318 lines
36 KiB
XML
318 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2F84F3E5582C25333E9B0E977A687FFF">Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="117FEB5F1CEEBBCE547FF926B5313FBD">Rioux, Jean-Antoine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C924D180A93EF5FDF2FE2172064F097">Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, 1 rue de l’Éencole de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E9766B3CE3D868E099FA7F737672EBB7">Gramiccia, Marina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A893354342CAAF51C30AE2D8B6B24AE0">Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vector-borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3956B438775B586DF872D4CA37F876B5">Léger, Nicole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="591E2C0CB4B7BB4EE87817179DF60A14">Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD4EE97A4B98F83BDAAA97C10851B982">Desjeux, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A9F2ED36E950B0FE21621FEE6457FACE">PATH OWH (formerly One World Health), A- 9, Qutub Institutional area, USO Road, New Delhi 110067, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="89D37A0CDC9629FF8AFEC2A190852749">Depaquit, Jérôme</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="09A6E8D8963BD6551FDD6B3DEDDBA80D">Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, & ANSES, USC Transmission Vectorielle et Épidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), 51100 Reims, France & Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51100 Reims, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="158BC9FD4EDE72CDFF7853F551E54E79">Parasite</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DCA6D22D1272AB10E86D36BA359FF6B9">2020</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="479A4D58FFDDFFA1FF92F901FED6FE92" authority="ZMON" authorityName="Nicolle" authorityYear="1908" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Leishmania" kingdom="Protozoa" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="donovani" subGenus="Leishmania">
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<subSubSection id="C8806550FFDDFFA2FF92F901FE1CF956" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FF92F901FE1CF956" blockId="9.[113,493,1682,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FF92F901FE71F932" bold="true" box="[113,493,1682,1702]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FF92F93DFE1CF956" bold="true" box="[113,384,1710,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(Laveran et Mesnil, 1903)</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FF7AF975FD4CF8AE" blockId="9.[113,768,1766,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The record of
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FED3F974FE31F96A" box="[304,429,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
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ZMON-
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<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FDABF975FD14F969" box="[584,648,1766,1789]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
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leads us to briefly discuss the taxonomic status and the geographical distribution of this zymodeme and closely related zymodemes.
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</paragraph>
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Starting in the 1980s, enzymatic taxonomy studies led to consider the linnean taxa
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FE61F8F2FD9CF8EC" box="[386,512,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FDD4F8F2FD2CF8EC" box="[567,688,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum</emphasis>
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as two distinct phenetic groups. Cladistic analysis confirmed these results by showing their monophyly [
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FE1BF80DFD8EF821" author="Lanotte G & Rioux J & Lepart J & Maazoun R & Pasteur N & Pratlong F." box="[504,530,1950,1973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="769 - 772" refId="ref10673" refString="37. Lanotte G, Rioux J, Lepart J, Maazoun R, Pasteur N, Pratlong F. 1984. Contribution de la cladistique numerique a la phyletique du genre Leishmania Ross, 1903 (Kinetoplastida- Trypanosomatidae). Utilisation des caracteres enzymatiques. Comptes Rendus de l' Academie des Sciences, Serie III ,, 299 (19), 769 - 772." type="book chapter" year="1984">37</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FDC2F80DFDA7F821" author="Moreno G & Rioux JA & Lanotte G & Pratlong F & Serres S." box="[545,571,1950,1973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref11153" refString="48. Moreno G, Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Pratlong F, Serres S. 1984. Le complexe Leishmania donovani s. l. Analyse enzymatique et traitement numerique. Individualisation du complexe Leishmania infantum. Corollaires biogeographiques et phyletiques. A propos de 146 souches originaires de l' Ancien et du Nouveau Monde, in Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogenese (Coll. int. CNRS / INSERM), Rioux JA, Editor. IMEEE: Montpellier. p. 105 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1984">48</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FDAAF80DFDFFF821" author="Rioux JA & Lanotte G & Serres E & Pratlong F & Bastien P & Perieres J." box="[585,611,1950,1973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="111 - 125" refId="ref11906" refString="60. Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. 1990. Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 65 (3), 111 - 125." type="journal article" year="1990">60</bibRefCitation>
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]. In fact, these phylogenetic groups (or complex) possessed a series of synapomorphic states, such as G6
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FE66F848FE3BF866" box="[389,423,2011,2034]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PD</collectionCode>
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100, G6
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FDE1F848FDB8F866" box="[514,548,2011,2034]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PD</collectionCode>
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102 G6
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FD9BF848FD06F866" box="[632,666,2011,2034]" country="Netherlands" name="Dutch Plant Protection Service, Culture Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PD</collectionCode>
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105,
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FD35F848FC9CF866" box="[726,768,2011,2034]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/g4hb-h6ei" name="Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">GPI</collectionCode>
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86,
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FC83FF7CFC16FE92" box="[864,906,239,262]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/g4hb-h6ei" name="Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Institut" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">GPI</collectionCode>
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100, GOT1 100, GOT2 100, GOT 113, and GOT2 113. Some of these states were common to both branches, others only present in one of them. This was the case of
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<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FCAEFED9FC1AFEF5" box="[845,902,330,353]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14986" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14986" name="Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Herbarium">PGM</collectionCode>
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100, present in the
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB86FED8FAB4FEF6" box="[1125,1320,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">donovani-infantum</emphasis>
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set (complex synapomorphies), GOT1 100 and GOT2 100 present in the single subset
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC26FE1BFBDFFE0B" box="[965,1091,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum</emphasis>
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, and GOT1 113 and GOT2 113 present in the single subset
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FBB4FE35FB4AFE29" box="[1111,1238,422,445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
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(specific synapomorphies). The taxonomic status of the
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB52FE56FAE8FE48" box="[1201,1396,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">donovani-infantum</emphasis>
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group changed at the end of the 1980s. Enzymatic analysis of human
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFD91FC39FD8D" box="[813,933,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania</emphasis>
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strains isolated in
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<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB96FD91FB2AFD8D" box="[1141,1206,514,537]" name="Sudan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FB2BFD91FB7EFD8D" author="Oskam L & Pratlong F & Zijlstra E & Kroon C & Dedet J & Kager P & Schonian G & Ghalib H & El-Hassan A & Meredith S." box="[1224,1250,514,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="120 - 122" refId="ref11242" refString="49. Oskam L, Pratlong F, Zijlstra E, Kroon C, Dedet J, Kager P, Schonian G, Ghalib H, El-Hassan A, Meredith S. 1998. Biochemical and molecular characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from an endemic focus in eastern Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 120 - 122." type="journal article" year="1998">49</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FB10FD91FA91FD8D" author="Rioux JA & Lanotte G & Serres E & Pratlong F & Bastien P & Perieres J." box="[1267,1293,514,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="111 - 125" refId="ref11906" refString="60. Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. 1990. Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 65 (3), 111 - 125." type="journal article" year="1990">60</bibRefCitation>
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] and the vector
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFDB3FC27FDA3" box="[813,955,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
[
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||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FC2DFDB3FC74FDA3" author="Ashford R & Seaman J & Schorscher J & Pratlong F." box="[974,1000,544,567]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="379 - 380" refId="ref9461" refString="11. Ashford R, Seaman J, Schorscher J, Pratlong F. 1992. Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: identity and systematic position of the parasites from patients and vectors. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86, 379 - 380." type="journal article" year="1992">11</bibRefCitation>
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] showed an original zymodeme (MON-82,
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFDACFC25FDC2" box="[813,953,575,598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. archibaldi</emphasis>
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) characterised by a heterozygous structure for GOT1 (100/113) and GOT2 (100/113), and highlighted the complexity of the systematics of
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<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB68FDEFFA95FD07" box="[1163,1289,636,659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A9DD57B2FFDDFFA2FAF2FDEFFAA4FD07" box="[1297,1336,636,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FAAAFDEFFAFFFD07" author="Pratlong F & Lami P & Ravel C & Balard Y & Dereure J & Serres G & Baidouri FE & Dedet JP" box="[1353,1379,636,659]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="423 - 434" refId="ref11511" refString="54. Pratlong F, Lami P, Ravel C, Balard Y, Dereure J, Serres G, Baidouri FE, Dedet JP. 2013. Geographical distribution and epidemiological features of Old World Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani foci, based on the isoenzyme analysis of 2277 strains. Parasitology, 140 (4), 423 - 434." type="journal article" year="2013">54</bibRefCitation>
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||
]. Moreover, hybrids could develop differently in sandfly vectors [
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<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FA71FD09FA30FD25" author="Seblova V & Myskova J & Hlavacova J & Votypka J & Antoniou M & Volf P." box="[1426,1452,666,689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref12231" refString="66. Seblova V, Myskova J, Hlavacova J, Votypka J, Antoniou M, Volf P. 2015. Natural hybrid of Leishmania infantum / L. donovani: Development in Phlebotomus tobbi, P. perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis and comparison with non-hybrid strains differing in tissue tropism. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 605." type="journal volume" year="2015">66</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FCB6FD2AFAC5FBB4" blockId="9.[813,1468,239,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCB6FD2AFC48FD44" box="[853,980,697,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
ZMON-31, isolated from CL in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FAA1FD2AFA18FD44" box="[1346,1412,697,720]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was already known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FBF6FD44FB3EFD7A" box="[1045,1186,727,750]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FB55FD44FB4CFD7A" author="Peters W & Elbihari S & Liu C & Le Blancq S & Evans D & Killick-Kendrick R & Smith V & Baldwin C." box="[1206,1232,727,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="831 - 839" refId="ref11335" refString="51. Peters W, Elbihari S, Liu C, Le Blancq S, Evans D, Killick-Kendrick R, Smith V, Baldwin C. 1985. Leishmania infecting man and wild animals in Saudi Arabia. 1. General survey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79, 831 - 839." type="journal article" year="1985">51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FAF4FD44FAFEFD7A" box="[1303,1378,727,750]" name="Yemen" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FA95FD44FA0CFD7A" author="Rioux J & Daoud W & Pratlong F & El KubatiI Y & Moreno G & Rageh H & Brun R & Mouharem A & Martinez-Ortega E & Belmonte A." box="[1398,1424,727,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="357 - 363" refId="ref11632" refString="56. Rioux J, Daoud W, Pratlong F, El KubatiI Y, Moreno G, Rageh H, Brun R, Mouharem A, Martinez-Ortega E, Belmonte A. 1986. Les complexes Leishmania donovani s. st., Leishmania tropica et Leishmania major en Republique Arabe du Yemen. Considerations taxonomiques et epidemiologiques, in Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogenese (Coll. int. CNRS / INSERM, 1984), Rioux JA, Editor. IMEEE: Montpellier. p. 357 - 363." type="book chapter" year="1986">56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] as responsible for
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FC33FD65FC6AFC99" box="[976,1014,758,781]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
. Moreover, this zymodeme is phylogenetically closely related to
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FBDFFC86FB5CFCB8" box="[1084,1216,789,812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
ZMON-83 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FAB7FC86FA33FCB8" box="[1364,1455,789,812]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), ZMON-3 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FC40FCA0FC4CFCDE" box="[931,976,819,842]" name="Iraq" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
), ZMON-37 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB8EFCA0FB29FCDE" box="[1133,1205,819,842]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and ZMON-2 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FA95FCA0FA33FCDE" box="[1398,1455,819,842]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
), all responsible for
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FC13FCC1FB8AFCFD" box="[1008,1046,850,873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
. Finally, a new zymodeme,
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FADEFCC1FA26FCFD" box="[1341,1466,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
MON-191, close to ZMON-31, was isolated from a French tourist traveling to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FC1FFC1CFBDBFC32" box="[1020,1095,911,934]" name="Yemen" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
contracting a CL [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FAFBFC1CFAAEFC32" author="Pratlong F & Bastien P & Perello R & Lami P & Dedet JP" box="[1304,1330,911,934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="398 - 399" refId="ref11396" refString="52. Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perello R, Lami P, Dedet JP. 1995. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani sensu stricto in Yemen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89 (4), 398 - 399." type="journal article" year="1995">52</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Multilocus microsatellite typing (
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FBFCFC3EFBECFC50" box="[1055,1136,941,964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MLMT</collectionCode>
|
||
) revealed genetically isolated populations in the main endemic
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FB68FC5FFB32FC77" box="[1163,1198,972,995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
regions [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FAF1FC5FFAB0FC77" author="Kuhls K & Keilonat L & Ochsenreither S & Schaar M & Schweynoch C & Presber W & Schonian G." box="[1298,1324,972,995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="334 - 343" refId="ref10578" refString="35. Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schonian G. 2007. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes and Infection, 9 (3), 334 - 343." type="journal article" year="2007">35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAA1FC5FFC11FB96" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania donovani</emphasis>
|
||
ZMON31 was identified within the predominantly anthroponotic
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC20FB9AFBDDFBB4" box="[963,1089,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
cluster of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB50FB9AFB6FFBB4" box="[1203,1267,1033,1056]" name="Sudan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB18FB9AFAC8FBB4" box="[1275,1364,1033,1056]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FCB6FBBBFB61FBE8" blockId="9.[813,1468,239,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Regarding the clinical aspect, even though
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAF3FBBBFA10FBAB" box="[1296,1420,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
s.st. is poorly studied for tissue tropism, the complex
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAFDFBD5FC15FBE8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani–L. infantum</emphasis>
|
||
appears to cause both CL and
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FB30FBF6FB65FBE8" box="[1235,1273,1125,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FCB6FB10FB01F917" blockId="9.[813,1468,239,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Therefore, we consider
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB86FB10FB76FB0E" box="[1125,1258,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
s.st. as the most probable agents of
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FC18FB31FB82FB2D" box="[1019,1054,1186,1209]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FBA5FB31FB15FB2D" box="[1094,1161,1186,1209]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAE7FB31FA05FB2D" box="[1284,1433,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum s.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FA40FB31FA27FB2D" box="[1443,1467,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">st.</emphasis>
|
||
would be in second place, if its presence should be confirmed, as it is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FC6CFB4CFC46FB62" box="[911,986,1247,1270]" name="Yemen" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Taëz), a country where
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB39FB4CFAC9FB62" box="[1242,1365,1247,1270]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FA81FB4CFCC8FA81" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC64FB6DFC71FA81" box="[903,1005,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. tropica</emphasis>
|
||
are sympatric [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FB6CFB6EFB35FA80" author="Rioux J & Dereure J & Daoud W & El KubatiI Y & Rageh HA & Moreno G & Pratlong F." box="[1167,1193,1277,1300]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="658 - 664" refId="ref11725" refString="57. Rioux J, Dereure J, Daoud W, El KubatiI Y, Rageh HA, Moreno G, Pratlong F. 1989. Ecoepidemiologie des leishmanioses viscerales et cutanees en Republique Arabe du Yemen. I. Presence en condition sympatrique, des complexes Leishmania infantum et Leishmania donovani. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 82, 658 - 664." type="journal article" year="1989">57</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB38FB6EFA81FA80" box="[1243,1309,1277,1300]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the scarcity of dogs, domestic or feral, in relation to the significant number of reported human cases seems more in agreement with the circulation of
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC58FACAFBABFAE4" box="[955,1079,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB5BFACAFAB2FAE4" box="[1208,1326,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum</emphasis>
|
||
. On the basis of the sandflies collected, the proven or candidate vectors of
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFA05FC32FA39" box="[813,942,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
were not recorded:
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB77FA05FB24FA39" box="[1172,1208,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB2FFA05FB60FA39" box="[1228,1276,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eup.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAF2FA05FAE1FA39" box="[1297,1405,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">argentipes</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FA71FA05FA30FA39" author="Killick-Kendrick R." box="[1426,1452,1430,1453]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref10551" refString="34. Killick-Kendrick R. 1990. Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: A review. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1990">34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
],
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFA26FCD6FA58" box="[813,842,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC81FA26FC1BFA58" box="[866,903,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lar</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC42FA26FB9EFA58" box="[929,1026,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FBF0FA26FBACFA58" box="[1043,1072,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FBAAFA26FBF2FA58" box="[1097,1134,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Syn</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB64FA26FB5FFA58" box="[1159,1219,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">celiae</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB36FA26FB6EFA58" box="[1237,1266,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAE9FA26FAB3FA58" box="[1290,1327,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Syn</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FAAAFA26FA08FA58" box="[1353,1428,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">martini</emphasis>
|
||
, or
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEFA40FCD6FA7E" box="[813,842,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC80FA40FC11FA7E" box="[867,909,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ana</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC44FA40FB9CFA7E" box="[935,1024,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">rodhaini</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FBF0FA40FBBCFA7E" author="Al-Salem W & Herricks JR & Hotez PJ" box="[1043,1056,1491,1514]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref9114" refString="3. Al-Salem W, Herricks JR, Hotez PJ. 2016. A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries. Parasites and Vectors, 9 (1), 460." type="journal volume" year="2016">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Consequently, the vector candidates for
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCBAFA61FC41F99D" box="[857,989,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
transmission in the Sharqiyah region still remain unknown. For us, the only candidate could be
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEF9BCFC27F9D2" box="[813,955,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ph. alexandri</emphasis>
|
||
, a species suspected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FB59F9BCFB64F9D2" box="[1210,1272,1583,1606]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FAEAF9BCFABFF9D2" author="Guan LR & Xu YX & Li BS & Dong J." box="[1289,1315,1583,1606]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="107 - 112" refId="ref10242" refString="27. Guan LR, Xu YX, Li BS, Dong J. 1986. The role of Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 64, 107 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] or in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FA93F9BCFA27F9D2" box="[1392,1467,1583,1606]" name="Cyprus" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FCD6F9DDFCDEF9F1" author="Antoniou M & Haralambous C & Mazeris A & Pratlong F & Dedet JP & Soteriadou K." box="[821,834,1614,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="6 - 7" refId="ref9377" refString="9. Antoniou M, Haralambous C, Mazeris A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K. 2008. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 8 (1), 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="2008">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FCB3F9DDFCF6F9F1" author="Leger N & Depaquit J." box="[848,874,1614,1637]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref10739" refString="38. Leger N, Depaquit J. 2008. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 8 (7), 402." type="journal volume" year="2008">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], but the low densities of this species observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FA98F9DDFA27F9F1" box="[1403,1467,1614,1637]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
do not argue in favour of any role.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA2FCB6F918FC55F888" blockId="9.[813,1468,239,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The low positivity rate of the skin test (8%) reported in children of Ibra province suggests a weak interaction between the young population and the
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FB02F95BFAC5F94B" box="[1249,1369,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania</emphasis>
|
||
parasite, confirming a low density of sandfly vectors or their weak anthropophilia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="802536DBFFDDFFA1FCB6F8B0FF51FEB0" blockId="9.[813,1468,239,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[113,767,239,292]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Consequently, in order to better understand the epidemiology of the leishmaniases in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FBB7F8D1FB0AF8CD" box="[1108,1174,1858,1881]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we encourage the isolation and typing of
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FC2AF8F2FBDDF8EC" box="[969,1089,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania</emphasis>
|
||
strains in the future, because each
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FCCEF8ECFC39F802" box="[813,933,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leishmania</emphasis>
|
||
complex often corresponds to a specific vector and to a particular parasitic cycle (anthroponosis/zoonosis). This was the problem previously raised when
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDDFFA2FADFF82FFA26F847" box="[1340,1466,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L. infantum</emphasis>
|
||
was suspected to be the causative agent of
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDDFFA2FB1BF848FA87F866" box="[1272,1307,2011,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F88D764BFFDDFFA2FAA2F848FA1DF866" box="[1345,1409,2011,2034]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDDFFA2FA71F848FA30F866" author="John K." box="[1426,1452,2011,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="22 - 30" refId="ref10381" refString="30. John K. 1986. Kala-azar in Oman. Medical Newsletter of Oman, 3, 22 - 30." type="journal article" year="1986">30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], whereas
|
||
<emphasis id="B2EEEAC9FFDEFFA1FF2EFF7CFED6FE92" box="[205,330,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">L. donovani</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A9DD57B2FFDEFFA1FEB1FF7CFEF3FE92" box="[338,367,239,262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was later incriminated as the agent of
|
||
<collectionCode id="E68BAE1EFFDEFFA1FF92FE9EFF08FEB0" box="[113,148,269,292]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">VL</collectionCode>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40B4B2AFFDEFFA1FF46FE9EFF23FEB0" author="Scrimgeour EM & Barker DC & Al-Waily A & Idris M & Lambson B & Nirmala V & Windsor JJ" box="[165,191,269,292]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="356 - 357" refId="ref12051" refString="63. Scrimgeour EM, Barker DC, Al-Waily A, Idris M, Lambson B, Nirmala V, Windsor JJ. 1998. First identification of a species of Leishmania causing visceral leishmaniasis in the Sultanate of Oman, in a patient with AIDS. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92 (3), 356 - 357." type="journal article" year="1998">63</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |