treatments-xml/data/03/91/97/0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846.xml

<document id="49CF9B44A39C7914167B60FEE55FB4A2" ID-DOI="10.26107/RBZ-2021-0007" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13256872" ID-ZooBank="A9E97760-A5C2-4FC1-A760-71145414B549" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1723049900425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Conway, Kevin W., , Amanda K. Pinion, Kottelat, &amp; Maurice" docDate="2021" docId="0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.69.80-101.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 69" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26.5:RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Pethia castor Conway, , Kottelat &amp; Maurice, 2021, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="DF08A1CB-CFAD-42F7-9611-AC8FC70E39DC" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="90" masterDocId="FFA8EF06FFBEFF936121607F394AFFB1" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), representing a sympatric species pair, from the Ayeyarwady drainage, Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="80" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1723053337666" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A49D312CB5E78C92A73348E8EEC37731">Two new species of Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), representing a sympatric species pair, from the Ayeyarwady drainage, Myanmar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="231C0A1154D69107F7A9278FB159B14F">Conway, Kevin W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EEDBE4D6C6550F8A0AE8E2065D20875C">, Amanda K. Pinion</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EA0C93D2289C5B8E5C14E62AFA282D13">Kottelat,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CEAD93B1A98A4042DE7D74F00083D01E">Maurice</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFBFFF9262CE66E23C5DF904" box="[1007,1303,1693,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBFFF9262CE66E23C5DF904" blockId="1.[1007,1303,1693,1749]" box="[1007,1303,1693,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0CF9104FFBFFF9262CE66E23C5DF904" bold="true" box="[1007,1303,1693,1717]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBFFF9262CE66E23C5DF904" bold="true" box="[1007,1303,1693,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBFFF9262CE66E23DC8F904" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[1007,1154,1693,1717]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBFFF9262CE66E23DC8F904" bold="true" box="[1007,1154,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F4701FFBFFF9265B066E23C5DF904" box="[1169,1303,1693,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFBFFF92657B66C23DE6F964" box="[1114,1196,1725,1749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBFFF92657B66C23DE6F964" blockId="1.[1007,1303,1693,1749]" box="[1114,1196,1725,1749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
(
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBFFF92654366C23DEBF964" box="[1122,1185,1725,1749]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFBFFF90626266823A42FD44" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBFFF92626266823D6EF8C4" blockId="1.[835,1474,1789,1909]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92626266823D6EF8C4" collectingDate="2017-06-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" location="River" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" municipality="Indaw Inn" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="MHNG 2785.033" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBFFF92626266823AFAF8A4" bold="true" box="[835,944,1789,1813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFBFFF92626266823AE1F8A4" box="[835,939,1789,1813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92629466823D25F8A4" box="[949,1135,1789,1813]" collectionCode="MHNG" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="Museum">MHNG 2785.033</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF92655966823D9EF8A4" box="[1144,1236,1789,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.69" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="36.9">36.9 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFBFFF92642566813C24F8A7" box="[1284,1390,1790,1814]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBFFF92645766823A36F884" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
: mouth of outlet of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFBFFF92656F67623DF1F884" box="[1102,1211,1821,1845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Indaw Inn</collectingMunicipality>
into 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBFFF9265D067623C33F884" box="[1265,1401,1821,1845]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<location id="8EE770B3FFBFFF9264A167623CF4F884" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846:8EE770B3FFBFFF9264A167623CF4F884" box="[1408,1470,1821,1845]" country="Myanmar" latitude="24.21889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.82361" municipality="Indaw Inn" name="River" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" stateProvince="Kachin">River</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBFFF92626267433A8AF8E4" box="[835,960,1852,1877]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" precision="15" seconds="08" value="24.21889">24°13′08″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBFFF9262E767433D0AF8E4" box="[966,1088,1852,1877]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" precision="15" seconds="25" value="96.82361">96°49′25″E</geoCoordinate>
[near Shwegu]; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBFFF9265CA67413C29F8E4" box="[1259,1379,1853,1877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBFFF9264A067423A34F8C4" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBFFF9262AA67223D6BF8C4" box="[907,1057,1885,1909]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" value="2017-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFBFFF9262AA67223D6BF8C4" box="[907,1057,1885,1909]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" value="2017-06-27">27 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBFFF92626267E23C88F784" blockId="1.[835,1475,1949,2101]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92626267E23CF7F804" box="[835,1469,1949,1974]" collectionCode="CMK" country="Myanmar" location="Kachin State" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="CMK 27085, 24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBFFF92626267E23A8EF804" bold="true" box="[835,964,1949,1973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFBFFF92626267E23AF5F804" box="[835,959,1949,1973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFBFFF9262F167E13D08F807" box="[976,1090,1950,1974]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBFFF92657067E23DA6F804" box="[1105,1260,1949,1973]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">Kachin State</collectingRegion>
: 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF9265DA67E23CC4F804" box="[1275,1422,1949,1973]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">CMK 27085</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF9264BE67E23CF7F804" box="[1439,1469,1949,1973]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">24</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF92626567C23A96F864" box="[836,988,1981,2005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.905" metricValueMax="3.97" metricValueMin="3.84" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="39.05" valueMax="39.7" valueMin="38.4">38.4–39.7 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92652C67C23DE9F864" box="[1037,1187,1981,2005]" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="ZRC 61662, 8" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92652C67C23DC1F864" box="[1037,1163,1981,2005]" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">ZRC 61662</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF9265B567C23DE9F864" box="[1172,1187,1981,2005]" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">8</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 35.0– 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF9265CB67C23C0FF864" box="[1258,1349,1981,2005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="37.5">37.5 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92645767C23A8EF844" collectionCode="TCWC" country="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="TCWC 20251.01, 1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92645767C23AE0F844" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">TCWC 20251.01</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92629667A23A8EF844" box="[951,964,2013,2037]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">1</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
[CT voucher, M87960], 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF9265FA67A23C76F844" box="[1243,1340,2013,2037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.47" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="34.7">34.7 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92645467A23A89F7A4" collectionCode="TCWC" country="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="TCWC 20251.02, 8" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92645467A23AE0F7A4" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">TCWC 20251.02</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92629567823A89F7A4" box="[948,963,2045,2069]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">8</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF9262EE67823D23F7A4" box="[975,1129,2045,2069]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.62" metricValueMax="3.79" metricValueMin="3.45" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="36.2" valueMax="37.9" valueMin="34.5">34.5–37.9 mm</quantity>
SL; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF9265BD67823C24F7A4" box="[1180,1390,2045,2069]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="TCWC 20251.03, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF9265BD67823C1DF7A4" box="[1180,1367,2045,2069]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">TCWC 20251.03</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92644067823C24F7A4" box="[1377,1390,2045,2069]" collectionCode="TCWC" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dj6p-xxc3" name="Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">2</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
[C&amp;S], 36.0– 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBFFF9262A168623AA9F784" box="[896,995,2077,2101]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.84" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="38.4">38.4 mm</quantity>
SL; same as 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFBFFF92655E68623DAAF784" box="[1151,1248,2077,2101]" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. — 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBFFF92643268623CF7F784" box="[1299,1469,2077,2101]" collectionCode="CMK" country="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="81" specimenCode="CMK 28806, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kachin State" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92643268623CEAF784" box="[1299,1440,2077,2101]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">CMK 28806</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBFFF92648F68623CF7F784" box="[1454,1469,2077,2101]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="1" pageNumber="81">2</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFBCFF916150678D3B16F7F0" pageId="2" pageNumber="82" startId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" targetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBCFF916150678D3B16F7F0" blockId="2.[113,1451,2034,2114]" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">
Fig. 1. 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBCFF916198678D3871F7B9" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[185,315,2034,2056]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBCFF916198678D3871F7B9" box="[185,315,2034,2056]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBCFF916474678D3C2CF7B6" bold="true" box="[1365,1382,2034,2055]" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">A</emphasis>
, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBCFF9160C6687038BDF795" bold="true" box="[487,503,2063,2084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">B</emphasis>
, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBCFF91629C68703A84F794" bold="true" box="[957,974,2063,2085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">C</emphasis>
, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBCFF9164B568703CEFF795" bold="true" box="[1428,1445,2063,2084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="82">D</emphasis>
, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF9061A960C23A4EFE84" blockId="3.[136,775,189,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF9061A960C23860FF64" box="[136,298,189,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.26" metricValueMax="3.55" metricValueMin="2.9699999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="32.6" valueMax="35.5" valueMin="29.7">29.7–35.5 mm</quantity>
SL; 2, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF9060A460C23B6CFF64" box="[389,550,189,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7049999999999996" metricValueMax="3.84" metricValueMin="3.57" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="37.05" valueMax="38.4" valueMin="35.7">35.7–38.4 mm</quantity>
SL [DNA voucher, fixed in 95% ethanol]; Tan Pway Kone Chaung at northern edge of Thila Pha Inn, Indaw Inn, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF90632560833BC8FEA4" box="[516,642,252,277]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="15" value="24.304167">24°18′15″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF9063AA60833A4DFEA4" box="[651,775,252,277]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="42" value="96.81167">96°48′42″E</geoCoordinate>
[near Shwegu]; M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBDFF90634A61623A4BFE84" box="[619,769,285,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-27">27 June 2017</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF9061A961223A42FD44" blockId="3.[136,776,349,757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF9061A961223866FE24" collectionCode="CMK" country="Myanmar" location="Sagaing Region" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="CMK 27130, 1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sagaing">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9061A961223877FEC4" bold="true" box="[136,317,349,373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFBDFF9061A961223872FEC4" box="[136,312,349,373]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Other Material</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F32F66F8FFBDFF906065612138E5FEC7" box="[324,431,350,374]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90609861223B39FEC4" bold="true" box="[441,627,349,373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF90609861223B24FEC4" box="[441,622,349,373]" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF90635B61223A48FEC4" box="[634,770,349,373]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">CMK 27130</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9061A9610239DFFE24" box="[136,149,381,405]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">1</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF90618261023848FE24" box="[163,258,381,405]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.94" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="39.4">39.4 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF90601961023B3BFE64" collectingDate="2017-06-30" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" latitude="23.773056" location="Hti Chaint" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.172775" municipality="River" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="CMK 27144, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF9060196102388AFE24" box="[312,448,381,405]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFBDFF9060E661023B48FE24" box="[455,514,381,405]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">River</collectingMunicipality>
upstream of 
<location id="8EE770B3FFBDFF9063B161023A49FE24" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846:8EE770B3FFBDFF9063B161023A49FE24" box="[656,771,381,405]" country="Myanmar" latitude="23.773056" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.172775" municipality="River" name="Hti Chaint" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Hti Chaint</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF9061A961E3384CFE04" box="[136,262,412,437]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="23" value="23.773056">23°46′23″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF90602D61E338C1FE04" box="[268,395,412,437]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="22" value="96.172775">96°10′22″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF9060B561E13B47FE04" box="[404,525,413,437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF90630D61E23BE7FE04" box="[556,685,413,437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBDFF90639761E2398BFE64" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFBDFF90639761E2398BFE64" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">30 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
. — 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9061D061C23837FE64" box="[241,381,445,469]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">CMK 27144</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9060AB61C238D3FE64" box="[394,409,445,469]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">2</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF90608961C23B0FFE64" box="[424,581,445,469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.345" metricValueMax="3.45" metricValueMin="3.2399999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="33.45" valueMax="34.5" valueMin="32.4">32.4–34.5 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF90635E61C23A48FD84" collectingDate="2017-06-30" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" county="River" latitude="23.773056" location="Sa Khan Kyaut Maw Inn" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.172775" municipality="Hti Chaint" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="CMK 27159, 5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF90635E61C23A4DFE64" box="[639,775,445,469]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingCounty id="62E65EE4FFBDFF9061A961A2398FFE44" box="[136,197,477,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">River</collectingCounty>
upstream of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFBDFF90604161A23893FE44" box="[352,473,477,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Hti Chaint</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EE770B3FFBDFF9060C961A23A4CFE44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846:8EE770B3FFBDFF9060C961A23A4CFE44" box="[488,774,477,502]" country="Myanmar" county="River" latitude="23.773056" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.172775" municipality="Hti Chaint" name="Sa Khan Kyaut Maw Inn" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Sa Khan Kyaut Maw Inn</location>
(backwaters), 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF90603F618338D7FDA4" box="[286,413,508,533]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="23" value="23.773056">23°46′23″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF90608261833B68FDA4" box="[419,546,508,533]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="22" value="96.172775">96°10′22″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF90630D61813BECFDA4" box="[556,678,509,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF9063E761823989FD84" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBDFF9061EF6262382BFD84" box="[206,353,541,565]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFBDFF9061EF6262382BFD84" box="[206,353,541,565]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">30 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
. — 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9060AF62623B5DFD84" box="[398,535,541,565]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">CMK 27159</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF90630362623B7BFD84" box="[546,561,541,565]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">5</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF90631F62623B93FD84" box="[574,729,541,565]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7649999999999997" metricValueMax="3.9899999999999998" metricValueMin="3.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="37.65" valueMax="39.9" valueMin="35.4">35.4–39.9 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF9061A9624238F1FD24" collectingDate="2017-06-30" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="M. Kottelat &amp; Nyein Chan" country="Myanmar" latitude="23.733055" location="Hti Chaint Myit Yoe" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.16389" municipality="River" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="CMK 27224, 1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF9061A96242385AFDE4" box="[136,272,573,597]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFBDFF9060386242381EFDE4" box="[281,340,573,597]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">River</collectingMunicipality>
near 
<location id="8EE770B3FFBDFF9060B562423B31FDE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846:8EE770B3FFBDFF9060B562423B31FDE4" box="[404,635,573,597]" country="Myanmar" latitude="23.733055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="96.16389" municipality="River" name="Hti Chaint Myit Yoe" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Hti Chaint Myit Yoe</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF9063A962433A4CFDE4" box="[648,774,572,597]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="59" value="23.733055">23°43′59″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF9061A96223384DFDC4" box="[136,263,604,629]" degrees="96" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="50" value="96.16389">96°09′50″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF906035622138D8FDC4" box="[276,402,605,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF90609962223B77FDC4" box="[440,573,605,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Nyein Chan</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBDFF90636B62223BAAFDC4" box="[586,736,605,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFBDFF90636B62223BAAFDC4" box="[586,736,605,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-06-30">30 June 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
. — 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9061A96202385AFD24" box="[136,272,637,661]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">CMK 27224</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF90603B6202386DFD24" box="[282,295,637,661]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">1</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF906014620238D8FD24" box="[309,402,637,661]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="35.4">35.4 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF9060E762023BC5FD04" country="Myanmar" location="Shein Ma Kar village" municipality="River" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF9060E762023B04FD24" box="[454,590,637,661]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE3BC12FFBDFF90637562023BD8FD24" box="[596,658,637,661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">River</collectingMunicipality>
, sand bank near 
<location id="8EE770B3FFBDFF90619D62E238EBFD04" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391977EFFBFFF9962CE66E23AB5F846:8EE770B3FFBDFF90619D62E238EBFD04" box="[188,417,669,693]" country="Myanmar" municipality="River" name="Shein Ma Kar village" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" stateProvince="Ayeyawady">Shein Ma Kar village</location>
, about 
<locationDeviation id="9A353F4AFFBDFF9060CD62E23B39FD04" box="[492,627,669,693]" location="North" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF9060CD62E23B65FD04" box="[492,559,669,693]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
North
</locationDeviation>
of
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B502C35FFBDFF9063B762E23A4EFD44" collectingDate="2017-07-02" collectionCode="CMK" collectorName="M. Kottelat" country="Myanmar" latitude="22.305555" location="River" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="95.986664" municipality="Indaw Inn" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" specimenCode="CMK 28787, 113" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mandalay">
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFBDFF9063B762E23A49FD04" box="[662,771,669,693]" country="Myanmar" name="Mandalay" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Mandalay</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF9061A962C3384CFD64" box="[136,262,700,725]" degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="20" value="22.305555">22°18′20″N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C40AFFFBDFF90602F62C338C4FD64" box="[270,398,700,725]" degrees="95" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" precision="15" seconds="12" value="95.986664">95°59′12″E</geoCoordinate>
; 
<collectorName id="26CD43BEFFBDFF9060B862C13B5FFD64" box="[409,533,701,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">M. Kottelat</collectorName>
et al., 
<date id="FF8600A8FFBDFF90634162C23BA8FD64" box="[608,738,701,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-07-02">
<collectingDate id="EFC2F940FFBDFF90634162C23BA8FD64" box="[608,738,701,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" value="2017-07-02">2 July 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
. — 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF9061A962A23845FD44" box="[136,271,733,757]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">CMK 28787</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DB9E8E13FFBDFF90603862A23809FD44" box="[281,323,733,757]" collectionCode="CMK" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">113</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFBDFF90606C62A238ADFD44" box="[333,487,733,757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.445" metricValueMax="4.22" metricValueMin="2.67" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="34.45" valueMax="42.2" valueMin="26.7">26.7–42.2 mm</quantity>
SL; same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFBDFF9061A963623D30FAA3" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF9061A96362387CFBA7" blockId="3.[136,775,797,1046]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9061A96362384AFC84" bold="true" box="[136,256,797,821]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90602A636238E8FC84" authorityName="Conway &amp;  &amp; Kottelat &amp; Maurice" authorityYear="2021" box="[267,418,797,821]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90602A636238E8FC84" box="[267,418,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from all other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF9061DA6342380AFCE4" authorityName="Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura &amp; Maduwage" authorityYear="2012" box="[251,320,829,853]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9061DA6342380AFCE4" box="[251,320,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Pethia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF9060BA634138B6FCE4" box="[411,508,829,853]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9060BA634138B6FCE4" box="[411,508,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the absence of black blotches (round or vertically elongate) on the body, and by the presence of two black markings on anterior half of dorsal fin, including a larger marking over base of second unbranched to third branched ray and intervening fin membranes, and a smaller marking covering the distal, flexible tip of third unbranched ray.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFBDFF90626263CC3CF9FBB3" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" startId="3.[835,870,947,969]" targetBox="[835,1474,189,932]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF90626263CC3CF9FBB3" blockId="3.[835,1475,947,1027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
Fig. 2. Pigmentation pattern on caudal peduncle scales in 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90645C63CC3C89FC79" box="[1405,1475,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90645C63CC3CF5FC79" authorityName="Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura &amp; Maduwage" authorityYear="2012" box="[1405,1471,947,968]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pethia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90626263AF3A1EFC54" bold="true" box="[835,852,976,997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90624563AE3D5CFC54" authority=", MHNG" authorityName="MHNG" box="[868,1046,976,998]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90624563AE3AF7FC57" box="[868,957,977,998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. castor</emphasis>
, MHNG
</taxonomicName>
2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90626263923A19FBB3" bold="true" box="[835,851,1005,1026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90624063923D5AFBB3" authority=", MHNG" authorityName="MHNG" box="[865,1040,1005,1026]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90624063923AF3FBB3" box="[865,953,1005,1026]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. pollux</emphasis>
, MHNG
</taxonomicName>
2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF9061A96442383AF944" blockId="3.[136,777,1085,1781]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
The external differences in preserved material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90638464413A4DFBE4" box="[677,775,1086,1109]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90638464413A4DFBE4" box="[677,775,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF9061976421385DFBC4" box="[182,279,1117,1141]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9061976421385DFBC4" box="[182,279,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not striking and may not be discernible in specimens that have not been optimally preserved. 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF9063E064023981FB04" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9063E064023981FB04" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF90609264E13B59FB04" box="[435,531,1181,1205]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90609264E13B59FB04" box="[435,531,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the weak horizontal stripe along body side (most evident in males; 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF9063AA64C23BB5FB64" box="[651,767,1213,1237]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
) (vs. absence); scales on lower half of caudal peduncle with few or no faint brown melanophores scattered over pocket and along posterior margin, when present forming a weak or barely discernible reticulate pattern (vs. with dense scattering of dark brown melanophores, forming an obvious reticulate pattern; 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF9061C265023870FA24" box="[227,314,1405,1429]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[835,870,947,969]" captionTargetBox="[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetId="figure-746@3.[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Pigmentation pattern on caudal peduncle scales in Pethia. A, P. castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL; B, P. pollux, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); the absence of isolated lateral-line canal ossicles on scales in lateral-line canal row on posterior part of body (vs. presence); a slightly shorter (19–25% HL vs. 23–29), more rounded (vs. pointed) snout; a slightly smaller eye (orbit diameter 29–33% HL vs. 32–36); upper lip relatively thin, of uniform thickness along lateral margin of jaw (vs. upper lip swollen posteriorly); lateral fold on snout poorly developed (vs. well developed) along anterior margin of lachrymal; rostral cap barely discernible from remainder of snout, not overlapping upper lip dorsally (vs. rostral cap swollen, obvious in lateral view, overlapping upper lip at midline).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF9061A967623D30FAA3" blockId="3.[136,775,1821,2101]" lastBlockId="3.[835,1475,1082,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
The following osteological characters too, distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF9063D167613984F8E4" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF9063D167613984F8E4" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBDFF906038674138C8F8E4" box="[281,386,1853,1877]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF906038674138C8F8E4" box="[281,386,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: ascending process of premaxilla poorly developed, posteriormost tip not reaching midpoint of kinethmoid with jaws closed (vs. ascending process moderately developed, posteriormost tip reaching past midpoint of kinethmoid with jaws closed); posterior part of anguloarticular elevated dorsally as large triangular process (vs. posterior part of anguloarticular with flat dorsal margin); central part of mesethmoid weakly concave (vs. with central cavernous indentation); supraorbital relatively narrow anteriorly, tapering in width gently towards posterior, firmly attached to lateral ethmoid anteriorly (vs. relatively wide anteriorly, tapering in width abruptly towards posterior, not in contact with lateral ethmoid anteriorly); anterior edge of epibranchial 1 with well-developed (vs. poorly developed), shelf-like anterior extension.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFBDFF99626265453C67FAA7" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF90626265453D77F903" blockId="3.[835,1475,1338,1714]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBDFF90626265453A9DFAE3" bold="true" box="[835,983,1338,1362]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Description.</emphasis>
See 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF90653765453D32FAE3" box="[1046,1144,1338,1362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Figure 1</figureCitation>
for general appearance and 
<tableCitation id="C6BA13D3FFBDFF90626565253ADCFAC3" box="[836,918,1370,1394]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric characters of Pethia castor (10 total, including holotype and 9 paratypes from TCWC 20251.02) and P. pollux (10 total, including holotype, 3 paratypes from CMK 27070, 2 from CMK 28804, and 4 from TCWC 20250.02). Range values include value obtained from holotype." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Table 1</tableCitation>
for morphometric data obtained from 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFBDFF90641665253CDEFAC3" box="[1335,1428,1370,1394]" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D3EEDE1FFBDFF90626265053A82FA23" box="[835,968,1402,1426]" count="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="83" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">9 paratypes</specimenCount>
. Body laterally compressed, relatively deep, greatest depth at dorsal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle depth approximately equal to head depth through mid-orbit. Dorsal profile continuous between head and body, with slight hump at nape, ascending, almost straight prior to dorsal fin, descending almost straight from dorsal-fin origin to just anterior of base of caudal fin, slightly concave at base of caudal fin. Ventral profile of head and body continuous, rounded through pelvic- and anal-fin bases, slightly concave along caudal peduncle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBDFF96626266A53BFCF867" blockId="3.[835,1475,1754,2098]" lastBlockId="5.[136,776,1886,2006]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="83">
Head short, laterally compressed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF9065ED66A53C59F943" box="[1228,1299,1754,1778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Eye diameter greater than snout length. Pupil spherical to subelliptical (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF90626D67653A83F883" box="[844,969,1818,1842]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Snout rounded to moderately pointed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF9064B767653A2FF8E3" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) in lateral aspect. Mouth small, subterminal, not reaching vertical through anterior margin of anterior nostril. Lips exposed, smooth, moderately thick; lower lip fold interrupted medially. Lateral fold on snout poorly developed, located along anterior margin of lachrymal. Rostral cap poorly developed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF9062E467A53D56F843" box="[965,1052,2010,2034]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Barbels absent. Skin anterior to eye thick, depigmented, opaque (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBDFF90655967853D81F7A3" box="[1144,1227,2042,2066]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="3" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), visible in dorsal view as a clear, slightly bulbous patch of opaque skin between posterior nostril and orbit (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBBFF966085672138BDF8C7" box="[420,503,1886,1910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="5" pageNumber="85">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Opaque skin overlaying a dense aggregation of connective tissue, closely associated with anterolateral extension of lateral ethmoid and dorsal edge and upper lateral face of the lachrymal (IO1).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFBAFF97615060C238D3FEBC" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" startId="4.[113,168,189,211]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBAFF97615060C238D3FEBC" blockId="4.[113,1452,189,269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
Table 1. Morphometric characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBAFF9760C460C23B22FF62" box="[485,616,189,211]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9760C460C23B22FF62" box="[485,616,189,211]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(10 total, including holotype and 9 paratypes from TCWC 20251.02) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBAFF97647360C13CE6FF63" box="[1362,1452,189,211]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97647360C13CE6FF63" box="[1362,1452,189,211]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(10 total, including holotype, 3 paratypes from CMK 27070, 2 from CMK 28804, and 4 from TCWC 20250.02). Range values include value obtained from holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBAFF97635461413CCBFBAB" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<table id="F938D4C8FFBA006C61A161413CD1FBAA" box="[128,1435,318,1051]" gridcols="9" gridrows="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A161413CD1FEE5" box="[128,1435,318,340]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C637261413A5DFEE5" box="[595,791,318,340]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBAFF97635461413BB3FEE5" box="[629,761,318,340]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97635461413BB3FEE5" bold="true" box="[629,761,318,340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C61413C68FEE5" box="[1117,1314,318,340]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBAFF97655661413DB4FEE5" box="[1143,1278,318,340]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97655661413DB4FEE5" bold="true" box="[1143,1278,318,340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Pethia pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A161123CD1FE32" box="[128,1435,365,387]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F861123B7EFE32" box="[473,564,365,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9760F861113B7EFE32" bold="true" box="[473,564,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Holotype</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637261123BFEFE32" box="[595,692,365,387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97634361113BE9FE32" bold="true" box="[610,675,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Range</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD61123A5DFE32" box="[732,791,365,387]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9763FD61113A5DFE32" bold="true" box="[732,791,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626061123AD8FE32" box="[833,914,365,387]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97626061123AD8FE32" bold="true" box="[833,914,365,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">St. Dev.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD61123D73FE32" box="[988,1081,365,387]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9762FD61113D73FE32" bold="true" box="[988,1081,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Holotype</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C61123DF7FE32" box="[1117,1213,365,387]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97654D61113DE7FE32" bold="true" box="[1132,1197,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Range</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C661123C68FE32" box="[1255,1314,365,387]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9765C661113C68FE32" bold="true" box="[1255,1314,366,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B61123CD1FE32" box="[1354,1435,365,387]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97646B61123CD1FE32" bold="true" box="[1354,1435,365,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">St. Dev.</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A161DB3CD1FE0B" box="[128,1435,420,442]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A161DB38C3FE0B" box="[128,393,420,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Standard Length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F861DB3B7EFE0B" box="[473,564,420,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">36.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637261DB3BFEFE0B" box="[595,692,420,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">33.9–39.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD61DB3A5DFE0B" box="[732,791,420,442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">–</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626061DB3AD8FE0B" box="[833,914,420,442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">–</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD61DB3D73FE0B" box="[988,1081,420,442]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">41.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C61DB3DF7FE0B" box="[1117,1213,420,442]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">33.0–41.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C661DB3C68FE0B" box="[1255,1314,420,442]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">–</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B61DB3CD1FE0B" box="[1354,1435,420,442]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A161AD3CD1FE59" box="[128,1435,466,488]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A161AD3B7EFE59" box="[128,564,466,488]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9761A161AC3891FE59" bold="true" box="[128,475,466,488]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">In percent of the standard length</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1618D3CD1FDB9" box="[128,1435,498,520]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1618D38C3FDB9" box="[128,393,498,520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Head length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8618D3B7EFDB9" box="[473,564,498,520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372618D3BFEFDB9" box="[595,692,498,520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26.3–28.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD618D3A5DFDB9" box="[732,791,498,520]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">27.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260618D3AD8FDB9" box="[833,914,498,520]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">0.7</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD618D3D73FDB9" box="[988,1081,498,520]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">27.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C618D3DF7FDB9" box="[1117,1213,498,520]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26.9–30.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6618D3C68FDB9" box="[1255,1314,498,520]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">28.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B618D3CD1FDB9" box="[1354,1435,498,520]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1626D3CD1FD99" box="[128,1435,530,552]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1626D38C3FD99" box="[128,393,530,552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Body depth</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8626D3B7EFD99" box="[473,564,530,552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">34.0</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372626D3BFEFD99" box="[595,692,530,552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">29.9–34.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD626D3A5DFD99" box="[732,791,530,552]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">32.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260626D3AD8FD99" box="[833,914,530,552]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">2.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD626D3D73FD99" box="[988,1081,530,552]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">34.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C626D3DF7FD99" box="[1117,1213,530,552]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">30.2–34.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6626D3C68FD99" box="[1255,1314,530,552]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">32.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B626D3CD1FD99" box="[1354,1435,530,552]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1624D3CD1FDD9" box="[128,1435,562,616]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1624D38C3FDD9" box="[128,393,562,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Predorsal length Prepelvic length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8624D3B7EFDD9" box="[473,564,562,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">50.5 54.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372624D3BFEFDD9" box="[595,692,562,616]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">50.3–54.2 50.3–54.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD624D3A5DFDD9" box="[732,791,562,616]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">51.5 51.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260624D3AD8FDD9" box="[833,914,562,616]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.2 1.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD624D3D73FDD9" box="[988,1081,562,616]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">50.5 50.0</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C624D3DF7FDD9" box="[1117,1213,562,616]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">50.5–54.1 50.0–54.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6624D3C68FDD9" box="[1255,1314,562,616]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">53.0 51.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B624D3CD1FDD9" box="[1354,1435,562,616]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.1 1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1620E3CD1FD16" box="[128,1435,625,679]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1620E38C3FD16" box="[128,393,625,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Preanal length Caudal peduncle depth</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8620E3B7EFD16" box="[473,564,625,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">77.7 13.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372620E3BFEFD16" box="[595,692,625,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">72.1–77.7 13.3–15.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD620E3A5DFD16" box="[732,791,625,679]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">74.0 14.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260620E3AD8FD16" box="[833,914,625,679]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.8 0.6</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD620E3D73FD16" box="[988,1081,625,679]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">71.1 14.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C620E3DF7FD16" box="[1117,1213,625,679]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">71.1–75.2 13.6–14.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6620E3C68FD16" box="[1255,1314,625,679]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">73.3 14.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B620E3CD1FD16" box="[1354,1435,625,679]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.3 0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A162CE3CD1FD76" box="[128,1435,689,711]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A162CE38C3FD76" box="[128,393,689,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Caudal peduncle length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F862CE3B7EFD76" box="[473,564,689,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">17.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637262CE3BFEFD76" box="[595,692,689,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">15.3–21.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD62CE3A5DFD76" box="[732,791,689,711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">18.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626062CE3AD8FD76" box="[833,914,689,711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.7</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD62CE3D73FD76" box="[988,1081,689,711]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">21.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C62CE3DF7FD76" box="[1117,1213,689,711]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">18.6–21.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C662CE3C68FD76" box="[1255,1314,689,711]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">20.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B62CE3CD1FD76" box="[1354,1435,689,711]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A162AE3CD1FC97" box="[128,1435,721,806]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A162AE38C3FC97" box="[128,393,721,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Dorsal fin length Anal fin length Pectoral fin length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F862AE3B7EFC97" box="[473,564,721,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26.6 15.8 19.0</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637262AE3BFEFC97" box="[595,692,721,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">22.3–26.8 14.7–18.0 17.0–22.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD62AE3A5DFC97" box="[732,791,721,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">24.5 16.3 19.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626062AE3AD8FC97" box="[833,914,721,806]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">2.1 1.0 1.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD62AE3D73FC97" box="[988,1081,721,806]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">– 14.6 20.6</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C62AE3DF7FC97" box="[1117,1213,721,806]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">24.4–27.4 13.1–15.6 16.7–21.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C662AE3C68FC97" box="[1255,1314,721,806]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26.0 14.5 19.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B62AE3CD1FC97" box="[1354,1435,721,806]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.1 0.8 1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A163483CD1FCFC" box="[128,1435,823,845]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1634838C3FCFC" box="[128,393,823,845]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Pelvic fin length</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F863483B7EFCFC" box="[473,564,823,845]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">18.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637263483BFEFCFC" box="[595,692,823,845]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">18.8–20.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD63483A5DFCFC" box="[732,791,823,845]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">20.4</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626063483AD8FCFC" box="[833,914,823,845]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD63483D73FCFC" box="[988,1081,823,845]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">22.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C63483DF7FCFC" box="[1117,1213,823,845]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">19.4–22.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C663483C68FCFC" box="[1255,1314,823,845]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">21.2</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B63483CD1FCFC" box="[1354,1435,823,845]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A163193CD1FC6A" box="[128,1435,870,987]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1631938C3FC6A" box="[128,393,870,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9761A1631938C3FCCA" bold="true" box="[128,393,870,892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">In percent of head length</emphasis>
Snout length Eye diameter Interorbital width
</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F863193B7EFC6A" box="[473,564,870,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">23 30 34</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C637263193BFEFC6A" box="[595,692,870,987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">19–25 29–33 34–38</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD63193A5DFC6A" box="[732,791,870,987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">21.4 31.1 36.6</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C626063193AD8FC6A" box="[833,914,870,987]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.8 1.3 1.3</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD63193D73FC6A" box="[988,1081,870,987]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">26 35 36</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C63193DF7FC6A" box="[1117,1213,870,987]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">23–28 32–36 32–39</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C663193C68FC6A" box="[1255,1314,870,987]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">25.6 34.5 35.8</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B63193CD1FC6A" box="[1354,1435,870,987]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.7 1.4 1.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1639A3CD1FC4A" box="[128,1435,997,1019]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1639A38C3FC4A" box="[128,393,997,1019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Head width</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8639A3B7EFC4A" box="[473,564,997,1019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">40</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372639A3BFEFC4A" box="[595,692,997,1019]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">37–43</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD639A3A5DFC4A" box="[732,791,997,1019]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">39.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260639A3AD8FC4A" box="[833,914,997,1019]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">1.9</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD639A3D73FC4A" box="[988,1081,997,1019]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">46</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C639A3DF7FC4A" box="[1117,1213,997,1019]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">38–46</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6639A3C68FC4A" box="[1255,1314,997,1019]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">41.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B639A3CD1FC4A" box="[1354,1435,997,1019]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3508242AFFBA006C61A1647A3CD1FBAA" box="[128,1435,1029,1051]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
<th id="76D94D56FFBA006C61A1647A38C3FBAA" box="[128,393,1029,1051]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Head depth (occiput)</th>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C60F8647A3B7EFBAA" box="[473,564,1029,1051]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">72</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6372647A3BFEFBAA" box="[595,692,1029,1051]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">67–76</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C63FD647A3A5DFBAA" box="[732,791,1029,1051]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">71.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C6260647A3AD8FBAA" box="[833,914,1029,1051]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">2.5</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C62FD647A3D73FBAA" box="[988,1081,1029,1051]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">71</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C657C647A3DF7FBAA" box="[1117,1213,1029,1051]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">66–73</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C65C6647A3C68FBAA" box="[1255,1314,1029,1051]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">69.1</td>
<td id="76D94D56FFBA006C646B647A3CD1FBAA" box="[1354,1435,1029,1051]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">2.1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFBAFF97615367CF3815F852" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" startId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" targetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBAFF97615367CF3815F852" blockId="4.[114,1452,1968,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">
Fig. 3. 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBAFF97619867CF38D9F874" authority=", MHNG" authorityName="MHNG" box="[185,403,1968,1990]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97619867CF3876F877" box="[185,316,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">Pethia castor</emphasis>
, MHNG
</taxonomicName>
2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9763CC67CF3BB4F874" bold="true" box="[749,766,1968,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">A</emphasis>
, head in lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF9762FD67CF3AA6F874" bold="true" box="[988,1004,1968,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">B</emphasis>
, close up of snout in lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBAFF97646467CF3C1CF877" bold="true" box="[1349,1366,1968,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="84">C</emphasis>
, head in dorsal and ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFBBFF9661A966A83B10F896" pageId="5" pageNumber="85" startId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" targetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBBFF9661A966A83B10F896" blockId="5.[136,1476,1751,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">
Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBBFF9660C966A83B6DF95D" authorityName="Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura &amp; Maduwage" authorityYear="2012" box="[488,551,1751,1772]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBBFF9660C966A83B6DF95D" box="[488,551,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">Pethia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBBFF96655B66A83DE2F95C" bold="true" box="[1146,1192,1751,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">A–C</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBBFF96659566A73C16F95C" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[1204,1372,1752,1773]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBBFF96659566A73C41F95C" box="[1204,1291,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">P. castor</emphasis>
, TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBBFF96604A668B38DDF8B8" bold="true" box="[363,407,1780,1801]" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">D–F</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFBBFF966085668A3B06F8B8" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[420,588,1780,1802]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFBBFF966085668A3B4BF8B8" box="[420,513,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">P. pollux,</emphasis>
TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFBBFF9561A967813B48F902" blockId="5.[136,775,2046,2102]" lastBlockId="6.[113,754,1403,1715]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="5" pageNumber="85">
Supraorbital well-ossified (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBBFF9660E767813B6EF7A7" box="[454,548,2046,2070]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). A–C, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; D–F, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital." pageId="5" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), widest anteriorly, tapering in width posteriorly, firmly attached to posterodorsal part of lateral ethmoid anteriorly. Mesethmoid irregularly shaped, weakly concave at centre (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBBFF96659C67013C57F827" box="[1213,1309,1918,1942]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). A–C, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; D–F, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital." pageId="5" pageNumber="85">Figs. 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFBBFF96640B67013C07F827" box="[1322,1357,1918,1942]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,1268,1290]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1253]" captionTargetId="figure-10@6.[113,1451,189,1253]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in frontal view. A, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; B, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Select bones highlighted, including: mesethmoid (light orange); kinethmoid (blue); maxilla (dark orange); premaxilla (green)." pageId="5" pageNumber="85">5A</figureCitation>
), extended dorsolaterally into poorly ossified flanges of membrane bone. Skull roof complete, without post-epiphyseal fontanelle. Masticatory plate broad, oval in ventral view; centre of plate slightly concave. Pharyngeal process of basioccipital process well-developed, extending beyond imaginary vertical line through centre of compound centrum 2+3. General appearance of neurocranium otherwise similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB8FF95615365C33989FA63" box="[114,195,1467,1491]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ticto">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF95615365C33989FA63" box="[114,195,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">P. ticto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA95B99FFB8FF95602265C438A1FA62" author="Katwate U &amp; Raghavan R &amp; Dahanukar N" box="[259,491,1467,1491]" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" pagination="401 - 418" refId="ref13256" refString="Katwate U, Raghavan R &amp; Dahanukar N (2015) The identity of Hamilton's Ticto Barb, Pethia ticto (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 3964: 401 - 418." type="journal article" year="2015">Katwate et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Ascending process of premaxilla poorly developed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB8FF95609565A43B40FA42" box="[436,522,1499,1523]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), terminating at point anterior to imaginary vertical line through midpoint of kinethmoid with jaws closed. Autopalatine process of maxilla and coronoid process of dentary both well-developed (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB8FF9563E4664439DFF9C2" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Dorsal margin of angulo-articular elevated posteriorly into triangular process (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB8FF95605866043898F922" box="[377,466,1659,1683]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), overlapping ventralmost part of ectopterygoid in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB8FF956150648B3861FAF2" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" startId="6.[113,148,1268,1290]" targetBox="[113,1451,189,1253]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB8FF956150648B3861FAF2" blockId="6.[113,1453,1268,1348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">
Fig. 5. CT scanned head skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB8FF9560FA648B3B50FAB8" authorityName="Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura &amp; Maduwage" authorityYear="2012" box="[475,538,1268,1289]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF9560FA648B3B50FAB8" box="[475,538,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Pethia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in frontal view. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF9563E0648B3B9BFAB8" bold="true" box="[705,721,1268,1289]" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">A</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB8FF9563FE648A3AC3FAB8" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[735,905,1268,1290]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF9563FE648A3A7DFABB" box="[735,823,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">P. castor</emphasis>
, TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF9565C3648B3DB8FAB8" bold="true" box="[1250,1266,1268,1289]" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">B</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB8FF956421648A3CE1FAB8" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[1280,1451,1268,1290]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB8FF956421648A3C12FAB8" box="[1280,1368,1268,1290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">P. pollux</emphasis>
, TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Select bones highlighted, including: mesethmoid (light orange); kinethmoid (blue); maxilla (dark orange); premaxilla (green).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB8FF9B615066A43896F982" blockId="6.[112,754,1755,2099]" lastBlockId="8.[113,753,1275,1587]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="6" pageNumber="86">
Five infraorbital bones (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB8FF9560A466A43B4BF942" box="[389,513,1755,1779]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,1751,1773]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[136,1474,189,1736]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. CT scanned head skeleton of Pethia in dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and anterolateral view (C, F). A–C, P. castor, TCWC 20251.01, paratype, 34.7 mm SL; D–F, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.01, paratype, 37.1 mm SL. Circumorbital bones highlighted in green. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbital bones 1–5; So, supraorbital." pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Fig. 4A–C</figureCitation>
); lachrymal (IO1) an irregular, shield-shaped bone, pointed dorsally, rounded anteroventrally, with poorly ossified, yet enclosed lateral line canal, with three openings located on bone, and a fourth located at junction between IO1 and IO2; IO2 narrow, with poorly ossified, yet enclosed lateral line canal, with single opening located at middle of bone, an additional pore located at junction between IO2 and IO3; IO3 broad, anterior tip at middle of orbit, anteriorly extending ventrally to middle of cheek, posteriorly extending ventrally to overlap preopercle, with open lateral-line canal; IO4 with poorly ossified, yet enclosed lateral-line canal along anterior part, without pore on bone, single pore located at junction with both IO3 and IO5; IO5 a small ossification composed largely of poorly ossified canal bone, transfers infraorbital canal to otic canal at junction between frontal and pterotic. Supraorbital lateral line canal extending from nasal, through frontal, terminating at junction with otic canal between frontal and pterotic, fully enclosed, with 6 pores, including 2 on nasal, 1 at junction between nasal and frontal, 3 along frontal dorsal to orbit, and 1 at junction between frontal and pterotic; parietal branch of supraorbital canal absent. Preoperculo-mandibular lateral line canal (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB8FF95628566A43AB2F942" box="[932,1016,1755,1779]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="6" pageNumber="86">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) starting on dentary, continuing through anguloarticular, preopercle, and opercle, terminating at junction with otic lateral line canal at centre of pterotic; fully enclosed, excluding open portion along preopercle, with 10 pores, including 3 on dentary, 1 at junction between dentary and anguloarticular, 1 at junction between anguloarticular and preopercle, 3 along preopercle, 1 at junction between preopercle and opercle, and 1 between junction of opercle and pterotic. Anterior (horizontal) part of preoperculo-mandibular lateral line canal on preopercle not fully enclosed; with roof of canal formed by skin. Otic lateral line canal located on pterotic, connecting with trunk lateral line canal via posttemporal and supracleithrum; fully enclosed with three pores, including 1 pore at junction with frontal and IO5, 1 pore at junction with opercle, and 1 pore at junction with posttemporal. Junction between supratemporal lateral line canal and otic lateral line canal located at posterior part of pterotic. Supratemporal lateral line canal with single pore close to origin; supratemporal commissure located along dorsal midline at junction of parietal bones, without pore, without contact to supraoccipital.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB9FF9461A967723A4CF7F2" pageId="7" pageNumber="87" startId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" targetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB9FF9461A967723A4CF7F2" blockId="7.[136,1475,1804,2115]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">
Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB9FF9460AA67723B2BF893" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[395,609,1805,1826]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF9460AA67723B59F893" box="[395,531,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">Pethia castor,</emphasis>
TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF94629767733A8DF890" bold="true" box="[950,967,1804,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF94600B67393870F8EA" bold="true" box="[298,314,1862,1883]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF94626B67393A11F8ED" bold="true" box="[842,859,1862,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF94642867393C50F8EA" bold="true" box="[1289,1306,1862,1883]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF94622E671C3A55F8C9" bold="true" box="[783,799,1891,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">E</emphasis>
, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB9FF9461E767FF399FF824" bold="true" box="[198,213,1920,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="87">F</emphasis>
, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB6FF9B615064273AD6FB75" pageId="8" pageNumber="88" startId="8.[113,148,1112,1134]" targetBox="[113,1451,189,1096]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB6FF9B615064273AD6FB75" blockId="8.[113,1452,1111,1220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">
Fig. 7. Dorsal fin and skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB6FF9B60E564273B0DFBDC" box="[452,583,1112,1133]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B60E564273B0DFBDC" box="[452,583,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A–C) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB6FF9B63E164273A53FBDC" box="[704,793,1112,1133]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B63E164273A53FBDC" box="[704,793,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D–F). 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B624A64283A36FBDD" bold="true" box="[875,892,1111,1132]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B62AA64273AD1FBDC" bold="true" box="[907,923,1112,1133]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">B</emphasis>
, CMK 27085, 41.3 mm SL, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B61F6640B39A2FB3B" bold="true" box="[215,232,1140,1162]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">C</emphasis>
, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL, cleared and stained, inset shows close up of distal tip of last unbranched ray; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B64B4640A3CECFB3B" bold="true" box="[1429,1446,1141,1162]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">D</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B615064EE39CBFB17" bold="true" box="[113,129,1169,1190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">E</emphasis>
, CMK 28804, 35.4 mm SL, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) view; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB6FF9B63D364EE3A4BFB17" bold="true" box="[754,769,1169,1190]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">F</emphasis>
, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL, cleared and stained. White arrow points to black pigmentation at distal tip of last unbranched ray in B and E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB6FF9B615066243859F782" blockId="8.[113,753,1627,2100]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">
Gill rakers present on gill arches 1–5 (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB6FF9B60D766243B0CF9C2" box="[502,582,1627,1651]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), with following distribution in 2 C&amp;S specimens: arch 1, anterior row (a) 7–8 (total), 5–6 on ceratobranchial (cb)+1 on epibranchial (eb)+1 at cb/eb junction (cej)/posterior row (p) 12–13, 9–10cb+2eb+1cej; arch 2, a14–16, 10–11cb+3–4eb+1cej/ p17–18, 13–14cb+3–4eb+1cej; arch 3, a15–16, 11–12cb+3– 4eb+1cej/p15–16, 11–12cb+3–4eb+1cej; arch 4, a15–16, 11–12cb+3–4eb+1cej/p12–13cb; arch 5, a13cb. Pharyngeal teeth on ceratobranchial 5 unicuspid (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB6FF9B633267243BE3F8C2" box="[531,681,1883,1907]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Fig. 6C, E, F</figureCitation>
), with slightly hooked tips, arranged in three rows, with formula 5,3,2. Epibranchial 1 with expanded, shelf-like process on anterior edge (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB6FF9B606467C438E8F862" box="[325,418,1979,2003]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Basihyal a thin rod. Three branchiostegal rays; tip of posteriormost ray expanded, approximately 3–4 times deeper than pointed tip of anterior rays (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB6FF9B618F6864384CF782" box="[174,262,2075,2099]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[136,171,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[248,1374,191,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-211@7.[235,1374,187,1789]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Viscerocranium of Pethia castor, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL. A, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side in lateral view (image reversed). Preoperculo-mandibular canal outlined in green. Inset box shows close-up of posterior part of lower jaw in medial view; B, dorsal gill arch elements, right side in dorsal view; C, ventral gill arch elements in dorsal view; D, hyoid bar, right side in lateral view (image reversed) and urohyal in ventral view; E, ceratobranchial 5, right side in oblique dorsolateral view and lateral view; F, close up of ceratobranchial 5 teeth, right side in dorsal view (image reversed), anterior to bottom of page. Abbreviations: Aa, anguloarticular; ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Apa, autopalatine; Bb1–3, basibranchials 1–3; Bb4C, basibranchial 4 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ectp, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; Iop, interopercle; GR, gill raker; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PC, pulp cavity; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; RT, replacement tooth; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal." pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB6FF9B620C64843D86F8A2" blockId="8.[813,1452,1275,1811]" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">
Dorsal-fin rays iii.8.i (1) or iii.9 (1). Anal-fin rays iii.5.i (1) or iii.6 (1). Principal caudal-fin rays 10+9; dorsal procurrent rays 5 (1) or 6 (1), ventral procurrent rays 5 (1) or 6 (1). Pelvic-fin rays i.7.i (1) or i.8 (1). Pectoral-fin rays i.11.ii (1) or i.12 (1). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to pelvic-fin origin; posterior margin slightly concave. Last unbranched ray almost as long as first branched ray; proximal ⅔ compact, approximately twice as thick as first branched ray, rigid, strongly serrated, with 14–15 pairs of serrae on distal ⅔; apical ⅓ flexible, segmented, without serrae, or with poorly developed serrae on one or two proximal segments (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB6FF9B645E66443A05F9C2" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[113,148,1112,1134]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-559@8.[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7. Dorsal fin and skeleton of Pethia castor (A–C) and P. pollux (D–F). A, B, CMK 27085, 41.3 mm SL, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view; C, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL, cleared and stained, inset shows close up of distal tip of last unbranched ray; D, E, CMK 28804, 35.4 mm SL, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) view; F, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL, cleared and stained. White arrow points to black pigmentation at distal tip of last unbranched ray in B and E." pageId="8" pageNumber="88">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through base of posterior dorsal-fin ray; posterior margin slightly concave. Caudal fin deeply emarginate; tip of lobes rounded. Pelvic-fin tip rounded to weakly pointed, adpressed fin reaching to vent. Pectoral-fin tip rounded, adpressed fin reaching one scale row anterior to pelvic-fin origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB6FF9A620C6744380EF9B4" blockId="8.[811,1452,1851,2099]" lastBlockId="9.[136,775,1293,1541]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">
Body lateral line incomplete, continuous for 9 (1), 10 (2), 11 (3 
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), 12 (1), 14 (2) or 16 (1) scales. Lateral line gently curved, lowest point located on 7 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB6FF9B651D67053D02F839" attach="left" box="[1084,1096,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">th</superScript>
or 8 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB6FF9B655B67053DCCF839" attach="left" box="[1146,1158,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">th</superScript>
scale. Scales in lateral line scale row 22 (4) or 23 (5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB6FF9B656067E53D03F819" attach="none" box="[1089,1097,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">*</superScript>
), plus 1 (3) or 2 (4 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB6FF9B640167E53C62F819" attach="none" box="[1312,1320,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">*</superScript>
) on base of caudal fin. Predorsal scales 7 (1) or 8 (10 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB6FF9B65EC67C53D9FF879" attach="none" box="[1229,1237,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="88">*</superScript>
). Circumpeduncular scales 12 (½/5/½). Scales in transverse row starting at dorsal-fin origin ½4/1/2½. 4–5 well-developed radii on anterior and posterior field of each scale. Pseudotympanum located beneath third and fourth scales in lateral line row (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A638D657239D6FAF4" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
), comprising three openings in hypaxial body musculature; two small, round openings located anterior to 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB7FF9A63A965333BDEFAEB" attach="left" box="[648,660,1356,1370]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">th</superScript>
rib, larger elongate opening located between 5 
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and 6 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB7FF9A634765133B38FACB" attach="left" box="[614,626,1388,1402]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">th</superScript>
ribs, through which anterior swimbladder chamber is visible. Myosepta anterior to pseudotympanum; musculature associated with 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB7FF9A61B465B339EBFA6B" attach="left" box="[149,161,1484,1498]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">th</superScript>
and 6 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB7FF9A61C865B339BFFA6B" attach="left" box="[233,245,1484,1498]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">th</superScript>
rib more pronounced in male (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A637365B23BE2FA54" box="[594,680,1485,1509]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
) than in female (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A61C06592387DF9B4" box="[225,311,1517,1541]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[136,1474,189,1085]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of Pethia castor (A, B) and P. pollux (C, D). A, P. castor, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; B, P. castor, TCWC 20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; C, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; D, P. pollux, TCWC 20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (*, **, ***) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB7FF9A61A9643238D6FB67" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" startId="9.[136,171,1101,1123]" targetBox="[136,1474,189,1085]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB7FF9A61A9643238D6FB67" blockId="9.[136,1476,1101,1238]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">
Fig. 8. Pseudotympanum of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A60BA64323B57FBD2" box="[411,541,1101,1123]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A60BA64323B57FBD2" box="[411,541,1101,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A, B) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A63B264313BA0FBD3" box="[659,746,1101,1123]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A63B264313BA0FBD3" box="[659,746,1101,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C, D). 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A621C64323A07FBD3" bold="true" box="[829,845,1101,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A627B64313AF8FBD2" box="[858,946,1102,1123]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A627B64313AF8FBD2" box="[858,946,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 20251.02, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A646964323C12FBD3" bold="true" box="[1352,1368,1101,1122]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A644464313984FBCE" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A644464313CF6FBD2" box="[1381,1468,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">P. castor</emphasis>
, TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20251.02, paratype, female, 36.2 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A63A364163BD9FBCE" bold="true" box="[642,659,1129,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A638364153A18FBCE" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[674,850,1130,1151]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A638364153A49FBCE" box="[674,771,1130,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">P. pollux,</emphasis>
TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20250.02, paratype, male, 35.8 mm SL; 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A65D264153C4EFBCE" bold="true" box="[1267,1284,1130,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB7FF9A643264153C88FBCE" authority=", TCWC" authorityName="TCWC" box="[1299,1474,1130,1151]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A643264153C3EFBCE" box="[1299,1396,1130,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">P. pollux,</emphasis>
TCWC
</taxonomicName>
20250.02, paratype, female, 38.2 mm SL. Overlying scales and skin removed. Asterisks (
<subScript id="17BC242DFFB7FF9A62D664EF3AB6FB2B" attach="none" box="[1015,1020,1168,1178]" fontSize="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">*</subScript>
, 
<subScript id="17BC242DFFB7FF9A652B64EF3D5FFB2B" attach="right" box="[1034,1045,1168,1178]" fontSize="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">**</subScript>
, 
<subScript id="17BC242DFFB7FF9A650264EF3D79FB2B" attach="right" box="[1059,1075,1168,1178]" fontSize="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">***</subScript>
) indicate openings in body musculature. Abbreviations: AS, anterior swimbladder chamber; EpM, epaxial musculature; HpM, hypaxial musculature; LLN, lateral line nerve; O, operculum; Ri5–6, ribs 5–6.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB7FF9A61A966523A42F8F4" blockId="9.[136,776,1581,1861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Total number of vertebrae 30, with 16 abdominal+14 caudal. Total number of ribs 12, on vertebrae 5–16. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted between neural spines of vertebrae 8/9. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted between hemal spines of vertebrae 17/18. Free supraneurals 3, well developed, inserted between neural spines of vertebrae 4/5, 6/7, 8/9. Outer arm of os suspensorium elongate, reaching past imaginary horizontal line through dorsalmost tip of postcleithrum. Six hypurals in caudal skeleton. Free uroneural (second) absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB7FF9961A967123801F97D" blockId="9.[136,775,1901,2085]" lastBlockId="10.[113,754,1364,1740]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB7FF9A61A967123855F834" bold="true" box="[136,287,1901,1925]" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Colouration.</emphasis>
In formalin, about 1 month after fixation (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A61B067F23844F814" box="[145,270,1933,1957]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
). Body background colour yellowish to light cream. Dorsal half of body (above horizontal septum) light brown, caused by pigmentation on scales (see below). Indistinct blackish-grey horizontal stripe along side of body, in deeper layer dorsal to thin black axial streak along horizontal septum; most distinct along posterior half of body in males. Scales above horizontal septum with dense scattering of light brown melanophores over much of scale pockets; a thin row of light brown melanophores bordering posterior margin of each scale, separated from anterior melanophores by crescentic unpigmented area. Melanophores on scales contributing to weak reticulate pattern on dorsal surface of body. Scales below horizontal septum with little pigment, restricted to sparse scattering of small faint brown melanophores on scale pocket and slightly darker brown melanophores along posterior edge, most obvious on scales covering pseudotympanum and lower part of caudal peduncle after some time in alcohol (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A654766F23DAEF914" box="[1126,1252,1677,1701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Figs. 1C, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A65CE66F23C59F914" box="[1263,1299,1677,1701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[835,870,947,969]" captionTargetBox="[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetId="figure-746@3.[835,1474,189,932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Pigmentation pattern on caudal peduncle scales in Pethia. A, P. castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL; B, P. pollux, MHNG 2785.034, holotype, female, 40.4 mm SL." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">2A</figureCitation>
). Dorsal surface of head and lateral surface of snout with dense scattering of dark brown melanophores (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A65B166B23D99F954" box="[1168,1235,1741,1765]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Sparse scattering of dark brown melanophores on skin covering upper part of opercle and around ventral margin of orbit (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A640367723C2FF894" box="[1314,1381,1805,1829]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[114,149,1968,1990]" captionTargetBox="[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-297@4.[113,1452,1129,1953]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Pethia castor, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, 36.9 mm SL; A, head in lateral view; B, close up of snout in lateral view; C, head in dorsal and ventral view." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Dorsal fin with two black markings on anterior half (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9A641D67523CFFF8F4" box="[1340,1461,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[113,148,1112,1134]" captionTargetBox="[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetId="figure-559@8.[113,1451,189,1096]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7. Dorsal fin and skeleton of Pethia castor (A–C) and P. pollux (D–F). A, B, CMK 27085, 41.3 mm SL, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) view; C, TCWC 20251.03, paratype, 38.4 mm SL, cleared and stained, inset shows close up of distal tip of last unbranched ray; D, E, CMK 28804, 35.4 mm SL, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) view; F, TCWC 20250.03, paratype, 35.4 mm SL, cleared and stained. White arrow points to black pigmentation at distal tip of last unbranched ray in B and E." pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
), including a larger marking over base of second unbranched to third branched ray and intervening fin membranes, and a smaller marking covering distal, flexible tip of third unbranched ray. Dorsal fin with sparse scattering of light brown melanophores distally, most evident along branched tips of rays. Centre of dorsal fin with a faint triangular canaryyellow marking in specimens after 1 month in formalin (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB7FF9964B6687239FEFADD" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="9" pageNumber="89">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
), and possibly also in life; absent in alcohol-preserved specimens in which dorsal fin, other than black markings, is hyaline (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB4FF9961C865EB3815FA1D" box="[233,351,1428,1452]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[113,148,2034,2056]" captionTargetBox="[137,1427,209,2018]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[137,1427,189,2018]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Pethia castor, Myanmar, Sagaing Region (A, B, photographed after short period in formalin) and Kachin State (C, D). A, CMK 27159, paratype, male, 38.6 mm SL; B, CMK 27130, paratype, male, 39.4 mm SL; C, CMK 27085, paratype, male, 35.2 mm SL; D, MHNG 2785.033, holotype, female, 36.9 mm SL." pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Fig. 1C, D</figureCitation>
). Caudal fin with faint canary yellow in formalin-fixed material, hyaline in alcohol, except for light scattering of light brown melanophores over base of upper- and lowermost principal caudal-fin rays. Pectoral fin hyaline, except for sparse scattering of dark brown to black melanophores over four anteriormost rays; melanophores associated with anteriormost pectoral-fin ray darker than on other rays, creating faint black to dark brown stripe, better developed in males. Pelvic fin and anal fin hyaline. Colour in life not recorded.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB4FF99620C64603C54FB19" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" startId="10.[813,848,1055,1077]" targetBox="[813,1451,189,1039]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB4FF99620C64603C54FB19" blockId="10.[813,1451,1054,1192]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
Fig. 10. Ayeyarwady River plain. 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF9965A164613DDBFB82" bold="true" box="[1152,1169,1054,1075]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">A</emphasis>
, backwaters of Ayeyarwady River upstream of Hti Chaint (Sagaing Region), habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99644D64443A23FBDF" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99644D64443A23FBDF" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CMK 27144); 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99652664273D5DFBDC" bold="true" box="[1031,1047,1112,1133]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">B</emphasis>
, ponded stream near floodplain lake near Shwegu (Kachin State, Myanmar), habitat of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99643164093C2DFB3A" box="[1296,1383,1142,1163]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99643164093C2DFB3A" box="[1296,1383,1142,1163]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CMK 28806) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99628264EC3AB1FB16" box="[931,1019,1170,1192]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99628264EC3AB1FB16" box="[931,1019,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CMK 27070; type locality).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4776E0FFB4FF99615064EB3823FAAD" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" startId="10.[113,148,1172,1194]" targetBox="[112,753,189,1158]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB4FF99615064EB3823FAAD" blockId="10.[113,752,1172,1309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
Fig. 9. Map of Myanmar showing localities from which specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF9961AE64CE3850FB77" box="[143,282,1201,1222]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF9961AE64CE3850FB77" box="[143,282,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Pethia castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99607364CE38FBFB77" box="[338,433,1201,1222]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99607364CE38FBFB77" box="[338,433,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected. Black circles, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99615064B13986FB52" box="[113,204,1230,1251]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99615064B13986FB52" box="[113,204,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; white circles, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99604D64B1388DFB52" box="[364,455,1230,1251]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99604D64B1388DFB52" box="[364,455,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; grey symbols, both species. Triangle represents type locality of 
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF9960F964943B73FAB1" box="[472,569,1259,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF9960F964943B7FFAB1" box="[472,565,1259,1280]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">P. castor</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Square represents type locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99602E6577382EFAAD" box="[271,356,1287,1309]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">P pollux</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB4FF996150668B3C67FAA7" blockId="10.[113,753,1780,2060]" lastBlockId="10.[813,1452,1247,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF996150668B381AF8BD" bold="true" box="[113,336,1780,1804]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
No obvious external sexual dimorphism other than slight dichromatism described above under section on colouration. Minute conical tubercles scattered over dorsal surface of head in 
<specimenCount id="9D3EEDE1FFB4FF996059672A3893F8DD" box="[376,473,1876,1900]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
specimens (CMK 27085). Hypaxial musculature surrounding pseudotympanum slightly hypertrophied in male, most obvious in hypaxial myomeres anterior to structure and hypaxial musculature surrounding 5 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB4FF99615E67AC39C1F850" attach="left" box="[127,139,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">th</superScript>
and 6 
<superScript id="7C4D8B20FFB4FF9961EC67AC3993F850" attach="left" box="[205,217,2003,2017]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">th</superScript>
rib. Mature females with swollen abdomens; ripe ovaries visible through body side in preserved specimens, light cream in colour. One dissected female with ripe ovary containing ~ 
<specimenCount id="9D3EEDE1FFB4FF99629264803D5CFAA6" box="[947,1046,1279,1303]" count="200" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" type="egg">200 eggs</specimenCount>
of diameter 
<quantity id="4CC08B8DFFB4FF99658264803C63FAA7" box="[1187,1321,1279,1303]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB4FF99620C65403C65F8E6" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB4FF99620C65403C65F8E6" blockId="10.[812,1452,1343,1879]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99620C65403AF5FAE6" bold="true" box="[813,959,1343,1367]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known to date only from a few sites in the middle 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB4FF99625A65203D48FAC6" box="[891,1026,1375,1399]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB4FF99652E65203D04FAC6" box="[1039,1102,1375,1399]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[113,148,1172,1194]" captionTargetBox="[112,753,189,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[108,757,184,1162]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 9. Map of Myanmar showing localities from which specimens of Pethia castor and P. pollux were collected. Black circles, P. castor; white circles, P. pollux; grey symbols, both species. Triangle represents type locality of P. castor. Square represents type locality of P pollux." pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), between Bhamo and 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB4FF99641A65203CE2FAC6" box="[1339,1448,1375,1399]" country="Myanmar" name="Mandalay" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Mandalay</collectingRegion>
. The majority of specimens were collected from the 
<typeStatus id="548398CAFFB4FF99645C65003CE6FA26" box="[1405,1452,1407,1431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">type</typeStatus>
locality, at the mouth of outlet of Indaw Inn into 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB4FF99640565E03CE1FA06" box="[1316,1451,1439,1463]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
River. At the time of collection (June–July, beginning of floods) all sampling sites were along edges of floodplain lakes, backwaters and the 
<collectingRegion id="49FCE88AFFB4FF99656B65803D98F9A6" box="[1098,1234,1535,1559]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Ayeyarwady</collectingRegion>
proper, with murky water and mud bottom. At three sites, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99659D665F3C51F986" box="[1212,1307,1568,1591]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99659D665F3C51F986" box="[1212,1307,1568,1591]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99646A665F3CE0F986" box="[1355,1450,1567,1591]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99646A665F3CE0F986" box="[1355,1450,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected together. The species were not identified in the field and no habitat preference could be noted. At two sites, 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99624D66FF3A9AF926" box="[876,976,1664,1687]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castor">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99624D66FF3A9AF926" box="[876,976,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. castor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was more abundant (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB4FF9965E066003C6DF926" box="[1217,1319,1663,1687]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[813,848,1055,1077]" captionTargetBox="[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-233@10.[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 10. Ayeyarwady River plain. A, backwaters of Ayeyarwady River upstream of Hti Chaint (Sagaing Region), habitat of Pethia castor (CMK 27144); B, ponded stream near floodplain lake near Shwegu (Kachin State, Myanmar), habitat of both P. castor (CMK 28806) and P. pollux (CMK 27070; type locality)." pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
), and at the third site (
<figureCitation id="13033AEDFFB4FF9962BE66E03D48F906" box="[927,1026,1695,1719]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[813,848,1055,1077]" captionTargetBox="[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-233@10.[813,1451,189,1039]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 10. Ayeyarwady River plain. A, backwaters of Ayeyarwady River upstream of Hti Chaint (Sagaing Region), habitat of Pethia castor (CMK 27144); B, ponded stream near floodplain lake near Shwegu (Kachin State, Myanmar), habitat of both P. castor (CMK 28806) and P. pollux (CMK 27070; type locality)." pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99653266DF3D3DF906" box="[1043,1143,1695,1719]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99653266DF3D3DF906" box="[1043,1143,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was more abundant. At the time of collection, this last site was a small ponded stream, separated from a lake, but which floods would soon connect; the stream was flowing from an area shaded by trees and bushes and the water was slightly clearer. This suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C385DEBFFB4FF99620C673F3AC5F8E6" box="[813,911,1855,1879]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Pethia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollux">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99620C673F3AC5F8E6" box="[813,911,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">P. pollux</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might prefer clearer water and shade.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32275E3FFB4FF99620C67003AB5F846" pageId="10" pageNumber="90" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B872668FFB4FF99620C67003AB5F846" blockId="10.[813,1452,1919,2039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B94CFA7AFFB4FF99620C67003AE5F826" bold="true" box="[813,943,1919,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="90">Etymology.</emphasis>
Castor, the mortal twin half-brother of Pollux in Greek mythology, who gave the name of a star of the constellation and astrological sign of Gemini (twins). A noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>