1050 lines
130 KiB
XML
1050 lines
130 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8FC039B74FDB10CC6B99A3C3381F04AF">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A5116FEA3B7D34DD5AEB80ABD6368DFB">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BFAC68889D68E94F169D9105858A59ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA1C0A65FF54FDBAFE035B60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064180" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700414" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064180" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA1C0A65FF54FDBAFE035B60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA1C0A65FF54FDBAFE035B60" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1C0A78FF54FDBAFDF5582A" box="[151,612,533,560]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF54FDBAFDF5582A" blockId="47.[151,612,533,560]" box="[151,612,533,560]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA1C0A78FF54FDBAFDF5582A" bold="true" box="[151,612,533,560]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FF54FDBAFDF5582A" ID-CoL="89W72" ID-ENA="7159" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[151,612,533,560]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti" subGenus="Stegomyia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF54FDBAFDF5582A" bold="true" box="[151,612,533,560]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF54FDBAFF4E5835" bold="true" box="[151,223,533,560]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aedes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF33FDBAFEFC582A" bold="true" box="[240,365,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Stegomyia</emphasis>
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)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FEBCFDBAFE44582A" bold="true" box="[383,469,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
|
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1C0A78FF54FDF5FA8558E8" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF54FDF5FEF058AA" blockId="47.[151,1437,602,749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FECEFDF5FD815877" ID-CoL="89W72" authority="(Linnaeus, 1762)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[269,528,602,626]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FECEFDF5FEC95877" bold="true" box="[269,344,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
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(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FEAAFDF5FD985877" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[361,521,602,626]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="267 - 606" refId="ref166011" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1762) Zweyter Theil, enthalt Beschreibungen verschiedener wichtiger Naturalien. In: Hasselquist, D. F., Reise nach Palastina in den Jahren von 1749 bis 1752. Auf Befehl Ihro Majestat der K ˆ niginn von Schweden. Johann Christian Koppe, Rostock, pp. 267 - 606." type="book chapter" year="1762">Linnaeus, 1762</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FCD0FDF5FC325874" ID-CoL="8833M" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1762" box="[787,931,602,626]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FCD0FDF5FC325874" box="[787,931,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Culex aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distribution: Worldwide tropics and subtropics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FF0DFDD7FE135895" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[206,386,632,656]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="392 - 408" refId="ref168772" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1957 b) Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. - Taxonomy and bionomics. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (4), 392 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1957.11685829" type="journal article" year="1957">Mattingly 1957b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FE50FDD6FD885894" author="Huang, Y. - M." box="[403,537,633,657]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref160861" refString="Huang, Y. - M. (2004) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 700 (1), 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 700.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Huang 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FDE9FDD7FD685894" author="Powell, J. R. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P." box="[554,761,632,657]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="854 - 860" refId="ref173635" refString="Powell, J. R., Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018) Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector genomics and epidemiology records. BioScience, 68 (11), 854 - 860. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biosci / biy 119" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDBEFDD6FD265895" box="[637,695,632,656]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FCCAFDD7FC675894" author="Soghigian, J. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Robert, V. & Le Goff, G. & Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R." box="[777,1014,632,657]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="3593 - 3606" refId="ref178828" refString="Soghigian, J., Gloria-Soria, A., Robert, V., Le Goff, G., Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R. (2020) Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Molecular Ecology, 29 (19), 3593 - 3606. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 15590" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Soghigian
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FCBFFDD6FC275895" box="[892,950,632,656]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) [see postscript note regarding current nomenclature].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF54FD19FA8558E8" blockId="47.[151,1437,602,749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FED1FD1AFD8E58CB" authority="(Walker, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[274,543,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FED1FD1AFEE258C8" bold="true" box="[274,371,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FE4AFD19FD8958CB" author="Walker, F." box="[393,536,694,718]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—original combination:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FCEEFD19FC4558CB" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1948" box="[813,980,694,718]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FCEEFD19FC4558CB" box="[813,980,694,718]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Culex formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subspecific status by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FB1FFD19FA0358CB" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[1244,1426,694,718]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="392 - 408" refId="ref168772" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1957 b) Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. - Taxonomy and bionomics. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (4), 392 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1957.11685829" type="journal article" year="1957">Mattingly 1957b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FDE0FD7BFD4058E9" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[547,721,724,748]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="392 - 408" refId="ref168772" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1957 b) Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. - Taxonomy and bionomics. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (4), 392 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1957.11685829" type="journal article" year="1957">Mattingly 1957b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FD1FFD7AFCCD58E8" author="Huang, Y. - M." box="[732,860,725,749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref160861" refString="Huang, Y. - M. (2004) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 700 (1), 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 700.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Huang 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FCA5FD7BFBB058E8" author="Powell, J. R. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P." box="[870,1057,724,749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="854 - 860" refId="ref173635" refString="Powell, J. R., Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018) Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector genomics and epidemiology records. BioScience, 68 (11), 854 - 860. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biosci / biy 119" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FC71FD7AFC7758E9" box="[946,998,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FBE8FD7BFA9858E8" author="Soghigian, J. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Robert, V. & Le Goff, G. & Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R." box="[1067,1289,724,749]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="3593 - 3606" refId="ref178828" refString="Soghigian, J., Gloria-Soria, A., Robert, V., Le Goff, G., Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R. (2020) Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Molecular Ecology, 29 (19), 3593 - 3606. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 15590" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Soghigian
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB5AFD7AFB5D58E9" box="[1177,1228,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA1C0A65FF54FCBAFE035B60" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF54FCBAFD8A599F" blockId="47.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
It is apropos here to reiterate what we advocated in the Introduction,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FC68FCBAFC5F592B" box="[939,974,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
we follow the definitions of species and subspecies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FEF4FC97FD915957" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[311,512,824,850]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="57 - 75" refId="ref151404" refString="de Queiroz, K. (1998) The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: A conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. In: Daniel, J., Howard, D. J. & Stewart, H. & Berlocher, S. H. (Eds.), Endless forms: species and speciation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 57 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2540.2000.0704 b. x" type="book chapter" year="1998">de Queiroz (1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FDCFFC97FDD65957" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[524,583,824,850]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="49 - 89" refId="ref151501" refString="de Queiroz, K. (1999) The general lineage concept of species and the defining properties of the species category. In: Wilson, R. A. (Ed.), Species: new interdisciplinary essays, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 49 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.7551 / mitpress / 6396.001.0001" type="book chapter" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FD90FC97FD0B5956" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[595,666,824,851]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="6600 - 6607" refId="ref151568" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2005 a) Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (Supplement 1), 6600 - 6607. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0502030102" type="journal article" year="2005">2005a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FD65FC97FD7E5956" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[678,751,824,851]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="196 - 215" refId="ref151616" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2005 b) A unified species concept and its consequences for the future of taxonomy. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 56 (Supplement 1), 196 - 215." type="journal article" year="2005">2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FD3FFC97FCA65957" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[764,823,824,850]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="879 - 886" refId="ref151656" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2007) Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology, 56 (6), 879 - 886. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150701701083" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FC80FC97FCEF5957" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[835,894,824,850]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="459 - 461" refId="ref151692" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2020) An updated concept of subspecies resolves a dispute about the taxonomy of incompletely separated lineages. Herpetological Review, 51 (3), 459 - 461." type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FC49FC97FC575957" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[906,966,824,850]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="773 - 776" refId="ref151728" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2021) Response to criticisms of an updated subspecies concept. Herpetological Review, 52 (4), 773 - 776." type="journal article" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Herewith, a brief taxonomic conspectus of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF74FCF3FF445973" box="[183,213,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FF20FCF2FE015973" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1762" box="[227,400,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF20FCF2FE015973" box="[227,400,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE0AFCF3FE765973" box="[457,487,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE35FCF2FD295973" box="[502,696,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FE35FCF2FDD95973" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1762" box="[502,584,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FD92FCF3FD295973" box="[593,696,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is provided, followed by some examples of how
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FB29FCF3FAC05973" box="[1258,1361,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB29FCF3FAC05973" box="[1258,1361,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fits as an incompletely separated lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF04FC0BFCE25E4B" blockId="47.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FF04FC0BFE2C59BB" box="[199,445,932,958]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="aegypti" subSpecies="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF04FC0BFE2C59BB" box="[199,445,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aedes aegypti aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE36FC0BFD8259BB" box="[501,531,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDE2FC0AFD7359BB" box="[545,738,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FDE2FC0AFDE259BB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[545,627,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FDB8FC0BFD7359BB" box="[635,738,932,958]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are members of the Aegypti Group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FB43FC0BFA9E59BB" author="Huang, Y. - M." box="[1152,1295,932,958]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref160861" refString="Huang, Y. - M. (2004) The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 700 (1), 1 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 700.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Huang 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which also includes
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF3FFC67FE8B59E7" box="[252,282,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FEEBFC66FD0559E7" authority="(MacGregor, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="MacGregor" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[296,660,968,994]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mascarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FEEBFC66FE2059E7" box="[296,433,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">mascarensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FE03FC67FD1D59E7" author="MacGregor, M. E." box="[448,652,968,994]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="409 - 412" refId="ref167272" refString="MacGregor, M. E. (1924) Aedes (Stegomyia) mascarensis, MacGregor: A new mosquito from Mauritius. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14 (4), 409 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300045648" type="journal article" year="1924">MacGregor, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FD63FC66FD4159E6" box="[672,720,969,995]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FCF0FC67FC3259E7" box="[819,931,968,994]" name="Mauritius" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an island nation in the Indian Ocean located about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBA1C0A78FF23FC43FEA95E03" box="[224,312,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="800.0">800 km</quantity>
|
||
east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FE5AFC43FDB35E03" box="[409,546,1004,1030]" name="Madagascar" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDA0FC43FD105E03" box="[611,641,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FD51FC42FC4D5E03" authority="Le Goff & Robert, 2013" authorityName="Le Goff & Robert" authorityYear="2013" box="[658,988,1004,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FD51FC42FD275E03" box="[658,694,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">pia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FD03FC42FC4D5E03" author="Le Goff, G. & Brengues, C. & Robert, V." box="[704,988,1004,1031]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="31" refId="ref165153" refString="Le Goff, G., Brengues, C. & Robert, V. (2013) Stegomyia mosquitoes in Mayotte, taxonomic study and description of Stegomyia pia n. sp. Parasite, 20, 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2013030" type="journal article" year="2013">Le Goff & Robert, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FBCCFC42FB665E03" author="Le Goff, G. & Brengues, C. & Robert, V." box="[1039,1271,1004,1031]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="31" refId="ref165153" refString="Le Goff, G., Brengues, C. & Robert, V. (2013) Stegomyia mosquitoes in Mayotte, taxonomic study and description of Stegomyia pia n. sp. Parasite, 20, 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2013030" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Le Goff
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FBB5FC42FB3B5E03" box="[1142,1194,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FACDFC42FAAF5E02" box="[1294,1342,1005,1031]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FF54FBBEFF665E2E" box="[151,247,1041,1067]" name="Mayotte" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
|
||
, officially the Department of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FD8AFBBEFD385E2E" box="[585,681,1041,1067]" name="Mayotte" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mayotte</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an Overseas Department of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FC37FBBEFBD15E2E" box="[1012,1088,1041,1067]" name="France" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the Comoro Archipelago in the Indian Ocean located between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FDD9FB9BFD305E4B" box="[538,673,1076,1102]" name="Madagascar" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FD14FB9BFCFE5E4B" box="[727,879,1076,1102]" name="Mozambique" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF04FBF7FC3D5FB3" blockId="47.[151,1437,788,1499]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Using three molecular datasets,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FDF1FBF7FCA95E77" author="Soghigian, J. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Robert, V. & Le Goff, G. & Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R." box="[562,824,1112,1138]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="3593 - 3606" refId="ref178828" refString="Soghigian, J., Gloria-Soria, A., Robert, V., Le Goff, G., Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R. (2020) Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Molecular Ecology, 29 (19), 3593 - 3606. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 15590" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Soghigian
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FD6FFBF6FD745E77" box="[684,741,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“found that: (a) the Aegypti Group diverged 16 MYA (95% HPD: 7–28 MYA) from its nearest African/Asian ancestor; (b) SWIO [Southwest Indian Ocean] populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF7BFB0FFF475EBF" box="[184,214,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FF24FB0EFEA85EBF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[231,313,1185,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF24FB0EFEA85EBF" box="[231,313,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are basal to continental African populations; (c) after diverging 7 MYA (95% HPD: 4–15 MYA) from its nearest formally described relative (
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FD54FB6BFD245EDB" box="[663,693,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FD07FB6AFCDC5EDB" baseAuthorityName="MacGregor" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[708,845,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mascarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FD07FB6AFCDC5EDB" box="[708,845,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">mascarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FCA4FB6BFC145EDB" box="[871,901,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FC56FB6AFC765EDB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[917,999,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FC56FB6AFC765EDB" box="[917,999,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moved to continental Africa less than 85,000 years ago, where it recently (<1,000 years ago) split into two recognized subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB6CFB47FB5C5F07" box="[1199,1229,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB18FB46FA0C5F07" box="[1243,1437,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FB18FB46FABC5F07" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1243,1325,1257,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FAF5FB47FA0C5F07" box="[1334,1437,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and a human commensal,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE7DFAA3FE4D5F23" box="[446,476,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FE29FAA2FD075F23" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[490,662,1293,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE29FAA2FD075F23" box="[490,662,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
...”. The latter invaded the New World about 500 years ago via ships involved in the slave trade, and from there it invaded Asia about 150 years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FBC8FA9FFA885F4F" author="Gloria-Soria, A. & Ayala, D. & Bheecarry, A. & Calderon-Arguedas, O. & Chadee, D. D. & Chiappero, M. & Coetzee, M. & Elahee, K. B. & Fernandez-Salas, I. & Kamal, H. A. & Kamgang, B. & Khater, E. K. & Kramer, L. D. & Kramer, V. & Lopez-Solis, A. & Saleh, A. A. & Sanchez-Casas, R. M. & Seixas, G. & Sousa, CA & Tabachnick, W. J. & Troyo, A. & Powell, J. R." box="[1035,1305,1328,1355]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="5377 - 5395" refId="ref157012" refString="Gloria-Soria, A., Ayala, D., Bheecarry, A., Calderon-Arguedas, O., Chadee, D. D., Chiappero, M., Coetzee, M., Elahee, K. B., Fernandez-Salas, I., Kamal, H. A., Kamgang, B., Khater, E. K., Kramer, L. D., Kramer, V., Lopez-Solis, A., Saleh, A. A., Sanchez-Casas, R. M., Seixas, G., Sousa, CA., Tabachnick, W. J., Troyo, A. & Powell, J. R. (2016) Global genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti. Molecular Ecology, 25 (21), 5377 - 5395. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 13866" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Gloria-Soria
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB5CFA9EFB5E5F4F" box="[1183,1231,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Soghigian
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FF54FAFAFF435F6B" box="[151,210,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
also noted that “
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE5AFAFBFE265F6B" box="[409,439,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FE04FAFAFE7A5F6B" authorityName="Le Goff & Robert" authorityYear="2013" box="[455,491,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE04FAFAFE7A5F6B" box="[455,491,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">pia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly the most distantly related and thus serves as an outgroup in [their] later analyses.” They also refer to
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE27FAD7FD935F97" box="[484,514,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FDD2FAD6FDF25F97" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[529,611,1401,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDD2FAD6FDF25F97" box="[529,611,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FD48FAD7FC835F97" box="[651,786,1400,1426]" name="Madagascar" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FC80FAD6FC045F97" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[835,917,1401,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FC80FAD6FC045F97" box="[835,917,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FC65FAD7FBBC5F97" box="[934,1069,1400,1426]" name="Madagascar" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
due to its large genetic distance from global
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FEE1FA32FD995FB3" box="[290,520,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FEE1FA32FEE55FB3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[290,372,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA1C0A78FEB8FA32FD995FB3" box="[379,520,1437,1462]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDFDFA33FDCD5FB3" box="[574,604,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FDA9FA32FD625FB3" baseAuthorityName="MacGregor" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[618,755,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mascarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FDA9FA32FD625FB3" box="[618,755,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">mascarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FCFBFA33FC385FB3" box="[824,937,1436,1462]" name="Mauritius" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF04FA6FFC025FDE" blockId="47.[151,1437,788,1499]" box="[199,915,1472,1499]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FF04FA6FFE045FDE" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[199,405,1472,1499]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="392 - 408" refId="ref168772" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1957 b) Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. - Taxonomy and bionomics. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (4), 392 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1957.11685829" type="journal article" year="1957">Mattingly (1957b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered three forms of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FD01FA6EFC1C5FDF" box="[706,909,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FD01FA6EFC855FDF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[706,788,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA1C0A78FCDFFA6EFC1C5FDF" box="[796,909,1472,1498]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF34F9ACFD2C5CAE" blockId="47.[199,1384,1539,2032]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FED1F9ACFEEA5C1E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[274,379,1539,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FED1F9ACFEB05C1F" box="[274,289,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FEF3F9ABFEEA5C1E" box="[304,379,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sens. str., the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FDD3F9ABFDAD5C19" box="[528,572,1540,1564]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form [worldwide tropics]. This form is variable in depth of colour but always either distinctly paler and browner (at least in the female) than the blackish African subspecies which is next described, or with pale scaling on the first abdominal tergite [terga], or both. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FC68F9E3FC465C61" box="[939,983,1612,1636]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form extensions of pale scaling, if any, are limited either to bleaching of the two dark areas on the back of the head, or to the presence of pale scaling on the first abdominal tergite, or to both in combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA1C0A78FF34F918FD035DEA" blockId="47.[199,1384,1539,2032]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FECCF918FDF05CCA" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[271,609,1719,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="aegypti" subSpecies="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FECCF918FE8F5CCB" box="[271,286,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FEE9F917FEE45CCA" box="[298,373,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE66F918FD935CCA" box="[421,514,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[presumably retrieved from synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FBDCF917FBFB5CCA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1055,1130,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FBDCF917FBFB5CCA" box="[1055,1130,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this cited publication]. This is a geographically representative form confined to Africa south of the Sahara, where it is the only form known to occur, except in coastal districts and in one or two areas of limited inland penetration. It is therefore designated as a subspecies. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA1C0A78FE01F88CFD8E5D3E" box="[450,543,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FE01F88CFD8E5D3E" box="[450,543,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the first to be applied to any form occurring in the area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA1C0A78FB63F88CFABF5D3E" author="Walker, F." box="[1184,1326,1827,1851]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FF04F8E7FF645D65" box="[199,245,1864,1888]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, a female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA1C0A78FE56F8E8FD8B5D5A" box="[405,538,1863,1887]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is in the British Museum. It is in poor condition but there is nothing about either it or Walker’s description which would suggest either of the paler forms [the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FC12F8C3FC6C5D81" box="[977,1021,1900,1924]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form, above, and
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA1C0A78FB78F8C4FAF05D86" box="[1211,1377,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">queenslandensis</emphasis>
|
||
, below]. This subspecies differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA1C0A78FDA3F83FFD1D5DAD" box="[608,652,1936,1960]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form in the markedly blackish appearance of the dark areas of the thorax and abdomen and in entirely lacking any bleaching or extension of pale scaling on any part of the body. It never has any pale scales on the first abdominal tergite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FF38FC6D5AFC" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
A third form discussed by Mattingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD5FFF38FB785AB4" authority="Theobald, 1901 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[668,1257,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="aegypti" variety="queenslandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD5FFF38FC845AB5" box="[668,789,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC9DFF38FB875AB4" box="[862,1046,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">queenslandensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FBE7FF38FB785AB4" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1060,1257,151,177]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FAEBFF38FF615AD0" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FAEBFF38FF615AD0" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Stegomyia fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variety] was later synonymized with
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD5CFF14FC185AD1" box="[671,905,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD5CFF14FD605AD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[671,753,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA030A67FD39FF14FC185AD1" box="[762,905,187,212]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FC75FF14FBC55AD0" author="Huang, Y. - M." box="[950,1108,187,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref160775" refString="Huang, Y. - M. (1979) Medical entomology studies - XI. The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Oriental region with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15 (6), 1 - 79." type="journal article" year="1979">Huang (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and shown to be genetically indistinguishable from nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD87FF70FD075AFD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[580,662,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD87FF70FD075AFD" box="[580,662,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FD7BFF70FC8E5AFC" box="[696,799,223,249]" name="Australia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FCEDFF70FC615AFC" author="Rasic, G. & Filipovic, I. & Callahan, A. G. & Stanford, D. & Chan, A. & Lam-Phua, S. G. & Tan, C. H. & Hoffmann, A. A." box="[814,1008,223,249]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="0005096" refId="ref174023" refString="Rasic, G., Filipovic, I., Callahan, A. G., Stanford, D., Chan, A., Lam-Phua, S. G., Tan, C. H. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2016) The queenslandensis and the type form of the dengue fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.) are genomically indistinguishable. PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10 (11), e 0005096. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0005096" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Rašić
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCB7FF70FC375AFC" box="[884,934,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FEACFC655BA8" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
It is hypothesized that nominotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FDBDFEACFD415B19" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[638,720,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FDBDFEACFD415B19" box="[638,720,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved in sub-Saharan Africa from a forest species utilizing natural containers for larval development, and then diverged into two forms, one remaining adapted to forest habitats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FF62FEE4FE3E5B60" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[161,431,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="aegypti" subSpecies="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FF62FEE4FE3E5B60" box="[161,431,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aedes aegypti formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the other adapted to primarily seek human hosts and to utilize artificial containers provided by humans (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FE57FEC0FD1E5B8D" box="[404,655,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="aegypti" subSpecies="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE57FEC0FD1E5B8D" box="[404,655,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aedes aegypti aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Significantly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FC8BFEC0FBD45B8C" author="McBride, C. S. & Baier, F. & Omondi, A. B. & Spitzer, S. A. & Lutomiah, J. & Sang, R. & Ignell, R. & Vosshall, L. B." box="[840,1093,367,393]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="222 - 227" refId="ref169421" refString="McBride, C. S., Baier, F., Omondi, A. B., Spitzer, S. A., Lutomiah, J., Sang, R., Ignell, R. & Vosshall, L. B. (2014) Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor. Nature, 515, 222 - 227. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 13964" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
McBride
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC75FEC0FC615B8C" box="[950,1008,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a genetic change in an odorant receptor responsible for the change to a preference for human blood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FE18FE3158AC" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
A few examples of differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD4FFE18FD4F5BD5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[652,734,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD4FFE18FD4F5BD5" box="[652,734,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FCD5FE18FCEC5BD4" box="[790,893,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCD5FE18FCEC5BD4" box="[790,893,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
follow, many demonstrating incomplete lineage separation. Note that most work comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD57FE74FD775BF1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[660,742,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD57FE74FD775BF1" box="[660,742,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FCE0FE74FC1B5BF0" box="[803,906,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCE0FE74FC1B5BF0" box="[803,906,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa has been carried out in East Africa, while the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA030A67FEC5FE50FEA7581C" box="[262,310,511,537]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FE7BFE50FD8E581C" box="[440,543,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE7BFE50FD8E581C" box="[440,543,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in West Africa (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FD33FE50FC19581C" box="[752,904,511,537]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Also note that despite the medical importance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FF75FD8CFE995839" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[182,264,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FF75FD8CFE995839" box="[182,264,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FEFDFD8CFE345838" box="[318,421,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FEFDFD8CFE345838" box="[318,421,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, morphological studies of all stages have only been carried out on the invasive form in the New World and Asia. No detailed comparisons, other than documentation of adult abdominal markings, have been done for larvae and pupae of African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FDF9FDC4FD1D5881" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[570,652,619,644]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FDF9FDC4FD1D5881" box="[570,652,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD72FDC4FC895880" box="[689,792,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD72FDC4FC895880" box="[689,792,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and therefore there are no comparisons with populations outside of Africa either.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FD1CFBD35E14" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04FD1CFE0C58C8" author="McClelland, G. A. H." box="[199,413,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="239 - 259" refId="ref169502" refString="McClelland, G. A. H. (1974) A worldwide survey of variation in scale pattern of the abdominal tergum of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 126 (2), 239 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1974. tb 00853. x" type="journal article" year="1974">McClelland (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
scored pale abdominal markings of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCF6FD1CFCC258C8" box="[821,851,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCA3FD1CFBBA58C8" box="[864,1067,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FCA3FD1CFC2358C9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[864,946,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA030A67FC79FD1CFBBA58C8" box="[954,1067,691,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
worldwide in relation to biology using an artificial “paleness” scoring scheme. He found continuous intra- and interpopulation variation and determined that identification was not reliable using abdominal markings,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC10FD54FC675911" box="[979,1014,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
there were discernible but no discrete groupings. He pointed out that part of the problem of correlating markings with habitat was imprecise terminology, and gave the example of “The same population of mosquitoes regarded as ‘feral’ when breeding in a forest would become ‘peridomestic’ if it persisted after a human settlement arose in the forest and ‘urban’ if the village grew to a town.” He then provided a list of what he considered to be more usable terms. In conclusion he stated: “I would venture further that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FE05FC00FDA959CD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[454,568,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE05FC00FDA959CD" box="[454,568,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises two species or incipient species. The pale or synanthropic species competitively excludes the dark or feral species from habitats where water and man are continuously present. The reverse occurs in habitats where most breeding sites are filled naturally by rainfall.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FBB4FA845EA4" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04FBB4FE6E5E30" author="Scott, J. A. & McClelland, G. A. H." box="[199,511,1050,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="405 - 406" refId="ref177253" refString="Scott, J. A. & McClelland, G. A. H. (1975) Electrophoretic differences between sympatric ecotypes. Nature, 256, 405 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 256405 a 0" type="journal article" year="1975">Scott & McClelland (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, using starch gel electrophoresis and specimens from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FB78FBB4FA965E30" box="[1211,1287,1051,1077]" name="Kenya" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, stated: “The indoor and outdoor ecotypes differed considerably at three loci.” In the laboratory, caged indoor and outdoor ecotypes mated freely, but they stated: “We have demonstrated partial reproductive isolation between them; therefore, what we are calling two ‘ecotypes’ may actually be incipient species, partially isolated by habitat selection.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FB04FCC85F34" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04FB04FE3E5EC0" author="Paterson, H. E. & Green, C. A. & Mahon, R. J." box="[199,431,1195,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="252" refId="ref172705" refString="Paterson, H. E., Green, C. A. & Mahon, R. J. (1976) Aedes aegypti complex in Africa. Nature, 259, 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 259252 b 0" type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Paterson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FEE8FB04FEF15EC0" box="[299,352,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1976)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concurred with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FD9FFB04FC165EC0" author="Scott, J. A. & McClelland, G. A. H." box="[604,903,1194,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="405 - 406" refId="ref177253" refString="Scott, J. A. & McClelland, G. A. H. (1975) Electrophoretic differences between sympatric ecotypes. Nature, 256, 405 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 256405 a 0" type="journal article" year="1975">Scott& McClelland (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,stating that “the data on the alkaline phosphatase and protein loci... are sufficient to eliminate the possibility that we are dealing with a single polymorphic species. In fact, the data for these two loci provide strong evidence for the existence of positive assortative mating in the field, thus supporting the view that they are distinct genetic species.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FA94FE455FC4" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04FA94FEF75F50" author="Moore, D. F." box="[199,358,1339,1365]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="223 - 226" refId="ref170959" refString="Moore, D. F. (1979) Hybridization and mating behavior in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 16 (3), 223 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 16.3.223" type="journal article" year="1979">Moore (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based solely on laboratory crossing experiments, determined that data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FB6EFA94FB6E5F51" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1197,1279,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FB6EFA94FB6E5F51" box="[1197,1279,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FAF5FA94FA0C5F50" box="[1334,1437,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FAF5FA94FA0C5F50" box="[1334,1437,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FF14FAF0FEB15F7C" box="[215,288,1375,1401]" name="Kenya" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
were “consistent with the contention that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FCC4FAF0FC345F7D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[775,933,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCC4FAF0FC345F7D" box="[775,933,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a single polytypic species.” We note that laboratory mating experiments with closely related, perhaps currently diverging species, probably do not reflect what is happening in nature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A67FF04FA64FAB35C9C" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04FA64FE4E5FE0" author="Tabachnick, W. J. & Munstermann, L. E. & Powell, J. R." box="[199,479,1483,1509]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="287 - 295" refId="ref180556" refString="Tabachnick, W. J., Munstermann, L. E. & Powell, J. R. (1979) Genetic distinctness of sympatric forms of Aedes aegypti in East Africa. Evolution, 33, (1 part 2), 287 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1979. tb 04682. x" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tabachnick
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE93FA64FE1B5FE0" box="[336,394,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a larger study of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FD0DFA64FCB15FE1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[718,800,1483,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FD0DFA64FCB15FE1" box="[718,800,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FC99FA64FC505FE0" box="[858,961,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC99FA64FC505FE0" box="[858,961,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also using starch gel electrophoresis and specimens from (eastern)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FE7DFA40FD9B5C0C" box="[446,522,1519,1545]" name="Kenya" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were ambiguous in their judgement of the status of the two forms. They stated: “The results suggest that gene flow between the two forms is restricted. None of the loci examined in this study provided evidence for the complete absence of gene flow between forms. We feel that, at present, the two forms can still be thought of as members of the same polytypic species. However, due to the distinct behavioral differences characteristic of each, and the evidence for restricted gene flow, speciation may be a likely eventuality.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA030A66FF04F90CFE1F5AD0" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FF04F90CFE145CB8" author="Lounibos, L. P." box="[199,389,1699,1725]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="129 - 154" refId="ref166214" refString="Lounibos, L. P. (1981) Habitat segregation among African treehole mosquitoes. Ecological Entomology, 6 (2), 129 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1981. tb 00601. x" type="journal article" year="1981">Lounibos (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the larval ecologies of mosquito species at two sites near the Kenyan coast (Rabai Location,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA030A67FEC9F968FE355CE4" box="[266,420,1735,1761]" country="Kenya" name="Kilifi" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kilifi District</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Shimba Hills National Park,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA030A67FCE5F968FC405CE4" box="[806,977,1735,1761]" country="Kenya" name="Kwale" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kwale District</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FC26F968FB135CE5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[997,1154,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC26F968FB135CE5" box="[997,1154,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae [
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FB21F968FAC55CE4" box="[1250,1364,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
] were found in cultivated and ecotonal macrohabitats, predominantly in large tree holes and bamboo. Lounibos also noted that 96% of the
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE92F8A0FEFE5D2C" box="[337,367,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FEBDF8A0FE415D2D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[382,464,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FEBDF8A0FE415D2D" box="[382,464,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected for his study of tree holes and other natural containers corresponded to the morphologically dark subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FDCBF89CFDFE5D48" box="[520,623,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FDCBF89CFDFE5D48" box="[520,623,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as characterized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FC91F89CFBB05D48" author="Mattingly, P. F." box="[850,1057,1842,1869]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="392 - 408" refId="ref168772" refString="Mattingly, P. F. (1957 b) Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. - Taxonomy and bionomics. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 51 (4), 392 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1957.11685829" type="journal article" year="1957">Mattingly (1957b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Most research on the two nominal taxa has been carried out on East African populations. In one study, in contrast to discrete local partitioning of the two forms in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FEF1F8D4FEEF5D90" box="[306,382,1915,1941]" name="Kenya" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA030A67FE49F8D4FDCD5D90" author="Sylla, M. & Bosio, C. & Urdaneta-Marquez, L. & Ndiaye, M. & Black, W. C. & IV" box="[394,604,1915,1941]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="408" refId="ref180479" refString="Sylla, M., Bosio, C., Urdaneta-Marquez, L., Ndiaye, M. & Black, W. C., IV. (2009) Gene flow, subspecies composition, and dengue virus- 2 susceptibility among Aedes aegypti collections in Senegal. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3 (4), e 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0000408" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Sylla
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FE0EF8D4FD975D90" box="[461,518,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, working in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA030A67FD2EF8D4FCD75D90" box="[749,838,1915,1941]" name="Senegal" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
in West Africa, found a clear northwest to southeast cline in change in the proportions of individuals fitting the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FC7BF830FB9B5DBD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[952,1034,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FC7BF830FB9B5DBD" box="[952,1034,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FBA0F830FB5B5DBC" box="[1123,1226,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FBA0F830FB5B5DBC" box="[1123,1226,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—in the northwest significantly more
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FEAEF86CFE2E5DD9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[365,447,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FEAEF86CFE2E5DD9" box="[365,447,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the southeast many more
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA030A67FCCCF86CFCE75DD8" box="[783,886,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA030A67FCCCF86CFCE75DD8" box="[783,886,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Vector competence measures also followed this cline but molecular genetic measures did not. The authors, however, pointed out many uncontrolled variables in the relatively small study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FF70FE8D5B60" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FF04FF70FE065AFC" author="Jupp, P. G. & Kemp, A. & Frangos, C." box="[199,407,223,249]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="182 - 190" refId="ref161771" refString="Jupp, P. G., Kemp, A. & Frangos, C. (1991) The potential for dengue in South Africa: morphology and the taxonomic status of Aedes aegypti populations. Mosquito Systematics, 23 (3), 182 - 190." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Jupp
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEC4FF70FEAA5AFC" box="[263,315,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded “that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FD42FF70FC845AFC" box="[641,789,223,249]" name="South Africa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FCE7FF70FCD35AFC" box="[804,834,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC90FF70FC345AFD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[851,933,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC90FF70FC345AFD" box="[851,933,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a single polymorphic species showing a considerable amount of variation in the degree of white scaling on the first two abdominal tergites [terga]. The presence of some rural sylvan non-anthropophilic populations in our country... might, however, indicate incipient speciation.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FEC0FD8A58C8" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FF04FEC0FE0D5B8C" author="Brown, J. E. & McBride, C. S. & Johnson, P. & Ritchie, S. & Paupy, C. & Bossin, H. & Lutomiah, J. & Fernandez-Salas, I. & Ponlawat, A. & Cornel, A. J. & Black, W. C. & Gorrochotegui-Escalante, N. & Urdaneta-Marquez L. & Sylla, M. & Slotman, M. & Murray, K. O. & Walker, C. & Powell, J. R." box="[199,412,367,393]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="2446 - 2454" refId="ref146802" refString="Brown, J. E., McBride, C. S., Johnson, P., Ritchie, S., Paupy, C., Bossin, H., Lutomiah, J., Fernandez-Salas, I., Ponlawat, A., Cornel, A. J., Black, W. C., Gorrochotegui-Escalante, N., Urdaneta-Marquez L., Sylla, M., Slotman, M., Murray, K. O., Walker, C. & Powell, J. R. (2011) Worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple ' domestications' of Aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 278, 2446 - 2454. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.2469" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEDBFEC0FEDF5B8C" box="[280,334,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used polymorphic microsatellite markers to test worldwide populations. They “identified two distinct genetic clusters: one included all domestic populations outside of Africa and the other included both domestic and forest populations within Africa. This suggests that human association in Africa occurred independently from that in domestic populations across the rest of the world. …Interestingly, two forms identified as subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FA89FE74FA0D5BF1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1354,1436,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FA89FE74FA0D5BF1" box="[1354,1436,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF0BFE50FEBE581C" box="[200,303,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF0BFE50FEBE581C" box="[200,303,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were shown to coexist in a few places along the coast of East Africa, including the Rabai district of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FF54FD8CFF725838" box="[151,227,547,573]" name="Kenya" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
... where the former bred inside homes in villages and the latter bred in surrounding forests.” Three years later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FF14FDE8FE295864" author="Brown, J. E. & Evans, B. R. & Zheng, W. & Obas, V. & Barrera-Martinez, L. & Egizi, A. & Zhao, H. & Caccone, A. & Powell, J. R." box="[215,440,583,609]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="514 - 525" refId="ref146707" refString="Brown, J. E., Evans, B. R., Zheng, W., Obas, V., Barrera-Martinez, L., Egizi, A., Zhao, H., Caccone, A. & Powell, J. R. (2014) Human impacts have shaped historical and recent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow fever mosquito. Evolution, 68 (2), 514 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / evo. 12281" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEEFFDE8FECF5864" box="[300,350,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“used DNA sequences of four nuclear genes and 1504 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers developed with restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to test the hypothesis that
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FABBFDC4FA075880" box="[1400,1430,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF54FD20FF7858AD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[151,233,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF54FD20FF7858AD" box="[151,233,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
originated in Africa, where a domestic form arose and spread throughout the tropical and subtropical world with human trade and movement.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FD78FB9B59E8" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FF26FD78FEBF58F4" box="[229,302,727,753]" name="Sudan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FEF4FD78FDD858F4" author="Abuelmaali, S. A. & Jamaluddin, J. A. F. & Noaman, K. & Allam, M. & Abushama, H. M. & Elnaiem, D. E. & Ishak, I. H. & Wajidi, M. F. F. & Jaal, Z. & Abu Kassim, N. F." box="[311,585,727,753]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="78" refId="ref142683" refString="Abuelmaali, S. A., Jamaluddin, J. A. F., Noaman, K., Allam, M., Abushama, H. M., Elnaiem, D. E., Ishak, I. H., Wajidi, M. F. F., Jaal, Z. & Abu Kassim, N. F. (2021) Distribution and genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti subspecies across the Sahelian Belt in Sudan. Pathogens, 10, 78. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / pathogens 10010078" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Abuelmaali
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE03FD78FE6958F4" box="[448,504,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FDBDFD78FCCB58F4" author="Elnour, M. - A. B. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Azrag, R. S. & Alkhaibari, A. M. & Powell, J. R. & Salim, B." box="[638,858,727,753]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="825652" refId="ref154454" refString="Elnour, M. - A. B., Gloria-Soria, A., Azrag, R. S., Alkhaibari, A. M., Powell, J. R. & Salim, B. (2022) Population genetic analysis of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Sudan revealed recent independent colonization events by the two subspecies. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 825652. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fgene. 2022.825652" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Elnour
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD12FD78FC9858F4" box="[721,777,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
both reported geographically separated populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF76FD54FEA65910" box="[181,311,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF13FD54FEA65910" box="[208,311,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(in the west) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE38FD54FDF95911" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[507,616,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE38FD54FDF95911" box="[507,616,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in the east).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FD3EFD54FC495910" author="Elnour, M. - A. B. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Azrag, R. S. & Alkhaibari, A. M. & Powell, J. R. & Salim, B." box="[765,984,763,789]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="825652" refId="ref154454" refString="Elnour, M. - A. B., Gloria-Soria, A., Azrag, R. S., Alkhaibari, A. M., Powell, J. R. & Salim, B. (2022) Population genetic analysis of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Sudan revealed recent independent colonization events by the two subspecies. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 825652. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fgene. 2022.825652" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Elnour
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC93FD54FC165910" box="[848,903,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote that “Analysis supports a scenario in which
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEC2FCB0FE8E593C" box="[257,287,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FEEDFCB0FE11593D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[302,384,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEEDFCB0FE11593D" box="[302,384,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
entered
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FE20FCB0FDB8593C" box="[483,553,799,825]" name="Sudan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
on at least two independent occasions nearly 70–80 years ago.” We think this raises the possibility of interesting scenarios as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD77FCECFC975959" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[692,774,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD77FCECFC975959" box="[692,774,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reinvades localities in Africa. For example, if
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FADBFCECFA0C5958" box="[1304,1437,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FAF5FCECFA0C5958" box="[1334,1437,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
evolved into a proto-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE41FCC8FE615985" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[386,496,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE41FCC8FE615985" box="[386,496,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and then into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD51FCC8FC915985" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[658,768,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD51FCC8FC915985" box="[658,768,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FCFFFCC8FB9D5984" author="Powell, J. R. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P." box="[828,1036,871,897]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="854 - 860" refId="ref173635" refString="Powell, J. R., Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018) Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector genomics and epidemiology records. BioScience, 68 (11), 854 - 860. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biosci / biy 119" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC52FCC8FC535984" box="[913,962,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which then invaded the rest of the world, where is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE93FC24FE5159A1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[336,448,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE93FC24FE5159A1" box="[336,448,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa and how is it evolving in relation to the invasive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FBABFC24FB4659A1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1128,1239,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBABFC24FB4659A1" box="[1128,1239,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the rest of the world?
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FF2DFC00FDA959CC" author="Powell, J. R. & Tabachnick, W. J." box="[238,568,943,969]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="11 - 17" refId="ref173579" refString="Powell, J. R. & Tabachnick, W. J. (2013) History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti - A review. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 108 (Supplement I), 11 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0074 - 0276130395" type="journal article" year="2013">Powell & Tabachnick (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD7CFC00FCBE59CD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[703,815,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD7CFC00FCBE59CD" box="[703,815,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">a. aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it occurs in the New World, is not known in West Africa today, except perhaps as a reintroduction into ports (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FCECFC7CFC6E59E8" author="Brown, J. E. & McBride, C. S. & Johnson, P. & Ritchie, S. & Paupy, C. & Bossin, H. & Lutomiah, J. & Fernandez-Salas, I. & Ponlawat, A. & Cornel, A. J. & Black, W. C. & Gorrochotegui-Escalante, N. & Urdaneta-Marquez L. & Sylla, M. & Slotman, M. & Murray, K. O. & Walker, C. & Powell, J. R." box="[815,1023,979,1005]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="2446 - 2454" refId="ref146802" refString="Brown, J. E., McBride, C. S., Johnson, P., Ritchie, S., Paupy, C., Bossin, H., Lutomiah, J., Fernandez-Salas, I., Ponlawat, A., Cornel, A. J., Black, W. C., Gorrochotegui-Escalante, N., Urdaneta-Marquez L., Sylla, M., Slotman, M., Murray, K. O., Walker, C. & Powell, J. R. (2011) Worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple ' domestications' of Aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 278, 2446 - 2454. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.2469" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC47FC7CFC2459E8" box="[900,949,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FC58FC9A5E5C" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
We think there is abundant evidence concordant with the subspecies concept of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FB9BFC58FAB85E14" author="de Queiroz, K." box="[1112,1321,1015,1041]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="459 - 461" refId="ref151692" refString="de Queiroz, K. (2020) An updated concept of subspecies resolves a dispute about the taxonomy of incompletely separated lineages. Herpetological Review, 51 (3), 459 - 461." type="journal article" year="2020">de Queiroz (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to hereby elevate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF33FBB4FEC65E30" box="[240,343,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF33FBB4FEC65E30" box="[240,343,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to its original specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD76FBB5FB2C5E31" authority="(Walker, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[693,1213,1050,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus" subGenus="Stegomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD76FBB5FB2C5E31" bold="true" box="[693,1213,1050,1077]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD76FBB5FD685E30" bold="true" box="[693,761,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FCCFFBB4FC155E30" bold="true" box="[780,900,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC54FBB5FB935E31" bold="true" box="[919,1026,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FBD0FBB5FB255E31" author="Walker, F." box="[1043,1204,1050,1076]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB0EFBB4FA115E30" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1229,1408,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB0EFBB4FA115E30" box="[1229,1408,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aedes formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FBCCFE785F7C" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The following nominal forms are currently listed as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC01FBCCFBF15E79" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[962,1120,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC01FBCCFBF15E79" box="[962,1120,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FB4AFBCCFA095E78" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[1161,1432,1123,1149]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Wilkerson
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FAC5FBCCFAD05E78" box="[1286,1345,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Many will remain in doubt until existing
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA020A66FD9EFB28FD095EA4" box="[605,664,1159,1185]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are examined to see if any correspond to
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBA1FB28FB625EA4" box="[1122,1267,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB4FFB28FB625EA4" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1164,1267,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Some of these are probably from a now extinct Mediterranean (North African, European) distribution of what was thought to be reintroduced
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEE8FB60FE395EED" box="[299,424,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE95FB60FE395EED" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[342,424,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the New World (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FD60FB60FCE55EEC" author="Powell, J. R. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P." box="[675,884,1231,1257]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="854 - 860" refId="ref173635" refString="Powell, J. R., Gloria-Soria, A. & Kotsakiozi, P. (2018) Recent history of Aedes aegypti: vector genomics and epidemiology records. BioScience, 68 (11), 854 - 860. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biosci / biy 119" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD3AFB60FCBB5EEC" box="[761,810,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are also New World synonyms, which are probably
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEC1FB5CFE105F09" box="[258,385,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FEECFB5CFE105F09" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[303,385,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, but verification is needed since it is possible that
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC7DFB5CFC4D5F08" box="[958,988,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ae</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC28FB5CFBC35F08" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1003,1106,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC28FB5CFBC35F08" box="[1003,1106,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present in the New World. Given the unusual biogeography of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FD98FAB8FD735F34" box="[603,738,1303,1329]" name="Madagascar" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
area, and predictions of undescribed taxa by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FB2AFAB8FF755F50" author="Soghigian, J. & Gloria-Soria, A. & Robert, V. & Le Goff, G. & Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="3593 - 3606" refId="ref178828" refString="Soghigian, J., Gloria-Soria, A., Robert, V., Le Goff, G., Anna-Bella Failloux, A. - B. & Powell, J. R. (2020) Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Molecular Ecology, 29 (19), 3593 - 3606. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 15590" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Soghigian
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FAA0FAB8FA0C5F34" box="[1379,1437,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, synonyms from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FE61FA94FDB85F50" box="[418,553,1339,1365]" name="Madagascar" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FD9DFA94FD5A5F50" box="[606,715,1339,1365]" name="Mauritius" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
also require further scrutiny. African synonyms could potentially be
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF7AFAF0FEBB5F7D" box="[185,298,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ae. agypti</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE8CFAF0FE735F7C" box="[335,482,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Ae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FEB8FAF0FE735F7C" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[379,482,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A66FF04FA2CFF725D74" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Unless otherwise indicated, * = Mediterranean,
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FD1EFA2DFD745F95" attach="none" box="[733,741,1410,1424]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
= New World,
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FC53FA2CFC085F94" attach="none" box="[912,921,1411,1425]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">+</superScript>
|
||
=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FC75FA2CFBAC5F98" box="[950,1085,1411,1437]" name="Madagascar" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FBB0FA2CFB715F98" box="[1139,1248,1411,1437]" name="Mauritius" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FAD6FA2CFA8C5F94" attach="left" box="[1301,1309,1411,1425]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">#</superScript>
|
||
= Africa in the following list of current synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FDA4FA08FC935FC5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[615,770,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDA4FA08FC935FC5" box="[615,770,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FCDCFA08FBF65FC4" authority="Poiret, 1787" authorityName="Poiret" authorityYear="1787" box="[799,1127,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argenteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FCDCFA08FC455FC5" box="[799,980,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex argenteus</emphasis>
|
||
Poiret, 1787
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FBB0FA09FBEA5FB1" attach="right" box="[1139,1147,1446,1460]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FBB8FA08FF435FE0" authority="Fabricius, 1805" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBB8FA08FAB65FC4" box="[1147,1319,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius, 1805
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF28FA64FDBD5FE0" authority="Meigen, 1818" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[235,556,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF28FA64FE185FE0" box="[235,393,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex calopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FE4CFA64FDBD5FE0" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[399,556,1483,1509]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="11" refId="ref169790" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1818) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweifl ¸ geligen Insekten. Vol. 1. Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn, Aachen, xxxvi + 332 + 1 (errata) pp., 11 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12464" type="journal article" year="1818">Meigen, 1818</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FDF5FA65FDAF5FDD" attach="right" box="[566,574,1482,1496]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FDFCFA64FB895FE0" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1827" box="[575,1048,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mosquito">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDFCFA64FD7C5FE1" box="[575,749,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex mosquito</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FD31FA64FB895FE0" author="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B." box="[754,1048,1483,1509]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="390 - 413" refId="ref176001" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. (1827) Essai sur la tribu des culicides. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 3, 390 - 413, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1827">Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FBE1FA65FBBB5FDD" attach="right" box="[1058,1066,1482,1496]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FBE8FA64FF435C0C" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1827" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBE8FA64FB235FE0" box="[1067,1202,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex frater</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FB74FA64FF435C0C" author="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="390 - 413" refId="ref176001" refString="Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. (1827) Essai sur la tribu des culicides. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 3, 390 - 413, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1827">Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FF1EFA41FF745FF9" attach="right" box="[221,229,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF25FA40FDF95C0C" authority="Wiedemann, 1828" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[230,616,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taeniatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF25FA40FE055C0D" box="[230,404,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex taeniatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FE59FA40FDF95C0C" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[410,616,1519,1545]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184622" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1828) Aussereuropaische zweifl ¸ gelige Insekten: als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603" type="book" year="1828">Wiedemann, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD42FA40FC7B5C0C" authority="Wiedemann, 1828" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1828" box="[641,1002,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD42FA40FC845C0D" box="[641,789,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex sugens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FCD8FA40FC7B5C0C" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[795,1002,1519,1545]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184622" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1828) Aussereuropaische zweifl ¸ gelige Insekten: als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603" type="book" year="1828">Wiedemann, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FBC0FA40FAD95C0C" authority="Brulle, 1833" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1833" box="[1027,1352,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kounoupi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBC0FA40FB225C0C" box="[1027,1203,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex kounoupi</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FA90FA41FACA5FF9" attach="right" box="[1363,1371,1518,1532]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FA98FA40FE775C28" authority="Macquart, 1838" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="toxorhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FA98FA40FEBC5C28" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex toxorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FEF0F9BCFE775C28" author="Macquart, J." box="[307,486,1555,1581]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="9 - 225" refId="ref167372" refString="Macquart, J. (1838) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 2, 9 - 225, 25 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792" type="journal article" year="1838">Macquart, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FDC8F9BCFC005C28" authority="Macquart, 1846" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1846" box="[523,913,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulitarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDC8F9BCFD485C28" box="[523,729,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex annulitarsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FD1DF9BCFC005C28" author="Macquart, J." box="[734,913,1555,1581]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="133 - 364" refId="ref167426" refString="Macquart, J. (1846) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Supplement. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, Annee 1844, 133 - 364, 17 pls." type="journal article" year="1846">Macquart, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a; locality not known,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB46F9BCFF435C54" authority="Walker, 1848" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB46F9BCFAD05C28" box="[1157,1345,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex viridifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FA85F9BCFF435C54" author="Walker, F." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FF21F999FF7B5C41" attach="right" box="[226,234,1590,1604]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF28F998FDAA5C54" authority="Walker, 1848" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[235,571,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF28F998FE025C55" box="[235,403,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex excitans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FE5DF998FDAA5C54" author="Walker, F." box="[414,571,1591,1617]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FD88F998FDC25C40" attach="right" box="[587,595,1591,1605]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">#</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FD90F998FC5B5C54" authority="Walker, 1848" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" box="[595,970,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexorabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FD90F998FCB75C54" box="[595,806,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex inexorabilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FCF2F998FC5B5C54" author="Walker, F." box="[817,970,1591,1617]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184057" refString="Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. British Museum, London, 229 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57902" type="book" year="1848">Walker, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(could be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB8CF998FB305C55" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1103,1185,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB8CF998FB305C55" box="[1103,1185,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB0CF998FAA75C54" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1231,1334,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB0CF998FAA75C54" box="[1231,1334,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FA90F999FACA5C41" attach="right" box="[1363,1371,1590,1604]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FA98F998FE325C70" authority="Walker, 1856" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FA98F998FE935C71" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FEC9F9F4FE325C70" author="Walker, F." box="[266,419,1626,1653]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref184104" refString="Walker, F. (1856) Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S. & c. Vol. I. Diptera. John van Voorst, London, 474 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5112" type="book" year="1856">Walker, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FE7EF9F4FE575C6C" attach="right" box="[445,454,1627,1641]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">+</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE05F9F4FC8C5C70" authority="Bigot, 1959" authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1959" box="[454,797,1626,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insatiabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE05F9F4FD1A5C70" box="[454,651,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex insatiabilis</emphasis>
|
||
Bigot, 1959
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FCEBF9F4FC035C70" box="[808,914,1627,1653]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC5DF9F4FB735C70" authority="Skuse, 1889" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[926,1250,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC5DF9F4FBDC5C70" box="[926,1101,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex bancrofti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FB96F9F4FB735C70" author="Skuse, F. A. A." box="[1109,1250,1627,1653]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1717 - 1764" refId="ref178638" refString="Skuse, F. A. A. (1889) Diptera of Australia. Part V. The Culicidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 3 (4), 1717 - 1764, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1889">Skuse, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; *
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB3EF9F4FED35C9C" authority="Ficalbi, 1890 b" authorityName="Ficalbi" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB3EF9F4FA0C5C70" box="[1277,1437,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex elegans</emphasis>
|
||
Ficalbi, 1890b
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FE90F9D0FE1E5C9C" box="[339,399,1663,1689]" name="India" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE63F9D0FD2B5C9C" authority="Giles, 1899" authorityName="Giles" authorityYear="1899" box="[416,698,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rossi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE63F9D0FDB25C9D" box="[416,547,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex rossi</emphasis>
|
||
Giles, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FD09F9D0FCA55C9C" box="[714,820,1663,1689]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC87F9D0FA895C9C" box="[836,1304,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="fasciata" variety="queenslandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC87F9D0FB8F5C9C" box="[836,1054,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBA3F9D0FA895C9C" box="[1120,1304,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">queenslandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FAE8F9D0FF4E5CB8" author="Theobald, F. V." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FF28F90DFF625CB5" attach="right" box="[235,243,1698,1712]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">†</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF30F90CFCBB5CB8" authority="Theobald, 1901 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[243,810,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="fasciata" variety="luciensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF30F90CFE585CB8" box="[243,457,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDC2F90CFDF25CB8" box="[513,611,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">luciensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FDA9F90CFCBB5CB8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[618,810,1699,1725]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FCF4F90CFCAE5CB4" attach="right" box="[823,831,1699,1713]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">#</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FCFCF90CFB405CB8" authority="Theobald, 1901 a" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1901" box="[831,1233,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigeria">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FCFCF90CFB9D5CB9" box="[831,1036,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia nigeria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FBD7F90CFB405CB8" author="Theobald, F. V." box="[1044,1233,1699,1725]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref181412" refString="Theobald, F. V. (1901 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, xviii + 424 pp., pls. viii + I - XXXVII and A - E under separate cover. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067" type="book" year="1901">Theobald, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(could be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FA89F90CFA0D5CB9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1354,1436,1699,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FA89F90CFA0D5CB9" box="[1354,1436,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FF75F968FE8C5CE4" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[182,285,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF75F968FE8C5CE4" box="[182,285,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEF0F968FEAF5CD0" box="[307,318,1735,1749]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FEF0F968FEAF5CD0" attach="right" box="[307,318,1735,1749]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">+</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FEFDF968FD4B5CE4" authority="Ventrillon, 1904" authorityName="Ventrillon" authorityYear="1904" box="[318,730,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEFDF968FD885CE4" box="[318,537,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia lamberti</emphasis>
|
||
Ventrillon, 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Canary Islands,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC5EF968FF435D00" authority="Pittaluga, 1905" authorityName="Pittaluga" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="calopus" variety="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC5EF968FBE15CE4" box="[925,1136,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia calopus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB6AF968FABB5CE5" box="[1193,1322,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
Pittaluga, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FF1EF944FECF5D00" box="[221,350,1771,1797]" name="Philippines" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FEABF944FC195D00" authority="Banks, 1906 b" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1906" box="[360,904,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="fasciata" subSpecies="persistans">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FEABF944FDAD5D00" box="[360,572,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDB0F944FD745D01" box="[627,741,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">persistans</emphasis>
|
||
Banks, 1906b
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Tenerife, Canary Islands,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB73F944FA0D5D00" box="[1200,1436,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB73F944FADF5D01" box="[1200,1358,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguste">Culex anguste</taxonomicName>
|
||
-alatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Becker, 1908; Tenerife, Canary Islands,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FDB4F8A0FB955D2C" authority="Becker, 1908" authorityName="Becker" authorityYear="1908" box="[631,1028,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopalposus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FDB4F8A0FCCB5D2C" box="[631,858,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Culex albopalposus</emphasis>
|
||
Becker, 1908
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FBD5F8A0FB065D2C" box="[1046,1175,1807,1833]" name="Philippines" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FB6BF8A0FED75D48" authority="Ludlow, 1911 b" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Duttonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboannulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB6BF8A0FA0D5D2C" box="[1192,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Duttonia alboannulis</emphasis>
|
||
Ludlow, 1911b
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA020A66FE90F89CFE2C5D48" box="[339,445,1843,1869]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FE08F89CFC075D48" authority="Taylor, 1919" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1919" box="[459,918,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Mimeteomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulcherrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FE08F89CFD695D48" box="[459,760,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Mimeteomyia pulcherrima</emphasis>
|
||
Taylor, 1919
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="69C79B93BA020A66FC66F89CFC3C5D44" attach="right" box="[933,941,1843,1857]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">#</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A66FC6EF89CFF435D74" authority="Edwards, 1920" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Stegomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="fasciata" variety="atritarsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FC6EF89CFB145D48" box="[941,1157,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB01F89CFAB85D49" box="[1218,1321,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">atritarsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA020A66FAF0F89CFF435D74" author="Edwards, F. W." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="129 - 137" refId="ref153476" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1920) Mosquito notes. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10 (2), 129 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043923" type="journal article" year="1920">Edwards, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA020A65FF04F8D4FE035B60" blockId="49.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FF04F8D4FF6E5D90" bold="true" box="[199,255,1915,1941]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Note</emphasis>
|
||
. An explanation of the complex nomenclatural history of the nominotypical subspecies is beyond the scope of this treatment. In summary, in the interests of nomenclatural stability, Mattingly
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB54F830FB405DBC" box="[1175,1233,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1962) petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to fix the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA020A65FBA9F86CFEC85AB4" authority="(Linnaeus, 1762)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti" subGenus="Stegomyia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FBA9F86CFB3C5DD8" box="[1130,1197,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Aedes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FB02F86CFAA75DD8" box="[1217,1334,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stegomyia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA020A66FA89F86CFA0D5DD9" box="[1354,1436,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">aegypti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA010A65FF5CFF38FEC05AB4" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[159,337,151,177]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="267 - 606" refId="ref166011" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1762) Zweyter Theil, enthalt Beschreibungen verschiedener wichtiger Naturalien. In: Hasselquist, D. F., Reise nach Palastina in den Jahren von 1749 bis 1752. Auf Befehl Ihro Majestat der K ˆ niginn von Schweden. Johann Christian Koppe, Rostock, pp. 267 - 606." type="book chapter" year="1762">Linnaeus, 1762</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA010A65FD9CFF38FD295AB4" box="[607,696,151,177]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA010A65FCC1FF38FC3B5AB4" box="[770,938,151,177]" country="Malaysia" name="Kuala Lumpur" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Kuala Lumpur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA010A65FC7BFF38FB8C5AB4" box="[952,1053,151,177]" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Selangor</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA010A65FBE8FF38FBEE5AB4" box="[1067,1151,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Malaya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Malaya</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA010A65FB4CFF38FB6E5AB4" box="[1167,1279,151,177]" name="Malaysia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
]. The petition was validated in ICZN Opinion 711 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1964). See Clements &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA010A65FF75FF70FEF95AFC" author="Harbach, R. E." box="[182,360,223,249]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref158710" refString="Harbach, R. E. (2018) Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xviii + 378 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781786399052.0000" type="book" year="2018">Harbach (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for an alternative perspective. Since we now know that the nominotypical form is an invasive species that was restricted to sub-Saharan Africa until only about 500 years ago, we think that the choice of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA010A65FAF5FEACFA0C5B18" box="[1334,1437,259,285]" name="Malaysia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA010A65FF24FE88FED15B44" box="[231,320,295,321]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and type locality, with an even more recent history of invasion than the initial movement to the New World, is problematic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |