328 lines
36 KiB
XML
328 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="81655977221DF765DC7E5989EBEF3585">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C6151D0C22F70F61BE03F45E46CCCF84">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="03FA7008C4364513D3DBDEFDDB76D262">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A0A626B860A938CA9C7193D24CB9BF52">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B26027EFE149839E0C32EFF3BFAA6CBD">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA6F0A0BFF54FE51FE405DFC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064255" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700501" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064255" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA6F0A0BFF54FE51FE405DFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA6F0A0BFF54FE51FE405DFC" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6F0A0BFF54FE51FDCA581C" box="[151,603,510,537]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF54FE51FDCA581C" blockId="92.[151,603,510,537]" box="[151,603,510,537]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA6F0A0BFF54FE51FDCA581C" bold="true" box="[151,603,510,537]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFF54FE51FDCA581C" ID-CoL="8BMPJ" ID-ENA="1799682" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[151,603,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni" subGenus="Culex">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFF54FE51FDCA581C" bold="true" box="[151,603,510,537]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFF54FE51FF4E581C" bold="true" box="[151,223,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFF33FE51FEA9581C" bold="true" box="[240,312,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
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||
)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE8AFE50FE75581C" bold="true" box="[329,484,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">vansomereni</emphasis>
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Edwards
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6F0A0BFF54FD93FA165909" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF54FD93FCED5876" blockId="92.[151,1437,572,781]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFEC9FD93FDEE5851" authority="Ingram & de Meillon, 1927" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" box="[266,639,572,597]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEC9FD93FEF55851" bold="true" box="[266,356,572,596]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">draconis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFEA9FD92FDEE5851" author="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B." box="[362,639,572,597]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref161045" refString="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B. (1927) A mosquito survey of certain parts of South Africa, with special reference to the carriers of malaria and their control. (Part I). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 4 (4), 1 - 81, 15 pls." type="journal article" year="1927">Ingram & de Meillon, 1927</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFCB8FD93FB875851" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" box="[891,1046,572,596]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFCB8FD93FB875851" box="[891,1046,572,596]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex draconis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFB3FFD93FA005850" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1276,1425,572,597]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards 1941</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE8CFDF4FDDC5876" box="[335,589,603,627]" name="South Africa" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFD99FDF4FCE05876" author="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B." box="[602,881,603,627]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref161045" refString="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B. (1927) A mosquito survey of certain parts of South Africa, with special reference to the carriers of malaria and their control. (Part I). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 4 (4), 1 - 81, 15 pls." type="journal article" year="1927">Ingram & de Meillon 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF54FDD5FE2B58B4" blockId="92.[151,1437,572,781]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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||
subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFECAFDD6FD995897" authority="Edwards, 1941" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[265,520,633,658]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFECAFDD6FEFC5894" bold="true" box="[265,365,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFEB0FDD5FD995897" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[371,520,634,658]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFCC7FDD5FBC95897" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[772,1112,634,658]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="vansomereni" subSpecies="elgonicus">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFCC7FDD5FC545894" box="[772,965,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex vansomereni</emphasis>
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ssp.
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFC34FDD5FBC95897" box="[1015,1112,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFB2FFDD5FAD45897" box="[1260,1349,634,658]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFA8EFDD5FA0D5897" box="[1357,1436,634,658]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFF0DFD37FE3F58B4" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[206,430,664,689]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Wilkerson
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEFDFD36FEFA58B5" box="[318,363,664,688]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF54FD18FA165909" blockId="92.[151,1437,572,781]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFECEFD18FDD058CA" ID-CoL="8BMPJ" authority="Edwards, 1926 a" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1926" box="[269,577,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFECEFD18FE0258CA" bold="true" box="[269,403,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">vansomereni</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFE5FFD18FDD058CA" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[412,577,695,719]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 131" refId="ref153898" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1926 a) Mosquito notes. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17 (2), 101 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019143" type="journal article" year="1926">Edwards, 1926a</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—original combination:
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFC80FD18FB9858CA" ID-CoL="8BMPJ" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1926" box="[835,1033,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFC80FD18FB9858CA" box="[835,1033,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex vansomereni</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Distribution:
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||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFB60FD18FEA258EB" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFEFDFD79FE0658EB" box="[318,407,726,750]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE61FD79FE7658EB" box="[418,487,726,750]" name="Kenya" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE32FD79FDAC58EB" box="[497,573,726,750]" name="Liberia" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFD8BFD79FD4158EB" box="[584,720,726,750]" name="Mozambique" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFD18FD79FC4F58EB" box="[731,990,726,750]" name="South Africa" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFC2AFD79FBFB58EB" box="[1001,1130,726,750]" name="South Sudan" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
[but not
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFB0AFD79FA9958EB" box="[1225,1288,726,750]" name="Sudan" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFAD4FD79FA0D58E8" author="Simsaa, M. A. A. & Harbach, R. E. & Almalik, A. M. A. & Ahmed, E. M. & Esia, A. A. & Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S." box="[1303,1436,726,750]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 411" refId="ref178377" refString="Simsaa, M. A. A., Harbach, R. E., Almalik, A. M. A., Ahmed, E. M., Esia, A. A., Mohamed, A. H. & Azrag, R. S. (2021) Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) recorded along the Nile River in northern Sudan, with a key for the identification of all species of the genus known to occur in the country. Zootaxa, 4963 (3), 401 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4963.3.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Simsaa
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFAAAFD78FA0758EB" box="[1385,1430,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
2021)],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFED4FD5BFEE45909" box="[279,373,756,780]" name="Tanzania" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFEBCFD5BFE415909" box="[383,464,756,780]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE19FD5BFDD75909" box="[474,582,756,780]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFD90FD5BFCA55908" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[595,820,756,781]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFD07FD5AFD605909" box="[708,753,756,780]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The record of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFC16FD5BFBCD5909" author="Lewis, D. J." box="[981,1116,756,780]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="703 - 721" refId="ref165603" refString="Lewis, D. J. (1956) The Culex mosquitoes of the Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47 (4), 703 - 721. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046940" type="journal article" year="1956">Lewis (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is from Gilo in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFB3CFD5BFA125909" box="[1279,1411,756,780]" name="South Sudan" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA6F0A0BFF54FC94FE405DFC" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF54FC94FD6B5E28" blockId="92.[151,1437,827,2041]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFEDFFC94FEEF5950" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" box="[284,382,827,853]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEDFFC94FEEF5950" box="[284,382,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">draconis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a distinct species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFC4CFC94FB525950" author="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B." box="[911,1219,827,853]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref161045" refString="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B. (1927) A mosquito survey of certain parts of South Africa, with special reference to the carriers of malaria and their control. (Part I). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 4 (4), 1 - 81, 15 pls." type="journal article" year="1927">Ingram & de Meillon 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and interpreted as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFE8CFCF0FE4C597D" box="[335,477,863,888]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE8CFCF0FE4C597D" box="[335,477,863,888]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFDCFFCF0FD54597C" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[524,709,863,889]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This subspecies differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6F0A0BFB8FFCF0FBED597C" box="[1100,1148,863,889]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form in having a pair of submedian yellow stripes on the posterior half of the scutum and sometimes an ill-defined pair of curved lines of yellow scales on the anterior half. In males, the lateral plates of the phallosome are of a slightly different shape with more numerous denticles, and more importantly, the subapical lobe of the gonocoxite is not divided, seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFAEBFC64FAA759E1" box="[1320,1334,971,996]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">g</emphasis>
|
||
is larger, as long as seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE81FC40FEC35E0C" box="[322,338,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">f,</emphasis>
|
||
and seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE7FFC40FE5B5E0C" box="[444,458,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">h</emphasis>
|
||
is noticeably flattened. Based on information provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFBA0FC40FB7D5E0C" author="Jupp, P. G." box="[1123,1260,1007,1033]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref161745" refString="Jupp, P. G. (1996) Mosquitoes of southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, 156 pp." type="book" year="1996">Jupp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it seems likely that the two forms occurs in sympatry in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFDA7FBBCFD645E28" box="[612,757,1043,1069]" name="South Africa" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF04FB98FA0B5F74" blockId="92.[151,1437,827,2041]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFE89FB98FE245E54" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[330,437,1079,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE89FB98FE245E54" box="[330,437,1079,1105]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFD41FB98FCA55E54" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[642,820,1079,1105]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from a female and
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA6F0A0BFBCFFB98FBEC5E54" box="[1036,1149,1079,1105]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||
(with dissected genitalia) collected by G. R. L. Hancock (Mattingly 1956) at high elevation (
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6F0A0BFCB4FBF5FC495E70" box="[887,984,1114,1141]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" unit="ft" value="6.5">6,500 ft.</quantity>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6F0A0BFBE4FBF4FB125E70" box="[1063,1155,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" unit="m" value="1.98">1,980 m</quantity>
|
||
) on Mt Elgon in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFAFDFBF4FA085E70" box="[1342,1433,1115,1141]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Edwards indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFE62FBD0FD9D5E9C" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[417,524,1151,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE62FBD0FD9D5E9C" box="[417,524,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles the typical form “in nearly all respects” and distinguished it based on differences observed in the male genitalia, including the phallosome with slightly different lateral plates (with a longer and more incurved ventrolateral process and a larger number of marginal denticles), subapical lobe less distinctly divided, seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE5CFB44FE3C5F00" box="[415,429,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">d</emphasis>
|
||
present, setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFD95FB44FDF55F00" box="[598,612,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFD5DFB44FD3B5F01" box="[670,682,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e</emphasis>
|
||
small and slender, seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFC7FFB44FC555F00" box="[956,964,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">f</emphasis>
|
||
broader distally and noticeably separated from setae
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFED5FAA0FEB55F2C" box="[278,292,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE9FFAA0FEF95F2D" box="[348,360,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e</emphasis>
|
||
and seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE17FAA0FE735F2D" box="[468,482,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">g</emphasis>
|
||
larger, broader and as long as seta
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFCB0FAA0FCEA5F2C" box="[883,891,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">f</emphasis>
|
||
. Catalogers, beginning with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFB01FAA0FA065F2C" author="Stone, A. & Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H." box="[1218,1431,1294,1321]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref180004" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp." type="book" year="1959">
|
||
Stone
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFAC9FAA0FAAD5F2C" box="[1290,1340,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1959)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFEEFFA9CFE065F48" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[300,407,1331,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEEFFA9CFE065F48" box="[300,407,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFD74FA9CFC875F48" box="[695,790,1331,1357]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
without providing the source of the record. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFAF2FA9CFA0D5F48" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[1329,1436,1331,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFAF2FA9CFA0D5F48" box="[1329,1436,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does in fact occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE42FAF8FE725F74" box="[385,483,1367,1393]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, then it is more widely distributed and obviously distinguishable from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA6F0A0BFAE7FAF8FAC55F74" box="[1316,1364,1367,1393]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA6F0A0BFF04FAD4FE405DFC" blockId="92.[151,1437,827,2041]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Available evidence suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFDF8FAD4FD675F91" box="[571,758,1403,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFDF8FAD4FD675F91" box="[571,758,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Cx. vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a complex of species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFBCCFAD4FB515F90" author="Hopkins, G. H. E." box="[1039,1216,1402,1429]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref160249" refString="Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp." type="book" year="1952">Hopkins (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that “The larvae of this species vary very considerably, particularly in the degree of sclerotization of the head and siphon, the siphonal index, and the number of comb-scales. Examination of a long series of specimens from Nairobi (the type-locality of the species),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFE1EFA48FDFD5C04" box="[477,620,1511,1537]" name="South Africa" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFDBFFA48FB8E5C04" authority="Ingram and de Meillon" authorityName="Ingram and de Meillon" box="[636,1055,1511,1537]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="draconis">
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFD6DFA48FC815C04" box="[686,784,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">draconis</emphasis>
|
||
Ingram and de Meillon
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and various localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFA86FA48FA0D5C04" box="[1349,1436,1511,1537]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFF63F9A4FEF55C21" box="[160,356,1547,1573]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFF15F9A4FEF55C21" box="[214,356,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has shown that though the majority of the specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFBEDF9A4FB505C20" box="[1070,1217,1547,1573]" name="South Africa" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and of those from high elevations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFEA4F980FE2F5C4C" box="[359,446,1583,1609]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6F0A0BFE0DF980FDFE5C4C" box="[462,623,1583,1609]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" metricValueMax="2.1336" metricValueMin="1.8288" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" unit="ft" value="6500.0" valueMax="7000.0" valueMin="6000.0">6000–7000 ft.</quantity>
|
||
) are of the form with strongly-sclerotized and long siphon, and of those from Nairobi and from low elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA6F0A0BFD94F9FDFD235C68" box="[599,690,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000 ft.</quantity>
|
||
and below) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFC9CF9FCFC275C68" box="[863,950,1619,1645]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
of the form with short, weakly-sclerotized siphon, the differences are not constant; in at least one of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA6F0A0BFC90F9D8FC3B5C94" box="[851,938,1655,1681]" name="Uganda" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
localities specimens of both forms and also intermediates have been found breeding in the same pool. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFC1AF934FB035CB0" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[985,1170,1691,1717]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref154310" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp." type="book" year="1941">Edwards (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, larvae of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFACDF934FF685CDC" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFACDF934FA0D5CB1" box="[1294,1436,1691,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vansomereni">vansomereni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFF54F910FF685CDC" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" box="[151,249,1727,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis">draconis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are separable by their longer siphon (index about 6), the fact that the “coronet” of the subapical spines on the siphon is divided into dorsal and ventral groups, and by the subventral tufts of the siphon being double and scarcely longer than the diameter of the siphon.” This statement, however, pertains only to larvae, which have not been studied in detail. When other larval features,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFCCEF884FCA45D41" box="[781,821,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
branching of the dorsal head setae and anal papillae, topographic and distributional data, with indication of sympatry, and particularly differences in structures of the male genitalia are considered, we conclude that the three described forms are likely to be different species; thus, subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFED4F838FEE85DB4" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" box="[279,377,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFED4F838FEE85DB4" box="[279,377,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">draconis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFE72F838FD8D5DB4" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1941" box="[433,540,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE72F838FD8D5DB4" box="[433,540,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are herewith elevated to specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFC2AF839FEAB5DD1" authority="Ingram & de Meillon, 1927" authorityName="Ingram & de Meillon" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconis" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFC2AF839FEAB5DD1" bold="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFC2AF839FBBC5DB4" bold="true" box="[1001,1069,1942,1969]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFBFDF839FB135DB4" bold="true" box="[1086,1154,1942,1969]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFB57F839FB695DB4" bold="true" box="[1172,1272,1942,1969]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">draconis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFB3CF838FEAB5DD1" author="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref161045" refString="Ingram, A. & de Meillon, B. (1927) A mosquito survey of certain parts of South Africa, with special reference to the carriers of malaria and their control. (Part I). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 4 (4), 1 - 81, 15 pls." type="journal article" year="1927">Ingram & de Meillon, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA6F0A0BFEB0F815FCC45DD1" authority="Edwards, 1926 a" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1926" box="[371,853,1978,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elgonicus" subGenus="Culex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEB0F815FCC45DD1" bold="true" box="[371,853,1978,2005]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFEB0F815FE265DD0" bold="true" box="[371,439,1978,2005]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFE0BF815FD9D5DD0" bold="true" box="[456,524,1978,2005]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Culex</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA6F0A0BFDDDF815FD1D5DD0" bold="true" box="[542,652,1978,2005]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">elgonicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA6F0A0BFD56F814FCC45DD1" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[661,853,1978,2005]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="101 - 131" refId="ref153898" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1926 a) Mosquito notes. - VI. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17 (2), 101 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019143" type="journal article" year="1926">Edwards, 1926a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both nominal forms are currently listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |