larger dense mass of yolk present in anterior visceral mass, a papillate mantle that extended outside of the valve margins, and a protruding foot. The smallest non-brooded individual observed (370 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
length) byssally attached to its urchin host, had attained a modest (20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) increment of dissoconch growth, but notably still had visible yolk reserves dispersed across its visceral mass (Figure 2C). Although we have not observed early ontogeny, these characteristics, together with the non-umbonate prodissonch, point unambiguously toward a non-pelagic developmental mode.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Figure 2. Photographs of live 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
material sampled in Barkeley Sound in 1989. A Brooding adult attached to its host. Note the papillated mantle (m) that is partially retracted and the presence of ~ 200 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diameter white yolky early embryos (e) in its ctenidia, visible through the transparent shell B Micrograph of mid-late development embryo (equivalent to the pediveliger stage in pelagic developing bivalves) that was dissected from its brooding 
<normalizedToken originalValue="parent’s">parent's</normalizedToken>
ctenidia. Labels indicate protruding foot (f), modified non-ciliated velum (v) with partially consumed yolk reserves (white areas) and mantle papillae (mp) in addition to a dense mass of yolk (y) sequestered in the anterior shelled half of the embryo C Micrograph of smallest/youngest (20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
of dissoconch growth) specimen observed attached to an urchin host. Note the protruding foot (f) and the apparent presence of persistent yolk reserves (y) dispersed throughout much of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="juvenile’s">juvenile's</normalizedToken>
visceral mass.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
USA, California, San Luis Obispo County, off Pt. San Luis; 35°05'18'N, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-121.015">121°00'54&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; 409 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Holotype, SBMNH 235142, conjoined shell and anatomy, length 2.5 mm, height 1.5 mm. Holotype comprises two conjoined valves, with anatomy, preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Given its wet preservation and small size we were unable to capture high quality photographs of the holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
7 Paratypes, SBMNH 149934, same locality as holotype (Figures 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
), specimens mounted on SEM stub; Figure 1A length 2.45 mm, height 1.45 mm; Figure 1B length 2.55 mm, height 1.45 mm; Figure 1C length 2.61 mm, height 1.63 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">3 Paratypes, SBMNH 235142, same locality as holotype (preserved in 100% EtOH).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
4 Paratypes, SBMNH 149933, Canada, British Columbia, Sanford Island, Barkley Sound; 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="48.857777">48°51'28&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-125.14916">125°08'57&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; 80 m, attached to 
<taxonomicName class="Echinoidea" family="Schizasteridae" genus="Brisaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brisaster latifrons" order="Spatangoida" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latifrons">Brisaster latifrons</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
34 Paratypes, UMMZ 303919, Canada, British Columbia, Imperial Eagle Channel; 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="48.917534">48°55.052'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-125.227615">125°13.657'W</geoCoordinate>
(preserved in 100% EtOH).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Canada, British Columbia, Barkley Sound, Sanford Island, 80 meters, and Imperial Eagle Channel in soft sediments; and United States, California, from Monterey Bay to La Jolla, from 113 to 444 meters [SBMNH].</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Ten juvenile specimens from the intertidal zone of Smeaton Bay, Alaska (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="55.4">55.4°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="-130.6">130.6°W</geoCoordinate>
) [SBMNH 149330] are too small to be identified to species, but might also be 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="commensal relationship">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Commensal relationship.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Crawling on the oral surface of the heart urchin 
<taxonomicName class="Echinoidea" family="Schizasteridae" genus="Brisaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brisaster latifrons" order="Spatangoida" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latifrons">Brisaster latifrons</taxonomicName>
, primarily near the peristome. In 1989, most Barkley Sound heart urchins examined had a single bivalve although up to 3 specimens were collected on a single host. In 2011, the commensals were more plentiful: 22/33 urchins bore at least 1 commensal (mean = 2.7 clams/urchin); the maximum number on an individual host was 23 clams.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="discovery">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="72" start="start">Discovery</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Independently discovered in the late 1980's by Arthur Fontaine and Diarmaid 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ó">O</normalizedToken>
Foighil in British Columbia and Paul Valentich-Scott and Donald Cadien in southern California.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">This species is named after Dr. Arthur Fontaine, Professor Emeritus of Biology at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Comparisons.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Table 1 provides characteristics to separate 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="73" start="start">Waldo</pageBreakToken>
arthuri
</taxonomicName>
from other members of the genus. The Antarctic 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo parasiticus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parasiticus">Waldo parasiticus</taxonomicName>
is subequilateral, has a distinct anterior gape, and lacks the elongate anterior and posterior tentacles. 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo trapezialis" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trapezialis">Waldo trapezialis</taxonomicName>
, has a strong saddle shaped internal ligament, is subequilateral, and lacks strong radial sculpture. 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo digitatus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitatus">Waldo digitatus</taxonomicName>
Zelaya &amp; Ituarte, 2013 lacks the radial sculpture and has a large number of mantle tentacles ventrally. 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
is closest to 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo paucitentaculatus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="paucitentaculatus">Waldo paucitentaculatus</taxonomicName>
Zelaya &amp; Ituarte, 2013, which has wider, stronger radial ribs, a strongly crenulate ventral margin, and a much narrower anterior end.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
Table 1. Comparison of morphologic characteristics of members of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Waldo</taxonomicName>
. &lt;br/&gt;
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<table pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Taxa</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Shell shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Living animal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Pedal mantle tentacles</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Crenulate ventral margin</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo parasiticus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="parasiticus">Waldo parasiticus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo trapezialis" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="trapezialis">Waldo trapezialis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo paucitentaculatus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="paucitentaculatus">Waldo paucitentaculatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo digitatus" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitatus">Waldo digitatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona bellerophon" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bellerophon">Scintillona bellerophon</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ó">O</normalizedToken>
Foighil &amp; Gibson, 1984 is the only other galeommatid from the northeast Pacific that has been recorded as an epibiont on echinoderms. This species attaches externally to the sea cucumber, 
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Synaptidae" genus="Leptosynapta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptosynapta clarki" order="Apodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki">Leptosynapta clarki</taxonomicName>
(Heding, 1928). 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona bellerophon" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bellerophon">Scintillona bellerophon</taxonomicName>
has cardinal teeth in both valves. The shell is much thicker, and not transparent, when compared with 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
A species from Japan and Hawaii, 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona stigmatica" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stigmatica">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="74" start="start">Scintillona</pageBreakToken>
stigmatica
</taxonomicName>
(Pilsbry, 1921), has been collected on the heart urchin, 
<taxonomicName class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Brissus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brissus latecarinatus" order="Spatangoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="latecarinatus">Brissus latecarinatus</taxonomicName>
(Leske, 1778). 
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Yamamoto and Habe (1974)</bibRefCitation>
illustrate this bivalve on the ventral surface of the urchin, in an arrangement very similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Waldo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Waldo arthuri" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arthuri">Waldo arthuri</taxonomicName>
. However 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona stigmatica" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stigmatica">Scintillona stigmatica</taxonomicName>
, as with 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona bellerophon" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bellerophon">Scintillona bellerophon</taxonomicName>
, has a cardinal tooth in each valve. In addition, 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintillona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintillona stigmatica" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stigmatica">Scintillona stigmatica</taxonomicName>
has a red-brown stripe of color running laterally from the umbones to the posteroventral margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="74">
In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, 
<bibRefCitation author="Gage, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom," pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="49 - 70" title="Observations on the bivalves Montacuta substriata and M. ferruginosa, ' commensals' with spatangoids." url="10.1017/S0025315400017549" volume="46" year="1966">Gage (1966)</bibRefCitation>
documented two species of &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Lasaeidae" genus="Montacuta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montacuta" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Montacuta</taxonomicName>
&quot; attached to spantangoid urchins. Both species have a dentate hinge, and are easily separated from the new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="74">
Other similar North American species include those belonging to 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Divariscintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Divariscintilla" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Divariscintilla</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Mikkelsen, PM" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" pagination="175 - 195" title="Biology and comparative anatomy of Divariscintilla yoyo and D. troglodytes, two new species of Galeommatidae (Bivalvia) from stomatopod burrows in eastern Florida." volume="31" year="1989">Mikkelsen and Bieler (1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Mikkelsen, PM" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 24" title="Biology and comparative anatomy of three new species of commensal Galeommatidae, with a possible case of mating behavior in bivalves." volume="34" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
) describe five species of 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Divariscintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Divariscintilla" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Divariscintilla</taxonomicName>
from Florida. Externally these species all have a papillate, reflected mantle, and long mantle tentacles, similar to the new species. However members of 
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Divariscintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Divariscintilla" order="Galeommatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Divariscintilla</taxonomicName>
have distinct cardinal teeth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>