251 lines
39 KiB
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251 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="C1FDA4FC382B0252BB02C3F0C7008ED5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.189597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="acb81881-e081-4a44-ba62-8eb17cb79740" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="189597" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461103211790" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis, Liljeblad, Johan, Nieves, María Hernández, Grez, Audrey & Nylander, Johan A. A." docDate="2009" docId="03ADE415FFCAFF9BFF589064FA75B9D3" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02200p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2200" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paraulax Kieffer 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF949C6DFFCEFF9EFFCF9751FFE1BE42" masterDocTitle="Revision and phylogenetics of the genus Paraulax Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) with biological notes and description of a new tribe, a new genus, and five new species" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698592116367" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="278DC68305969276DF08167A726F839B">Revision and phylogenetics of the genus Paraulax Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) with biological notes and description of a new tribe, a new genus, and five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F211257DE0540940528265C669B69712">Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="47363D4EE231FC6E30F3BE5B136D9E43">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DA428FB57A6BC9FF5F025590AF599F85">Liljeblad, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC898421CA9863E94214E70F88355138">Nieves, María Hernández</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9DF26CD6816892981836A6707EAF7A34">Grez, Audrey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE1F7BAB8635107AE35D6F97755349D3">Nylander, Johan A. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E62A7FDC791B8A449E81BBE20E69C95A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3C1200D0599497018CE384CD5DFFF9D8">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="330665752FD347C642BF642C4B9DCA09" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.189597</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ADE415FFCAFF9BFF589064FA75B9D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681147" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ADE415FFCAFF9BFF589064FA75B9D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADE415FFCAFF9BFF589064FA75B9D3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFCAFF9AFF589064FDA8B90D" box="[151,585,1845,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCAFF9AFF589064FDA8B90D" blockId="4.[151,585,1845,1871]" box="[151,585,1845,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0F3E26FFFCAFF9AFF589064FDA8B90D" bold="true" box="[151,585,1845,1871]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFCAFF9AFF589064FDA8B90D" bold="true" box="[151,585,1845,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFCAFF9AFF589064FF35B90D" box="[151,212,1845,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
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genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCAFF9AFEE59064FDA5B90D" authority="Kieffer, 1904" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1904" box="[298,580,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFCAFF9AFEE59064FE7AB90D" bold="true" box="[298,411,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paraulax</emphasis>
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Kieffer, 1904
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFCAFF9BFF58902FFAE6BFD8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCAFF9BFF58902FFAE6BFD8" blockId="4.[151,1437,1918,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,1415]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFCAFF9AFF58902FFEFEB9DA" bold="true" box="[151,287,1918,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Differs from all other cynipids by the presence of the following autapomorphies: modified flagellomere of male antenna always F2, F3 or both (never F1 as in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCAFF9AFC3A90F4FB8EB9FD" box="[1013,1135,1957,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCAFF9AFB4890F4FB39B9FD" box="[1159,1240,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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E, 4G,
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFCAFF9AFAE790F4FAA1B9FD" box="[1320,1344,1957,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4I</date>
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& 5A); presence of a structure of 4–5 rows of sharp, closely spaced and deep costulae on swelling of basal one-third of profemur (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFEFB97C9FE64BEF0" box="[308,389,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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B & 3C); presence of 5-9 vertical carinae in the ventral region of the gena (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFB3397C9FAA5BEF0" box="[1276,1348,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,255,1884,1908]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,194,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1374,194,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paraulax queulensis n. sp. and Cecinothofagus ibarrai n. sp.: (A – H) P. queulensis: (A) Habitus lateral view. (B) Head and mesosoma lateral view. (C) Mesosoma dorsal view. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Ventral spine of hypopygium. (F) Female antennae. (G) Male antenna. (H) Forewing. (I – K) Cecinothofagus ibarrai. (I) Male antenna. (J) Mesosoma dorsal view. (K) Forewing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189601/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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B). The tribe can also be distinguished by a combination of the following characters: female antenna with 10 flagellomeres, F10 clavate (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFE3E97B4FDA9BEBD" box="[497,584,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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C & 2D); ventral part of clypeus not or only slightly projecting over mandibles; dorsolateral margin of pronotal plate projecting laterally (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFC18965DFBCBBF64" box="[983,1066,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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H &
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFCBFF9BFBA8965DFB62BF64" box="[1127,1155,268,294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2I</date>
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); genal occipital carina present; scutellar foveae almost absent (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDA59663FD5BBF0E" box="[618,698,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[164,1422,274,1745]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[164,1424,274,1745]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cecinothofagus gallaecoihue n. sp.: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Pronotum anterior view. (D) Mesosoma dorsal view. (E) Female antenna. (F) Male antenna and (G) detail of basal flagellomeres. (H) Head lateral view showing vertical carinae on gena." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189603/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
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D & 9A) or, if present, always shallow or indistinct (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFAEC9663FA95BF0E" box="[1315,1396,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Figs.
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFCBFF9BFAAA9663FA95BF0E" box="[1381,1396,306,332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</date>
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</figureCitation>
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I & 4C), while the area posterior to the transscutal fissure always is concave; round, distinctly margined posteromedian scutellar impression absent; mesopleural impression present (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFBD596D1FB8BBFD8" box="[1050,1130,384,410]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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G, 4B & 5C).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFCBFF9BFF0996F7FE1EBDF5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF0996F7FDFFBD01" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFF0996F7FEBFBF82" bold="true" box="[198,350,422,448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</emphasis>
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Predominantly black, sometimes brown to red-brown, with weakly shining or dull sculpture. Relatively small (
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<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFCBFF9BFEA1969CFDE9BFA5" box="[366,520,461,487]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.7">1.7–2.9 mm</quantity>
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). Female antenna with 10 flagellomeres, male with 13. Face usually with a distinct median vertical carina and facial strigae radiating from clypeus laterally (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFBA696A5FB5ABC4C" box="[1129,1211,500,526]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[164,1422,274,1745]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[164,1424,274,1745]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cecinothofagus gallaecoihue n. sp.: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Pronotum anterior view. (D) Mesosoma dorsal view. (E) Female antenna. (F) Male antenna and (G) detail of basal flagellomeres. (H) Head lateral view showing vertical carinae on gena." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189603/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
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A & 8A). Pronotal plate conspicuous with dorsolateral margins projected laterally. Notauli complete. Scutellar foveae faint or indistinct. Mesopleural impression present, more or less extended. Claws bifid, with a relatively long basal lobe or tooth (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFEF59539FE68BCC0" box="[314,393,616,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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D & 4D), or, if simple, sometimes with an acute tiny lobe (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFBFA9539FB9BBCC0" box="[1077,1146,616,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,454,1960]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[156,1431,454,1962]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Cecinothofagus gallaelenga n. sp.: (A) Mesosoma dorsal view. (B) Mesosoma lateral view. (C) Propodeum (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Female metasoma lateral view. (F) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189606/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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D). Forewing with radial cell closed along anterior margin; R1 tubular albeit slightly depigmented along radial cell (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFB1695DFFACBBCEA" box="[1241,1322,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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E & 4H); vein Rs+M and M, directed towards lower half of median vein (
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFC5895E4FC08BC8D" box="[919,1001,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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E, 4K, 7F & 8H). Female metasoma laterally compressed. Abdominal petiole smooth dorsally, ventrally with deep longitudinal grooves. T2 smooth and shining, covering about 2/3 of metasoma. Projecting part of hypopygial spine relatively short, 3–4 times longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFE7D9478FE16BD01" box="[434,503,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF09941EFE1EBDF5" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFF09941EFDF9BD2B" bold="true" box="[198,536,847,873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diversity and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Includes two genera occurring in the South of the Neotropical Region, in temperate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFED49426FE4ABDD2" box="[283,427,887,912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFED49426FE4ABDD2" box="[283,427,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nothofagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFDFC9427FD4EBDD2" box="[563,687,886,912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFCBFF9BFDFC9427FD4EBDD2" box="[563,687,886,912]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFCBFF9BFD219427FCD0BDD2" box="[750,817,886,912]" name="Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one of them associated with galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFADA9426FEA4BDF5" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Aditrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFADA9426FA7CBDD2" box="[1301,1437,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aditrochus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pteromalidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFEBE94CCFE19BDF4" box="[369,504,925,950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFEBE94CCFE19BDF4" box="[369,504,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nothofagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFCBFF9BFF099492FD48BBC5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF099492FEFCBAAE" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFF099492FEDEBD9F" bold="true" box="[198,319,963,989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
A recent morphological phylogenetic study found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFC079495FBD4BD9F" box="[968,1077,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFC079495FBD4BD9F" box="[968,1077,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paraulax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be closely related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFF5894BBFEC8BA46" box="[151,297,1002,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pediaspidini">Pediaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Liljeblad
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFE6294BBFE00BA41" box="[429,481,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008). We justify the erection of a new tribe as follows: with several members, including a new genus, the new tribe itself is strongly supported by the molecular data of the present analysis (100% bootstrap) whereas the grouping with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFD679369FCFBBA13" box="[680,794,1080,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Pediaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFD679369FCFBBA13" box="[680,794,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pediaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only recovered with a 75% of bootstrap support; the new group is morphologically distinct and supported by several synapomorphies; the erection of a new tribe for the cynipids associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFDD093D4FD32BADD" box="[543,723,1157,1183]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nothofagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is congruent with the traditional tribal classification of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFF5893FDFEF3BA84" box="[151,274,1196,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which to a large degree is based on biological associations such as higher level systematics of the host plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF0993A8FD48BBC5" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFE8A93A8FE2DBB51" box="[325,460,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Paraulacini">Paraulacini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as here defined, share with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFCBE93A8FBE4BB51" box="[881,1029,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pediaspidini">Pediaspidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other character states, a relatively long pronotum medially, the pronotal plate being extended dorsally, a mostly smooth mesopleuron, usually with a visible mesopleural impression, and the scutellar foveae faint or absent. The two tribes can, however, be readily distinguished as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFCBFF9BFF5892EBFA75B9D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="key">
|
||
<key id="FF950232FFCBFF9BFF5892EBFA75B9D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<keyStep id="30F04DA6FFCBFF9BFF5892EBFA75B9D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF5892EBFA7DB8D3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1466,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<keyLead id="30F5F636FFCBFF9BFF5892EBFA7DB8D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
1. Female antenna with 12 or more flagellomeres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFD1492EBFCF8BB93" box="[731,793,1466,1489]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A); last flagellomere not wider than the penultimate; male antenna with modified F1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFE20928BFDCFBBB3" box="[495,558,1498,1521]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Ventral area of gena without vertical carinae. Ventral part of clypeus broadly projecting over mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFE2292ABFDCBB853" box="[493,554,1530,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C); genal carina absent. Dorsolateral margin of pronotal plate not projecting laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFF30914BFEDDB873" box="[255,316,1562,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Scutellar foveae absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDBB914BFD50B873" box="[628,689,1562,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E); area behind transscutal fissure flat or convex. A round, distinctly margined posteromedian scutellar impression present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFCD7916BFCB7B813" box="[792,854,1594,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Mesopleural impression absent or faint (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFAF3916BFA9BB813" box="[1340,1402,1594,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,256,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[194,1391,197,1190]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[194,1392,197,1191]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Pediaspis aceris: (A) Female antenna. (B) Male antenna. (C) Head anterior view. (D) Pronotum anterior view. (E) Mesosoma dorsal view. (F) Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Profemur not modified. Includes one Palaearctic genus inducing galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFC12910BFBEEB833" ID-CoL="MLD" box="[989,1039,1626,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFC12910BFBEEB833" box="[989,1039,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Acer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and another genus from the Himalayan region with biology unknown ............................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFADA912BFA7DB8D3" box="[1301,1436,1658,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pediaspidini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFADA912BFA7DB8D3" box="[1301,1436,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pediaspidini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFCBFF9BFF5891CBFA75B9D3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1466,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<keyLead id="30F5F636FFCBFF9BFF5891CBFA75B9D3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
- Female antenna with 10 flagellomeres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDB791CBFD5AB8F3" box="[632,699,1690,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C); last flagellomere wider than the penultimate; male antenna with either F2, F3 or both modified (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDDA91EBFDBFB893" box="[533,606,1722,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F & 4G). Ventral area of gena with 5–9 vertical carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFB7B91EBFB15B893" box="[1204,1268,1722,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,255,1884,1908]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,194,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[213,1374,194,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Paraulax queulensis n. sp. and Cecinothofagus ibarrai n. sp.: (A – H) P. queulensis: (A) Habitus lateral view. (B) Head and mesosoma lateral view. (C) Mesosoma dorsal view. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Ventral spine of hypopygium. (F) Female antennae. (G) Male antenna. (H) Forewing. (I – K) Cecinothofagus ibarrai. (I) Male antenna. (J) Mesosoma dorsal view. (K) Forewing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189601/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B); genal carina present. Ventral part of clypeus at most slightly projecting over mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFC2B918BFBC5B8B3" box="[996,1060,1754,1777]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Dorsolateral margin of pronotal plate strongly projecting laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDF291ABFD66B953" box="[573,647,1786,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H &
|
||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFCBFF9BFD7091ABFD37B953" box="[703,726,1786,1809]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2I</date>
|
||
). Scutellar foveae absent or present, always shallow or indistinct, while the area posterior to the transscutal fissure always is concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFC53904BFC04B973" box="[924,997,1818,1841]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G &
|
||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFCBFF9BFBD5904BFBD2B973" box="[1050,1075,1818,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2I</date>
|
||
). Round, distinctly margined posteromedian scutellar impression absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFDB4906BFD5CB913" box="[635,701,1850,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFCBFF9BFD61906BFD5CB913" box="[686,701,1850,1873]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Mesopleural impression present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFB8B906BFB6EB913" box="[1092,1167,1850,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G & 7A). Profemur ventrally with a swelling composed of 4–5 rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFCBFF9BFB92900BFB47B933" box="[1117,1190,1882,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B & 3C). Includes two neotropical genera associated with galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFD5C902BFC4DB9D3" ID-CoL="PB3" box="[659,940,1914,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Aditrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFD5C902BFCE6B9D3" box="[659,775,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aditrochus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pteromalidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFCBFF9BFC1B902BFA75B9D3" box="[980,1428,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFC1B902BFBAEB9D3" ID-CoL="8VZS2" box="[980,1103,1914,1937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nothofagus</taxonomicName>
|
||
...........................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFCBFF9BFADA902BFA75B9D3" box="[1301,1428,1914,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Paraulacini">Paraulacini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |