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<document id="BB1EBFFC9BBDC651CE2BA7A4705A0B69" ID-CLB-Dataset="3125" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177" ID-GBIF-Dataset="870d0313-5e51-4cc3-b01e-6271f87ae880" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5752755" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1638521555435" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Imada, Yume" docDate="2021" docId="156C6A301F39A462FC678EBCFDE85623" docLanguage="en" docName="zlaa177.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Diogma glabrata" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="1179" masterDocId="E95512481F2CA475FFF38869FF855275" masterDocTitle="Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)" masterLastPageNumber="1204" masterPageNumber="1156" pageNumber="1177" updateTime="1699471861453" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9D9A005FEFD2399538788EC68D7DDA5D">Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="74C6AC165A82BA4B7EEC94CA403F6061">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="156C6A301F39A462FC678EBCFDE85623" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752937" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190876653" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5752937" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:156C6A301F39A462FC678EBCFDE85623" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/156C6A301F39A462FC678EBCFDE85623" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1179" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">
<subSubSection id="D5DF88AD1F39A460FC678EBCFAA3549B" box="[916,1318,1749,1774]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F39A460FC678EBCFAA3549B" blockId="21.[916,1318,1749,1774]" box="[916,1318,1749,1774]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">
<heading id="C6326C4A1F39A460FC678EBCFAA3549B" box="[916,1318,1749,1774]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F39A460FC678EBCFAA3549B" ID-CoL="6D7DC" authority="(MEIGEN, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[916,1318,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Diogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F39A460FC678EBCFBEE5499" box="[916,1131,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">DIOGMA GLABRATA</emphasis>
(MEIGEN, 1818)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5DF88AD1F39A462FC118F6FFDE85623" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1179" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F39A460FC118F6FFB52556A" blockId="21.[994,1239,1798,1823]" box="[994,1239,1798,1823]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">
(
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F39A460FC198F6FFBC2556A" box="[1002,1095,1798,1823]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[145,223,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[261,1303,197,1636]" captionTargetId="figure-25@7.[259,1311,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Larvae of Cylindrotominae, showing diverse sizes and forms of elongated cuticular appendages. (A) Cylindrotoma distinctissima, ventral (left), lateral (middle), and dorsal (right) views. (B) Diogma glabrata, oblique ventral (left) and lateral (right) views. (C) Triogma trisulcata, oblique ventral (left) and dorsal (right) views. (D) L. mikado, lateral (left) and dorsal (right) view. (E) Phalacrocera tipulina, dorsal view. A–C are redrawn from Peus (1952)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752762/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">FIGS 3B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F39A460FBA78F6FFBF6556A" box="[1108,1139,1798,1823]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[163,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[163,1443,195,1618]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe.Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752766/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">5B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F39A460FB738F6FFB4A556A" box="[1152,1231,1798,1823]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[164,242,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[243,1363,196,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-321@22.[243,1363,195,1111]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752782/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">14A–C</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F39A463FCDA8F56FC8E5405" blockId="21.[809,1424,1854,1907]" lastBlockId="22.[163,780,1289,1648]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1178" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F39A460FCDA8F56FC395526" box="[809,956,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">Life history:</emphasis>
The whole life-cycle of this species is completed in one year (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F39A460FBCB8F34FA8A5507" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[1080,1295,1885,1907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
); in
<collectingCountry id="E5D29BB61F39A460FAB78F37FA095506" box="[1348,1420,1886,1907]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="1177">Japan</collectingCountry>
, the adult flying period is in summer (July to August), which is much later than the other co-occurring species (
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FF588D2EFEE3572E" baseAuthorityName="Alexander" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[171,358,1350,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Liogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mikado">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FF588D2EFEE3572E" box="[171,358,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Liogma mikado</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FE558D2EFD1B5729" authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1919" box="[422,670,1351,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Liogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serraticornis">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FE558D2EFD1B5729" box="[422,670,1351,1372]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Liogma serraticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Larvae are found in terrestrial mosses growing on stones in limestone woodlands, and also in moss mats growing on soil. In Europe, they were found in forests in grassy, humid areas with
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FE828DA8FE845780" authority="(Hedw.) Warnst." authorityName="Warnst." baseAuthorityName="Hedw." class="Bryopsida" family="Hylocomiaceae" genus="Rhytidiadelphus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="squarrosus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FE828DA8FD2A57A2" box="[369,687,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus</emphasis>
(Hedw.) Warnst.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FEE08D89FE0C5783" box="[275,393,1504,1526]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
: Hylocomniaceae) (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FD858D89FC815780" author="Zeller PC" box="[630,772,1504,1526]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="807 - 810" refId="ref37524" refString="Zeller PC. 1842. Dipterologische Beitrage. Part 2. En beskrifning af larven af Cylindrotoma distinctissima. Isis von Oken 1842: 807 - 810 [in German and Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1842">Zeller, 1842</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FF508D97FEF65466" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[163,371,1534,1556]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
). The number of moults is unknown. Final-instar larvae apparently do not have a preference for pupation sites and pupae were found anywhere in the lower damp layers of moss carpets (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FDBE8E33FD78541A" author="Alexander CP" box="[589,765,1626,1648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="695 - 1133" refId="ref28663" refString="Alexander CP. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 38: 695 - 1133." type="journal article" year="1920">Alexander, 1920</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9BA8BAE1F3AA463FF578C16FD9156A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5752782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752782/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" startId="22.[164,242,1151,1173]" targetBox="[243,1363,196,1111]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3AA463FF578C16FD9156A5" blockId="22.[163,1443,1151,1232]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FF578C16FE9D56E1" bold="true" box="[164,280,1151,1173]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Biology and morphology of
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FDC98C16FD6E56E0" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[570,747,1151,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Diogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FDC98C16FD6E56E0" box="[570,747,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Diogma glabrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) Final instar larva of
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FC028CE9FBE056E0" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1009,1125,1151,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Diogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FC028CE9FBE056E0" box="[1009,1125,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">D. glabrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3AA463FF328CF4FDE856C6" authorityName="Brotherus &amp; A. Yasuda" authorityYear="1921" box="[193,621,1181,1203]" class="Bryopsida" family="Brachytheciaceae" genus="Bryhnia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="tenerrima">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FF328CF4FE9256C6" box="[193,279,1181,1203]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Bryhnia</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FECB8CF4FE1A56C6" box="[312,415,1181,1203]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">tenerrima</emphasis>
(Brachytheciaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3AA463FF508EF0FE13557F" blockId="22.[163,779,1689,1803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FF508EF0FEB154DB" box="[163,308,1689,1710]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Oviposition:</emphasis>
A female of this species laid about
<specimenCount id="8BC310AF1F3AA463FD1C8EF0FF5D54B8" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" type="egg">60 eggs</specimenCount>
in total (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FEBE8EDEFDAB54B8" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[333,558,1719,1741]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
), depositing them singly on the lower surface of leaves or stems of mosses (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FF588E9CFE03557E" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[171,390,1781,1803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="221 - 247" refId="ref32291" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1960. The function of some remarkable crane-fly ovipositors. Entomologiske Meddelelser 29: 221 - 247." type="journal article" year="1960">Hemmingsen, 1960</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3AA463FF508F5DFAA75729" blockId="22.[163,779,1843,1896]" lastBlockId="22.[827,1444,1289,1372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FF508F5DFF53553C" box="[163,214,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Egg:</emphasis>
Length 1–1.3 mm (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FE4D8F5AFD10553C" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[446,661,1843,1865]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
). Spindleshaped, circular in cross-section, with a slightly tapered front pole; longitudinally bulbous (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FAEE8D60FA10576A" author="Peus F" box="[1309,1429,1289,1311]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Chorionic sculpture irregularly jagged, occuring closeset; reticulated near micropyle (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FB6E8D2EFA915729" author="Peus F" box="[1181,1300,1350,1372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3AA463FCC88DECFBA257AD" blockId="22.[827,1442,1413,1496]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FCC88DECFB8A57EF" box="[827,1039,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">First-instar larva:</emphasis>
Newly hatched larvae ashy grey, but become moss green in colour at later stages (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FCB08DABFB9257A2" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[835,1047,1474,1496]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3AA462FCC88E68FD16512A" blockId="22.[827,1444,1537,1896]" lastBlockId="23.[145,761,197,863]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1179" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FCC88E68FB9D5463" box="[827,1048,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Final-instar larva:</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="5A3D76C31F3AA463FB718E68FB785463" box="[1154,1277,1537,1558]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="17.0">17–18 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3AA463FAFD8E6BFAA75462" box="[1294,1314,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">N</emphasis>
= 3). Body colour with dark green hue; dark pigmentation appears as small blotches on lateral sides, with various forms ranging from rhombus to trapezoid; also, a single, small, isolated blotch near the distal corner of the anterior end is present in the abdominal segment; size of pigmented area increases from abdominal segments I to VI; pigmentation small and pale on abdominal segment VII (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F3AA463FBA38E9FFB4F5579" box="[1104,1226,1782,1804]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[164,242,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[243,1363,196,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-321@22.[243,1363,195,1111]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752782/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
). Brown individual unknown (Müggenberg, 1901;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FB668F7CFA19555E" author="Wesenberg-Lund C" box="[1173,1436,1813,1835]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" refId="ref37236" refString="Wesenberg-Lund C. 1915. Insektlivet i ferske vande. Copenhagen: Gyldendal [in Danish]." type="book" year="1915">Wesenberg-Lund, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3AA463FCC88F5AFC78553C" author="Alexander CP" box="[827,1021,1843,1865]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1178" pagination="695 - 1133" refId="ref28663" refString="Alexander CP. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 38: 695 - 1133." type="journal article" year="1920">Alexander, 1920</bibRefCitation>
). Prothorax rugulose; dorsal lobes conical with sharply pointed apices, two pairs along pronotal ridge, anterior pair longer than posterior pair (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F3BA462FF3C888DFEA5528F" box="[207,288,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[163,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[163,1443,195,1618]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe.Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752766/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
); lateral lobes one pair; ventral lobes two pairs. Meso- and metathoracic segments have two pairs of dorsal lobes; lateral lobes two pairs; ventral lobes two pairs, papilla-like, anterior pair closer to each other than posterior pair (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F3BA462FDF38937FDD65301" box="[512,595,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[163,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[163,1443,195,1618]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe.Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752766/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal lobes on abdominal segments with bluntly pointed apices, third and fourth pairs bearing two, rounded auxiliary outgrowths (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F3BA462FEDD89D3FE0353A5" box="[302,390,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[145,225,1332,1354]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-192@11.[145,1425,195,1292]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Comparative morphology of dorsal elongated cuticular appendages on abdominal segment in cylindrotomine larvae at late instar. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica. (B) Diogma glabrata. (C) Liogma brevipecten. (D) L. mikado. (E) L. nodicornis. (F) L. serraticornis. (G) Triogma kuwanai. (H) Phalacrocera replicata. For C, E and H, body colour is faded away due to preservation in alcohol. Scale = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752768/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
); segment I with two pairs of lobes, each with two auxiliary outgrowths at the front; segments II–VII with four pairs, each of the posterior two pairs carry two teeth-like auxiliary outgrowths at the front, fourth pair longest and stout; segment VIII with a pair of small, simple, conical lobes without auxiliary outgrowth. Lateral lobes on abdominal segments simple, finger-shaped; segments I and II–VI with three and four pairs, respectively. Ventral lobes on abdominal segments rounded. Anal segment with one pair of dorsal lobes long; dorsomedial lobes (dm) one pair, short and conical (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F3BA462FE398B65FDAC5154" box="[458,553,780,802]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="22.[164,242,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[243,1363,196,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-321@22.[243,1363,195,1111]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752782/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
); lateral lobes one pair, papilla-like; ventral lobes two pairs, anterior pair papilla-like. Spiracular field with hair fringe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F3BA462FF628BE1FDE85623" blockId="23.[145,761,904,1110]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3BA462FF628BE1FEB651E8" box="[145,307,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Host-plants:</emphasis>
Larvae feed on
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FDEE8BE1FE9751C9" class="Bryopsida" family="Hylocomiaceae" genus="Rhytidiadelphus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="squarrosus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3BA462FDEE8BE1FE9751C9" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FED18BCFFE1151C9" box="[290,404,934,956]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FE538BCFFDD551C9" box="[416,592,934,956]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hylocomiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Hylocomiaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FD678BCEFE0151AE" authority="Hedw." authorityName="Hedw." class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" genus="Hypnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="cupressiforme">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3BA462FD678BCEFEB151AF" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Hypnum cupressiforme</emphasis>
Hedw.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FE678BACFD8251AE" box="[404,519,965,987]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FDE78BAFFD1251AE" box="[532,663,966,987]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Hypnaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3BA462FD438BACFF4F518C" author="Zeller PC" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" pagination="807 - 810" refId="ref37524" refString="Zeller PC. 1842. Dipterologische Beitrage. Part 2. En beskrifning af larven af Cylindrotoma distinctissima. Isis von Oken 1842: 807 - 810 [in German and Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1842">Zeller, 1842</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F3BA462FF2A8B8DFE3D518C" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[217,440,996,1018]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
). At mixed forest near Mt. Kisokomagatake (
<collectingRegion id="5F0115C41F3BA462FE938C6BFE3E5662" box="[352,443,1026,1047]" country="Japan" name="Nagano" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Nagano</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E5D29BB61F3BA462FE358C6AFD8B566D" box="[454,526,1027,1048]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Japan</collectingCountry>
), at least
<specimenCount id="8BC310AF1F3BA462FD8C8C6AFD7D566D" box="[639,760,1026,1048]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" type="larva">two larvae</specimenCount>
have been confirmed to feed on
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FDF38C48FD7C5642" authorityName="Brotherus &amp; A. Yasuda" authorityYear="1921" box="[512,761,1057,1079]" class="Bryopsida" family="Brachytheciaceae" genus="Bryhnia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="tenerrima">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3BA462FDF38C48FDDA5643" box="[512,607,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">Bryhnia</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="AFB107341F3BA462FD748C4BFD7C5642" box="[647,761,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179">tenerrima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FF6A8C29FE8D5623" box="[153,264,1088,1110]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F3BA462FEE18C29FE5E5623" box="[274,475,1088,1110]" class="Bryopsida" family="Brachytheciaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="23" pageNumber="1179" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Brachytheciaceae</taxonomicName>
) in the field.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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