829 lines
111 KiB
XML
829 lines
111 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="3EF112B1904D33D1D8E8DD43BD214EEE">
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<mods:title id="AEBB163FF75D1106FD882BF08044FA5E">A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8299A1EB199F59AAFCD0EBCF09E21743" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1E81EA926487973F5147B3AFCD82BC4A">Saucier, Jacob R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A6A6D137F764DDF4C138D3EA729115E4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="454F1F0815A45EE9E007FE92DE819F92">Milensky, Christopher M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3F62F1519D70F2538BD59BF8F8D7D0C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C0B3A2555798B702A71730C757FD6B3D">Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="37C9A91447533A90EAC9B0B217719D36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D3F4EB0144FE8175B1298F30A3B3C619">Ragai, Roslina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F16F4EBEA01337C19B46B9D13EE7A379">Dahlan, N. Faridah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A653C6157D8FB9E38B9397853DD35DF2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FE7C824784B7C504D4B2E45CFA969281">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F8F16AB5E9A1E8951ECF074615F038FD">Edwards, David P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AB101CDF34E6AE79207281346CC3FD50">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C567D16850E9480FB570FC411643B488">
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<mods:date id="0A28043C40D5D066DF1B8811A16237EF">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D1858E50387F1F6DC42601B8D47B2FEB">2019-10-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="783D1813EE25A363BA2C9FDFC1CA2FF1">4686</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B52A7FDC8484309C58E7290DB907B76A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3B1E605039BEC88AD93C7785CF9B9547" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039187ECFF883E20FDAF2E1AB7D1FBC7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159739610" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F5CF534-8023-45B0-809F-0A6A5949A8D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187ECFF883E20FDAF2E1AB7D1FBC7" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF883E2AFDAF2E1AB79CFD37" blockId="3.[391,1196,585,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF883E2AFDAF2E1AB087FD1B" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<subSubSection id="C3226571FF883E2AFDAF2E1AB0C9FDFF" box="[570,1017,585,612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF883E2AFDAF2E1AB007FDF8" authority="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards, 2019" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[570,823,585,612]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF883E2AFDAF2E1AB007FDF8" bold="true" box="[570,823,585,612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27F5793FF883E2AFCD32E1AB0C9FDFF" box="[838,1017,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" rank="species">species novum</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF883E2AFDE82E3EB087FD1B" box="[637,951,621,647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="vernacular_names">Spectacled Flowerpecker</subSubSection>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF883E2AFE122EC3B79CFD37" box="[391,1196,656,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="nomenclature">
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<uri id="FFA93AF8FF883E2AFE122EC3B79CFD37" box="[391,1196,656,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FF9E0C2FFF883E2AFD0E2EC3B79CFD37" box="[667,1196,656,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">5F5CF534-8023-45B0-809F-0A6A5949A8D4</uuid>
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</uri>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3226571FF883E2AFF022E8AB232FC34" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF883E2AFF022E8AB232FC34" blockId="3.[151,1437,729,936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<materialsCitation id="3B503CA7FF883E2AFF022E8AB232FC34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2427264243" collectorName="Christopher M. Milensky" country="Malaysia" elevation="350" location="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF883E2AFF022E8AB23BFD6F" bold="true" box="[151,267,729,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<typeStatus id="54838858FF883E2AFF022E8AB236FD6F" box="[151,262,729,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
—Study skin and partial skeleton, Smithsonian Institution,
|
||
<location id="8EE76021FF883E2AFC372E8AB670FD6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187ECFF883E20FDAF2E1AB7D1FBC7:8EE76021FF883E2AFC372E8AB670FD6F" box="[930,1344,729,755]" country="Malaysia" name="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">National Museum of Natural History</location>
|
||
, USNM 663246; tissues preserved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) buffer and later housed in gaseous nitrogen at the NMNH Biorepository (AK7DC13, AK7DC14, AK7DC15, AK7DC18); tongue, stomach and fecal samples saved; prepared by
|
||
<collectorName id="26CD532CFF883E2AFF2F2F16B226FCC3" box="[186,278,837,863]" name="Christopher M. Milensky" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">C.M.M.</collectorName>
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, original field number CMM 5719; adult female;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32F766AFF883E2AFCD12F16B09FFCC3" box="[836,943,837,863]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Sarawak; Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, 01°24’48”N, 112°00’16”,
|
||
<elevation id="0015D1C9FF883E2AFE782F3BB16CFC1F" box="[493,604,872,899]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" unit="m" value="350.0">
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<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF883E2AFE782F3BB104FC1F" box="[493,564,872,899]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</quantity>
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asl
|
||
</elevation>
|
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; GenBank sequences:
|
||
<accessionNumber id="946BAB19FF883E2AFCCB2F3AB0EFFC1F" box="[862,991,873,899]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MN416066" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">MN416066</accessionNumber>
|
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(ND2),
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<accessionNumber id="946BAB19FF883E2AFBA82F3AB78EFC1F" box="[1085,1214,873,899]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MN416068" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">MN416068</accessionNumber>
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(ND3),
|
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<accessionNumber id="946BAB19FF883E2AFA8E2F3AB6ACFC1F" box="[1307,1436,873,899]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MN416067" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">MN416067</accessionNumber>
|
||
(TGFb2).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF476672FF883E2AFF022B32B0ADF85D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496603" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3496603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496603/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" startId="3.[151,250,1889,1914]" targetBox="[340,1247,958,1864]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF883E2AFF022B32B0ADF85D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1889,1986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF883E2AFF022B32B223F8E6" bold="true" box="[151,275,1889,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF883E2AFE102B31B169F8E5" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[389,601,1889,1913]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF883E2AFE102B31B169F8E5" box="[389,601,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 663246) immediately after capture on 31 March 2019 at the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, MYS; showing views of (A) side with views of throat and forehead, (B) ventral/underparts, (C) dorsal/upperparts, and (D) side with views of vent and undertail coverts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF8F3E2DFF522CCBB660FD87" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF522CCBB660FD87" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF522CCBB272FF2F" bold="true" box="[199,322,152,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
—Phenotypically assignable to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFC842CC9B73FFF2F" authority="Cuvier, 1816" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[785,1039,153,179]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFC842CC9B046FF2F" box="[785,886,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
Cuvier, 1816
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by short thin bill, specialized (bifid and semi-tubular) tongue morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8F3E2DFDC72CEEB1A7FF4B" box="[594,663,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,755,780]" captionTargetBox="[416,1143,374,651]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[374,1214,270,727]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sketch depicting the bifid, semi-tubular tongue of the holotype of Dicaeum dayakorum (USNM 663246). Dorsal view, distal end at right, with cross section (below) of semi-tubular portion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496607/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a greatly reduced outermost primary feather (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFB4F2CEEB3E2FF67" author="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D." pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref7480" refString="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D. (1947) A review of the Dicaeidae. American Museum Novitates, no. 1360, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1947">Mayr & Amadon 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFF4B2CB2B287FF67" author="Salomonsen, F." box="[222,439,225,251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref8109" refString="Salomonsen, F. (1960 a) Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae) 1. The genera Melanocharis, Rhamphocharis, and Prionochilus. American Museum Novitates no. 1990, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1960">Salomonsen 1960a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFE432CB2B14AFF67" author="Morioka, H." box="[470,634,225,251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref7580" refString="Morioka, H. (1992) Tongue of two species of Prionochilus from the Philippines, with notes on feeding habits of flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 40 (3), 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.3838 / jjo. 40.85" type="journal article" year="1992">Morioka 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Diagnosable as distinct from other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFB052CB1B7C5FF67" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1168,1269,226,251]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFB052CB1B7C5FF67" box="[1168,1269,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters; (1) rows of white orbital feathers above and below the eye, forming thin, but conspicuous white arcs; (2) entirely gray and white plumage coloration with no evidence of carotenoid pigments in the adult plumage; (3) short distal bill length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFDFA2D1EB180FEFB" box="[623,688,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
from nares to bill tip). Field observations indicate that the eye-arcs of putative males are even more strongly expressed than in the female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFC552D22B716FE17" box="[960,1062,369,395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The strong white eye-arcs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFA142D21B225FE33" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFA142D21B225FE33" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unique in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFE262DC6B116FE33" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[435,550,405,431]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although traces of pale eye-arcs are known to be present in female and juvenile plumages of a few other species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFDAC2DE9B1EEFE4F" baseAuthorityName="Sharpe" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[569,734,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFDAC2DE9B1EEFE4F" box="[569,734,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. monticolum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFD792DE9B075FE4F" baseAuthorityName="Tickell" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[748,837,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFD792DE9B075FE4F" box="[748,837,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. agile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFCC62DE9B0DDFE4F" baseAuthorityName="von Kittlitz" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[851,1005,442,467]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFCC62DE9B0DDFE4F" box="[851,1005,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. pygmaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Red and yellow carotenoid pigments are evident in the plumage of most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFD3F2D8DB03FFE6B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[682,783,478,503]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFD3F2D8DB03FFE6B" box="[682,783,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The apparent lack of these pigments in the adult female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFF022E52B3C9FD87" box="[151,249,513,539]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and field observations of putative adult males sets
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFCA32E51B0E6FD87" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[822,982,513,539]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFCA32E51B0E6FD87" box="[822,982,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apart from most of its congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF8F3E2DFF522E77B3E4FB77" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF522E77B031FC3B" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF522E77B13BFDA3" bold="true" box="[199,523,548,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFEEE2E76B2D9FDA3" box="[379,489,549,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Alphanumeric codes follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFCDA2E76B0CEFDA3" author="Munsell, A. H." box="[847,1022,549,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" refId="ref7634" refString="Munsell, A. H. (1990) Munsell Soil Color Charts. Kollmorgen Instruments, Inc., Baltimore Maryland," type="book" year="1990">Munsell (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and capitalized color names are approximate and follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFE032E1AB10DFDFF" author="Smithe, F. B." box="[406,573,584,611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" refId="ref8184" refString="Smithe, F. B. (1975) Naturalist's color guide. American Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="1975">Smithe (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Upperparts (forehead, crown, back, rump) Dark Neutral Gray (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C503DFF8F3E2DFA8D2E1BB660FDFF" box="[1304,1360,584,611]" degrees="3.5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="5555" value="3.5">N3.5</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/0) becoming less dark on cheeks (N4/0) and darker on wing coverts and wing remiges (N3/0). Eye arcs clean white and conspicuous, but thin, extending only marginally past the first row of orbital feathers. Supraloral line faded-white extending from just past the orbital to the base of the nares. Submoustacial stripe faded-white, becoming more diffuse away from the bill. Malar and sides of throat Medium Neutral Gray (N5/0). Center of throat white, forming a stripe that narrows slightly below the throat (to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFD592EAFB02BFC8B" box="[716,795,764,791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) and extending down to the vent. Sides and flanks Medium Neutral Gray (N5/0) with pale-brownish undertones. Pectoral tufts and wing lining clean white. Thighs Dark Neutral Gray (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C503DFF8F3E2DFEE32F17B29EFCC3" box="[374,430,836,863]" degrees="3.5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="5555" value="3.5">N3.5</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/0) with pale edgings. The white coloration from the ventral line extends onto the undertail coverts, where it is indistinctly mottled or stained darker. Ventral surface of rectrices Dark Neutral Gray (N3/0), with dorsal surface darker, almost appearing black (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0C503DFF8F3E2DFD372FDFB1EDFC3B" box="[674,733,908,935]" degrees="2.5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" precision="5555" value="2.5">N2.5</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/0).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF522FE2B7ABFBAB" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Soft part colors photographed and recorded at the time of collection: irides dark brown, maxilla black, mandible gray with dark tip, tarsi and feet black. No molt, little fat, skull 100% pneumatized, ovary
|
||
<date id="FF86103AFF8F3E2DFB012F86B788FC73" box="[1172,1208,981,1007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">6 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFB552F86B631FC73" box="[1216,1281,981,1007]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
and granular, oviduct slightly enlarged, no bursa of Fabricius present. Stomach contained parts of a small jumping spider (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFADE2FAAB38FFBAB" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1841" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFADE2FAAB38FFBAB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Salticidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Mistletoe seeds (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFE06284EB11EFBA4" box="[403,558,1053,1080]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were recovered from the lower large intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8F3E2DFBDC284EB7BDFBAB" box="[1097,1165,1052,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1017,1042]" captionTargetBox="[570,1019,282,981]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[563,1025,273,993]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sketch of a Loranthaceous mistletoe seed recovered from the lower gut of the holotype (USNM 663246). The sides of the seed show two longitudinal ribs which end in horn-like projections while the base depicts the uncoiled viscin aril which helps the seed attach to tree branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496609/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF522812B248FB3F" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Measurements: mass
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFE2B2812B2CBFBC7" box="[446,507,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="g" value="7.8">7.8 g</quantity>
|
||
; tarsus length
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFD312812B03DFBC7" box="[676,781,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="11.8">11.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; wingchord
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFC092812B736FBC7" box="[924,1030,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.84" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="48.4">48.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tail length
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFB042812B7D6FBC7" box="[1169,1254,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
; length of tenth primary
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFF6C2837B263FBE3" box="[249,339,1124,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; bill width
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFE422836B102FBE3" box="[471,562,1125,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; bill depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8F3E2DFD202836B020FBE3" box="[693,784,1125,1151]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; bill length from nares 6.0 mm; exposed culmen 8.0 mm (Appendix Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF5228FEB3E4FB77" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF5228FEB252FB5B" bold="true" box="[199,354,1197,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFF5228FEB270FB5B" box="[199,320,1197,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No specimens other than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFD3828FEB03FFB5B" box="[685,783,1197,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were obtained and no additional specimens are known to exist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF8F3E2DFF5228A6B754FA5F" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF5228A6B2C0FACB" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF5228A6B259FA93" bold="true" box="[199,361,1269,1295]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Etymology.—</emphasis>
|
||
We name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFE4F28A5B1F4FA93" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[474,708,1269,1295]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFE4F28A5B1F4FA93" box="[474,708,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in honor of the Dayak people of Borneo. Their immense knowledge of the flora and fauna of their homeland forests is irreplaceable and crucial to future conservation efforts of Borneo’s endemic ecosystems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF522932B754FA5F" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
The English name of ‘Spectacled Flowerpecker’ is assigned as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFB812932B637FAE7" author="Edwards, D. P. & Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A." box="[1044,1287,1377,1403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref6726" refString="Edwards, D. P., Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A. (2009) ' Spectacled Flowerpecker': a species new to science discovered in Borneo?. BirdingASIA, 12, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Edwards
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFBE92931B784FAE7" box="[1148,1204,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and refers to the broken eye-ring that is this species’ most characteristic and easily recognized plumage feature. This name also has the benefit of established usage in the ornithological and birdwatching community.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF8F3E20FF022A46B7D0FF4B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2DFF022A46B21DF9B3" blockId="4.[151,301,1557,1583]" box="[151,301,1557,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<heading id="D0CF8196FF8F3E2DFF022A46B21DF9B3" bold="true" box="[151,301,1557,1583]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF022A46B21DF9B3" bold="true" box="[151,301,1557,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8F3E2CFF022A0FB289FEFB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1628,2015]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,359]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFF022A0FB2E5F9EB" bold="true" box="[151,469,1628,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
—To infer phylogenetic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFCE22A0DB725F9EB" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[887,1045,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFCE22A0DB725F9EB" box="[887,1045,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8F3E2DFB182A0EB7CDF9EB" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1165,1277,1629,1655]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
we sequenced DNA from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFED42AD2B293F907" box="[321,419,1665,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
to place it in the framework of a previous phylogenetic study of the family by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8F3E2DFA882AD2B3D5F923" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8F3E2DFAF12AD1B6ADF907" box="[1380,1437,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We downloaded sequence data from that study posted to GenBank, which included the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2, 1034 bp), ND subunit 3 (ND3, 351 bp), and the transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFb2, 542 bp) for 30 species of flowerpecker and 11 outgroup species (10 sunbirds and 1 leafbird; Appendix Table 2). Genomic DNA was isolated from DMSO preserved tissues of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8F3E2DFBF32B42B7F8F8B7" box="[1126,1224,1809,1835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (USNM 663246). The DNA extraction was performed at the Smithsonian Laboratories of Analytical Biology (LAB) using a fully automated phenol-chloroform genomic extraction machine (Gene Prep, AutoGen, Holliston, MA). PCR products were amplified for all three coding regions (ND2, ND3, and TGFb2) using GoTaq® G2 Hot Start Master Mix (Promega Corporation) with additional BSA (New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32F766AFF8F3E2DFC9A2BF2B05CF827" box="[783,876,1953,1979]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
BioLabs, 50 mM stock solution) and magnesium chloride (Bioline, Biolase DNA Polymerase, London,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32F766AFF8F3E2DFC9C2B96B006F843" box="[777,822,1989,2015]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The annealing temperature for ND2 was 57°C, and 59°C for ND3 and TGFb2. PCR products were cleaned and visualized on a 1% agarose gel. Cycle-sequencing was performed using ABI Prism® BigDyeTM Terminator (v3.1 chemistry, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) for both forward and reverse directions. The products were purified using SephadexTM (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Pittsburgh, PA) spin columns before submitting for sequencing on an ABI 3730 xl DNA analyzer at the LAB facilities. Raw sequences were visualized and quality-trimmed using Sequencher (version 5.4.6; Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF476672FF8E3E2CFF022ADDB113F973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" targetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8E3E2CFF022ADDB113F973" blockId="5.[151,1436,1678,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8E3E2CFF022ADDB225F93B" bold="true" box="[151,277,1678,1703]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8E3E2CFEB62AE7B2C8F957" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[291,504,1715,1739]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8E3E2CFEB62AE7B2C8F957" box="[291,504,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in bold) in relation to other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8E3E2CFC592AE1B705F957" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[972,1077,1714,1739]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8E3E2FFF522B4EB6ACFCC3" blockId="5.[151,1437,1821,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
Sequences of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8E3E2CFE182B4EB2DFF8AB" box="[397,495,1821,1847]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were aligned with the rest of the dataset (42 taxa in total) using the MAFFT plugin (version 7.388;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8E3E2CFEDA2B12B154F8C7" author="Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M." box="[335,612,1857,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="772 - 780" refId="ref7316" refString="Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M. (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (4), 772 - 780. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / mst 010" type="journal article" year="2013">Katoh & Standley 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) implemented in Geneious Prime
|
||
<date id="FF86103AFF8E3E2CFC602B12B767F8C7" box="[1013,1111,1857,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2019-01-03">2019.1.3</date>
|
||
(https://www.geneious.com, accessed on
|
||
<date id="FF86103AFF8E3E2CFEBD2B36B2F6F8E3" box="[296,454,1893,1920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2019-06-28">28 June 2019</date>
|
||
). The multiple sequence alignments for each of the three loci were visually inspected and manually curated when necessary. As ND2 and ND3 represent portions of the same mitochondrial gene, both matrices were concatenated into a dataset of 1,383 bp. The individual datasets for both ND and TGFb2 genes were trimmed to remove characters not suited for phylogenetic inference using BMGE (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8E3E2CFBBC2B82B66DF877" author="Criscuolo, A. & Gribaldo, S." box="[1065,1373,2001,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="210" refId="ref6473" refString="Criscuolo, A. & Gribaldo, S. (2010) BMGE (Block Mapping and Gathering with Entropy): a new software for selection of phylogenetic informative regions from multiple sequence alignments. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (1), 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 210" type="journal article" year="2010">Criscuolo & Gribaldo 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a sliding window size of three, a maximum entropy threshold and gap rate cut-off of 0.5, and a minimum block size of five. We estimated nucleotide substitution models for individual genes using ModelFinder (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFB472CEEB221FF67" author="Kalyaanamoorthy, S. & Minh, B. Q. & Wong, T. K. & von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L. S." pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="587" refId="ref7211" refString="Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B. Q., Wong, T. K., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L. S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14 (6), 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nmeth. 4285" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Kalyaanamoorthy
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFF022CB1B3E0FF67" box="[151,208,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) implemented in IQ-TREE (version
|
||
<date id="FF86103AFF8D3E2FFD3B2CB2B1C3FF67" box="[686,755,225,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" value="11-06-01">1.6.11</date>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFD6F2CB2B0EEFF67" author="Nguyen, L. T. & Schmidt, H. A. & von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q." box="[762,990,225,251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="268 - 274" refId="ref7679" refString="Nguyen, L. T., Schmidt, H. A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. (2014) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32 (1), 268 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msu 300" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Nguyen
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFCCF2CB1B0A3FF67" box="[858,915,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We then concatenated the multiple sequence alignments for both genes, resulting in a matrix of 1,909 bp, and performed a Maximum Likelihood analysis with partitions using IQ-TREE, allowing the program to find the best-fit partitioning scheme possible to merge partitions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFE9A2D1EB122FEF4" author="Chernomor, O. & von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q." box="[271,530,333,360]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="997 - 1008" refId="ref6390" refString="Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Systematic Biology, 65 (6), 997 - 1008. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syw 037" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Chernomor
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFE022D1DB2FFFEFB" box="[407,463,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Maximum Likelihood analysis was replicated with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap iterations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFE9B2D22B2EAFE17" author="Hoang, D. T. & Chernomor, O. & Von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. & Vinh, L. S." box="[270,474,369,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="518 - 522" refId="ref7084" refString="Hoang, D. T., Chernomor, O., Von Haeseler, A., Minh, B. Q. & Vinh, L. S. (2017) UFBoot 2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (2), 518 - 522. https: // doi. org / 10.1101 / 153916" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Hoang
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFEF42D21B2AAFE17" box="[353,410,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by resampling partitions and then sites within resampled partitions, as recommended by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFF282DC6B2F5FE33" author="Gadagkar, S. R. & Rosenberg, M. S. & Kumar, S." box="[189,453,404,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="64 - 74" refId="ref6840" refString="Gadagkar, S. R., Rosenberg, M. S. & Kumar, S. (2005) Inferring species phylogenies from multiple genes: concatenated sequence tree versus consensus gene tree. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 304 (1), 64 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. b. 21026" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Gadagkar
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFEA62DC5B25EFE33" box="[307,366,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. To detect incongruences in the topology of trees built from different organelles (i.e., nuclear vs. mitochondrial sequences), we performed ML analyses using only the concatenated ND2 and ND3 loci representing mitochondrial DNA, and the TGFb2 representing nuclear DNA. We estimated models of nucleotide substitutions for each of these loci and conducted a ML analysis using IQ-TREE with 1000 bootstrap replications as described above. Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses were conducted in MrBayes (version 3.2.6;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFB602E76B3E1FDFF" author="Ronquist, F. & Teslenko, M. & Van Der Mark, P. & Ayres, D. L. & Darling, A. & Hohna, S & Larget, B. & Liu, L. & Suchard, M. A. & Huelsenbeck, J. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="539 - 542" refId="ref8009" refString="Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D. L., Darling, A., Hohna, S, Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M. A. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61 (3), 539 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / sys 029" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Ronquist
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFAF72E75B6ADFDA3" box="[1378,1437,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using the CIPRES Science Gateway web server (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFD6F2E1AB0F1FDFF" author="Miller, M. A. & Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T." box="[762,961,585,611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref7510" refString="Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) " Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees " in Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA pp 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1109 / GCE. 2010.5676129" type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFCD22E19B04EFDFF" box="[839,894,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The BI was conducted using two separate four Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses with 10,000,000 generations and sampling every 1000 generations. The first 25% of sample trees (“burn-in period”) were removed and a majority rule (> 50%) consensus tree was built. We estimated pairwise sequence divergences of raw mtDNA from the ND2-ND3 concatenated matrix using the Kimura 2-parameter distance model (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFD362E8AB071FD6F" author="Kimura, M." box="[675,833,729,755]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="111 - 120" refId="ref7371" refString="Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01731581" type="journal article" year="1980">Kimura, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a Gamma distribution (Gamma parameter: 5) in MEGAX (version 10.1.0
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFE242EAEB14EFC8B" author="Kumar, S. & Stecher, G. & Li M. & Knyaz C. & Tamura, K." box="[433,638,765,791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1547 - 1549" refId="ref7417" refString="Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li M., Knyaz C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (6), 1547 - 1549. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msy 096" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFD902EADB10CFC8B" box="[517,572,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We also conducted a Poisson tree processes (PTP) species delimitation test with a subset of the taxa including all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFD4D2F71B00DFCA7" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[728,829,802,827]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFD4D2F71B00DFCA7" box="[728,829,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFCE42F72B732FCA7" box="[881,1026,801,827]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Prionochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFCE42F72B732FCA7" box="[881,1026,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Prionochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFBAA2F72B789FCA7" box="[1087,1209,801,827]" class="Aves" family="Chloropseidae" genus="Chloropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFBAA2F72B789FCA7" box="[1087,1209,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Chloropsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outgroup, using a MCMC analysis with 100,000 generations with a burn-in period of 50% and a thinning of 100 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFB512F16B6A1FCC3" author="Zhang, J. & Kapli, P. & Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A." box="[1220,1425,837,863]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="2869 - 2876" refId="ref8337" refString="Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A. (2013) A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics, 29 (22), 2869 - 2876. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / bioinformatics / btt 499" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFA802F15B67DFCC3" box="[1301,1357,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2FFF522F3AB21BFBE3" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Topologies of the ML and BI phylogenetic trees largely mirror those found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFBA42F3AB634FC1F" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." box="[1073,1284,873,899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFBED2F39B780FC1F" box="[1144,1200,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFA142F39B225FC3B" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFA142F39B225FC3B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at a basal position of the “core”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFD1C2FDDB1DEFC3B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[649,750,910,935]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFD1C2FDDB1DEFC3B" box="[649,750,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (Clade B
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFC302FDDB0D3FC3B" box="[933,995,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFBBC2FDEB7DAFC3B" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." box="[1065,1258,909,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFBE52FDDB799FC3B" box="[1136,1193,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with high support (99% bootstrap support and 1.00 posterior probability in the in the ML and BI analyses, respectively;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8D3E2FFABA2FE2B6BEFC57" box="[1327,1422,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[341,1247,378,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of Dicaeum dayakorum (in bold) in relation to other members of the Dicaeidae. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The topology from the concatenated ML tree is largely congruent with the trees built using the two individual genes. However, as each of these individual datasets have fewer phylogenetically informative sites, the resultant trees show several unresolved nodes with low support values, especially at deep branches. The only notable discrepancy is the weak placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFEE12811B124FBC7" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[372,532,1089,1115]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFEE12811B124FBC7" box="[372,532,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFD0E2811B02AFBC7" baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[667,794,1089,1115]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFD0E2811B02AFBC7" box="[667,794,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(74% bootstrap support) in the tree constructed from the TGFb2 gene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2FFF5228DAB11AFB77" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFF5228DAB2EBFB3F" bold="true" box="[199,475,1160,1187]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Morphology and voice.</emphasis>
|
||
—We took standard morphological measurements from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8D3E2FFBEB28DAB7D3FB3F" box="[1150,1251,1161,1187]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, along with several of the most closely related species (as per our molecular analyses), and similar/co-occurring species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFAA228FDB6ACFB5B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1335,1436,1198,1223]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFAA228FDB6ACFB5B" box="[1335,1436,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for comparison (Appendix Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2FFF5228A6B7CCFA03" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Classic taxonomic treatments of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFDF428A6B1E1FA93" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[609,721,1269,1295]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
focused on morphological characters such as bill shape, tongue morphology, and relative length of the outermost primary.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFCB72949B0F2FAAF" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[802,962,1305,1331]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFCB72949B0F2FAAF" box="[802,962,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays a relatively small and slender bill similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFEC1296DB2C9FACB" baseAuthorityName="Sharpe" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[340,505,1341,1367]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFEC1296DB2C9FACB" box="[340,505,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. monticolum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFDB8296DB1FEFACB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[557,718,1342,1367]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFDB8296DB1FEFACB" box="[557,718,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">D. cruentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and distal bill length is at the low end of the range for the genus. The culmen is moderately arched downward and slight serrations are present along the edge of the distal half of both maxilla and mandible. The base is relatively wide compared to the tip and rictal bristles are reduced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2FFF5229FAB618F923" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
As opposed to the triangular, non-tubular tongues shown by members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFB9D29FAB7D2FA5F" box="[1032,1250,1449,1475]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Prionochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFB9D29FAB7A9FA5F" box="[1032,1177,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Prionochilus</emphasis>
|
||
, 1841
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFF2D299DB22DFA7B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[184,285,1486,1511]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFF2D299DB22DFA7B" box="[184,285,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have specialized tongues with tubular structures and deeply bifid tips (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFBDB299EB7C5FA7B" author="Morioka, H." box="[1102,1269,1485,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref7580" refString="Morioka, H. (1992) Tongue of two species of Prionochilus from the Philippines, with notes on feeding habits of flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 40 (3), 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.3838 / jjo. 40.85" type="journal article" year="1992">Morioka 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tongue morphologies in this genus are often distinctive, reflecting varying degrees of specialization between frugivory and nectarivory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFEB02A46B117F9B3" author="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D." box="[293,551,1557,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref7480" refString="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D. (1947) A review of the Dicaeidae. American Museum Novitates, no. 1360, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1947">Mayr & Amadon 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFDA42A46B1E4F9B3" author="Morioka, H." box="[561,724,1557,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref7580" refString="Morioka, H. (1992) Tongue of two species of Prionochilus from the Philippines, with notes on feeding habits of flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 40 (3), 85 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.3838 / jjo. 40.85" type="journal article" year="1992">Morioka 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tongue and hyoid of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8D3E2FFBBD2A46B7BAF9B3" box="[1064,1162,1557,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
were preserved in aqueous formaldehyde and later transferred to ethanol. Examination revealed an overall structure that is not atypical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFF022A0DB3CCF9EB" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,252,1630,1655]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFF022A0DB3CCF9EB" box="[151,252,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tongue has a triangular, fleshy base extending approximately halfway up the length of the structure giving way abruptly to a narrow, straight, and deeply concave anterior portion. This latter half is horny and semitubular at the base, becoming increasingly translucent distally, and ending in a strongly bifid tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8D3E2FFB432AF6B62BF923" box="[1238,1307,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,755,780]" captionTargetBox="[416,1143,374,651]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[374,1214,270,727]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sketch depicting the bifid, semi-tubular tongue of the holotype of Dicaeum dayakorum (USNM 663246). Dorsal view, distal end at right, with cross section (below) of semi-tubular portion." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496607/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2FFF522A9AB71AF8D3" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
One of the most reliable characters differentiating flowerpecker genera has been the length of the 10
|
||
<superScript id="7C4D9BB2FF8D3E2FFAAE2A9BB678F94A" attach="left" box="[1339,1352,1736,1750]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">th</superScript>
|
||
or outermost primary, being relatively long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFDF52ABEB1C1F89B" box="[608,753,1773,1799]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Prionochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFDF52ABEB1C1F89B" box="[608,753,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Prionochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFC182ABDB0C2F89B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[909,1010,1774,1799]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFC182ABDB0C2F89B" box="[909,1010,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFB972ABEB637F89B" author="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D." box="[1026,1287,1773,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref7480" refString="Mayr, E. & Amadon, D. (1947) A review of the Dicaeidae. American Museum Novitates, no. 1360, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1947">Mayr & Amadon 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFA862ABEB3D1F8B0" author="Salomonsen, F." pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref8109" refString="Salomonsen, F. (1960 a) Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae) 1. The genera Melanocharis, Rhamphocharis, and Prionochilus. American Museum Novitates no. 1990, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1960">Salomonsen 1960a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b). Evaluation of this character in our
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8D3E2FFD072B42B1C4F8B7" box="[658,756,1809,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen revealed it to be greatly reduced (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8D3E2FFB7D2B43B674F8B7" box="[1256,1348,1808,1835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), fitting with the vestigial outer primaries possessed by other members of genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8D3E2FFC2B2B65B713F8D3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[958,1059,1846,1871]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFC2B2B65B713F8D3" box="[958,1059,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8D3E2EFF522B0AB655FF67" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2015]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,251]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
DPE heard the putative male sing with a series of ~12 high-pitched
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFC582B09B0C1F8EF" box="[973,1009,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">see</emphasis>
|
||
notes, rising and then falling in pitch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFF0A2B2EB2B9F80B" author="Edwards, D. P. & Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A." box="[159,393,1917,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref6726" refString="Edwards, D. P., Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A. (2009) ' Spectacled Flowerpecker': a species new to science discovered in Borneo?. BirdingASIA, 12, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Edwards
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFE9E2B2DB275F80B" box="[267,325,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no recoding was obtained.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8D3E2FFD692B2EB0FEF804" author="Boyd, N. S. & Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H." box="[764,974,1917,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref6168" refString="Boyd, N. S., Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H. (2016) The first record of the undescribed " spectacled flowerpecker " (species novum) for Indonesia. Kukila, 19, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Boyd
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8D3E2FFCD42B2DB04BF80B" box="[833,891,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently obtained the first and only known voice recordings of this species during their sightings of the birds in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FCF818FF8D3E2FFC732BF2B7F2F827" box="[998,1218,1953,1979]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Tengah" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Central Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
|
||
in 2015 (xeno-canto.org recordings XC239907, XC
|
||
<date id="FF86103AFF8D3E2FFD982B96B154F843" box="[525,612,1989,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" value="33-12-30">301233</date>
|
||
). The recordings reveal a simple call typical of other flowerpecker species and an accelerating trilled song of 18 notes lasting 1.5 seconds, starting with two notes at 4.8 kHz, then immediately accelerating to a trill that rises from 5.3 kHz to a maximum centered at 6.1 kHz (5.8-6.4 kHz), and falls for the last three notes to 5.7 kHz. The song thus bears similarities, but is distinctive, to other known flowerpecker songs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF476672FF8C3E2EFF022EA0B0A4FCAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496607" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3496607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496607/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" startId="7.[151,250,755,780]" targetBox="[416,1143,374,651]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8C3E2EFF022EA0B0A4FCAC" blockId="7.[151,1437,755,816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF022EA0B224FC90" bold="true" box="[151,276,755,780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Sketch depicting the bifid, semi-tubular tongue of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFC572EA7B7A7FC90" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[962,1175,755,780]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFC572EA7B72DFC97" box="[962,1053,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
dayakorum
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 663246). Dorsal view, distal end at right, with cross section (below) of semi-tubular portion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8C3E2EFF522F0DB296FC5C" blockId="7.[151,1437,862,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF522F0DB27AFCE4" bold="true" box="[199,330,862,888]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
—Clear phenotypic distinctiveness from known species of flowerpeckers, and high confidence values from phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of our molecular dataset, strongly support
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFB652FD0B3EFFC5C" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFB652FD0B3EFFC5C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8C3E2EFF522F99B026FA98" blockId="7.[151,1437,862,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFF522F99B2A5FC78" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." box="[199,405,970,996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFE982F98B274FC78" box="[269,324,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized two predominant molecular clades in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFC702F99B769FC78" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1853" box="[997,1113,970,996]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: generally thicker-billed species with a longer outermost primary (Clade A); and generally more slender-billed species with shorter outer primaries (Clade B). These clades are roughly concordant with the two established genera of flowerpeckers,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFA992841B6ADFBB0" box="[1292,1437,1042,1068]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Prionochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFA992841B6ADFBB0" box="[1292,1437,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Prionochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFF532864B21BFBCC" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[198,299,1079,1104]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF532864B21BFBCC" box="[198,299,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, with the exception of four traditionally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFCEA2864B0D4FBCC" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[895,996,1079,1104]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFCEA2864B0D4FBCC" box="[895,996,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that tend to group with Clade A (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFF0A2809B255FBE8" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." box="[159,357,1114,1140]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF7D2808B211FBE8" box="[232,289,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our independent analyses of the same molecular dataset (with the addition of USNM 663246) mirrors this arrangement, with strong support for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFD2C282CB068FB04" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[697,856,1150,1176]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD2C282CB068FB04" box="[697,856,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to the core
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFBA0282CB7AAFB04" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1077,1178,1151,1176]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFBA0282CB7AAFB04" box="[1077,1178,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade B;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8C3E2EFA85282DB662FB04" box="[1296,1362,1150,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[341,1247,378,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of Dicaeum dayakorum (in bold) in relation to other members of the Dicaeidae. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). With the added consideration of morphological characters (e.g. outer primary length and tongue morphology) that are closely (though not exclusively) associated with the core
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFC9A2894B044FB7C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[783,884,1223,1248]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFC9A2894B044FB7C" box="[783,884,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage, we strongly support the view of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFAAF2895B211FA98" author="Edwards, D. P. & Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref6726" refString="Edwards, D. P., Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A. (2009) ' Spectacled Flowerpecker': a species new to science discovered in Borneo?. BirdingASIA, 12, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Edwards
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF0228B8B3FFFA98" box="[151,207,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the new species be placed in this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8C3E2EFF52295DB135F90C" blockId="7.[151,1437,862,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
We recovered no clear sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFD11295CB017FAB4" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[644,807,1294,1320]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD11295CB017FAB4" box="[644,807,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from our phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8C3E2EFB3B295DB7C6FAB4" box="[1198,1270,1294,1320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[341,1247,378,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of Dicaeum dayakorum (in bold) in relation to other members of the Dicaeidae. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFA14295CB225FAD0" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFA14295CB225FAD0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be sister to the rest of Clade B with high support (99% ML; 1.0 BI), branches separating this and related taxa are short and support values are low (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF8C3E2EFD682905B071FAEC" box="[765,833,1366,1392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[341,1247,378,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of Dicaeum dayakorum (in bold) in relation to other members of the Dicaeidae. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), indicating that more molecular data may be needed to define this relationship satisfactorily. Results from the pairwise distance analysis suggest that genetic distances between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFF6929CCB2ADFA24" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[252,413,1438,1464]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF6929CCB2ADFA24" box="[252,413,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other basal members of Clade B are high, ranging from 14–16% (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFB2D29CCB60DFA24" baseAuthorityName="McGregor" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1208,1341,1438,1464]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthonyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFB2D29CCB60DFA24" box="[1208,1341,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. anthonyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 16.1%;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFF022990B252FA40" box="[151,354,1474,1500]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auerolimbatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF022990B252FA40" box="[151,354,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. auerolimbatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 16.8%;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFE532990B174FA40" baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[454,580,1474,1500]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFE532990B174FA40" box="[454,580,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. australe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 16.8%;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFD322990B02AFA40" baseAuthorityName="Bourns & Worcester" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[679,794,1474,1500]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD322990B02AFA40" box="[679,794,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 15.6%; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFC392990B75AFA40" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[940,1130,1475,1500]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trigonostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFC392990B75AFA40" box="[940,1130,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. trigonostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 14.5%). Species-level distinctiveness was further supported by the species delimitation test with a posterior probability support value of 0.99. In fact, the PTP analysis suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFDAD2A58B1E8F9B8" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[568,728,1546,1572]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFDAD2A58B1E8F9B8" box="[568,728,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more distinctive at the molecular level than the rest of the 30 other flowerpecker taxa included in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFDC02A7DB015F9D4" author="Nyari, A. S. & Peterson, A. T. & Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G." box="[597,805,1582,1608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="613 - 619" refId="ref7748" refString="Nyari, A. S., Peterson, A. T., Rice, N. H. & Moyle, R. G. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53 (3), 613 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.06.014" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nyári
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD0E2A7CB1E3F9D4" box="[667,723,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
study. Although further taxon sampling is warranted, no unsampled species is a realistic candidate for conspecific status, and thus the proposed status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFB5F2A00B65BF9F0" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[1226,1387,1618,1644]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFB5F2A00B65BF9F0" box="[1226,1387,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new species will not be affected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF8C3E21FF522AC9B298FF67" blockId="7.[151,1437,862,2040]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,251]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFF522AC9B2C5F928" bold="true" box="[199,501,1689,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
—The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54838858FF8C3E2EFDD12AC9B144F928" box="[580,628,1690,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFD682AC8B0D6F928" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[765,998,1690,1716]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD682AC8B0D6F928" box="[765,998,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Dicaeum dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 663246) was characterized by tall, mixed dipterocarp forest upslope from the Nanga Segerak field station (LEWS,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8C3E2EFBAC2AEEB749F944" box="[1081,1145,1725,1752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="350.0">350m</quantity>
|
||
asl). This section of forest lies at the edge of an expansive sanctuary dominated by primary lowland forest that has previously been subjected to light selective logging by local communities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFD022B55B020F8BD" author="Chai, P. P. K." box="[663,784,1798,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refId="ref6254" refString="Chai, P. P. K. (1996) Development of Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary as a Totally Protected Area Phase I, The Management Plan. Kuching L. M. P. Co, Malaysia. 138 pp." type="book" year="1996">Chai 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The immediate area of capture was a relatively open and steep section of ridgeline, possibly the site of a previous treefall or landslide in the advanced stages of succession. The location seemed to be a crossing point for birds cresting the ridge and several bird species typical of canopy or upperstory flocks were observed here near ground level (e.g
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFCFA2B20B3CFF82C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFCFA2B20B7BAF810" authority=", Psilopogon" authorityName="Psilopogon" box="[879,1162,1906,1932]" class="Aves" family="Irenidae" genus="Irena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puella">Irena puella, Psilopogon</taxonomicName>
|
||
chrysopogon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF8C3E2EFAA72B21B3CFF82C" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Aves" family="Campephagidae" genus="Coracina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriata">Coracina fimbriata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Documented observations depict a species with affinities for mature forest at lower elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8C3E2EFAD32BC6B39EF848" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="190.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="30.0">30–350 m</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFF512BE9B298F848" author="Edwards, D. P. & Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A." box="[196,424,1978,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref6726" refString="Edwards, D. P., Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A. (2009) ' Spectacled Flowerpecker': a species new to science discovered in Borneo?. BirdingASIA, 12, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Edwards
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFEBA2BE8B250F848" box="[303,352,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFE262BE9B19CF848" author="Sykes, B. & Loseby, T." box="[435,684,1977,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="126 - 127" refId="ref8203" refString="Sykes, B. & Loseby, T. (2015) More on Borneo's ' Spectacled'Flowerpecker. BirdingASIA, 23, 126 - 127." type="journal article" year="2015">Sykes & Loseby 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF8C3E2EFD222BE9B046F849" author="Boyd, N. S. & Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H." box="[695,886,1978,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref6168" refString="Boyd, N. S., Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H. (2016) The first record of the undescribed " spectacled flowerpecker " (species novum) for Indonesia. Kukila, 19, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Boyd
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF8C3E2EFD6F2BE8B002F848" box="[762,818,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The elevation of the sightings in the Maliau Basin are unclear (likely between
|
||
<quantity id="4CC09B1FFF8C3E2EFE6D2B8DB1B3F864" box="[504,643,2014,2040]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="680.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="260.0">260-1100 m</quantity>
|
||
), but could potentially represent higher elevation limits for the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FF0A2CCAB2ABFF2F" author="Sykes, B. & Loseby, T." box="[159,411,152,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="126 - 127" refId="ref8203" refString="Sykes, B. & Loseby, T. (2015) More on Borneo's ' Spectacled'Flowerpecker. BirdingASIA, 23, 126 - 127." type="journal article" year="2015">Sykes & Loseby 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Spectacled Flowerpecker has not yet been observed in areas with significant anthropogenic disturbance and we suspect it may be very rare or absent in heavily selectively logged forest and will abandon largely deforested areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF476672FF833E21FF022FAAB126FBC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3496609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496609/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" startId="8.[151,250,1017,1042]" targetBox="[570,1019,282,981]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF833E21FF022FAAB126FBC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,1017,1114]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FF022FAAB222FB8E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1017,1042]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Sketch of a Loranthaceous mistletoe seed recovered from the lower gut of the holotype (USNM 663246). The sides of the seed show two longitudinal ribs which end in horn-like projections while the base depicts the uncoiled viscin aril which helps the seed attach to tree branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF833E21FF5228DBB229F9EA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1160,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
|
||
Flowerpeckers are known to feed on a wide variety of fruits, flowers, and invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FB2A28DBB6A1FB3F" author="Cheke, R. & Mann, C. & Bonan, A." box="[1215,1425,1160,1187]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref6297" refString="Cheke, R., Mann, C. & Bonan, A. (2019) Flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Editions, Barcelona. Avaliable from: https: // www. hbw. com / node / 52349 (Accessed 25 Jun. 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
|
||
Cheke
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FA8428DAB674FB3F" box="[1297,1348,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, specialization on mistletoe fruit is one of the characteristic traits of the family, and is likely reciprocal due to their role as canopy seed dispersers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FDC02883B18CFB77" author="Ali, S." box="[597,700,1232,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="144 - 149" refId="ref5938" refString="Ali, S. (1931) The role of sunbirds and flowerpeckers in the propagation and distribution of the tree-parasite, Loranthus longiflorus Dest., in the Konkan (W. India). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 35, 144 - 149." type="journal article" year="1931">Ali 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FD5C2882B053FB76" author="Kannan, P." box="[713,867,1232,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref7277" refString="Kannan, P. (1966) Ornithophily: A preliminary study of the reciprocal association between flowerbirds and birdflowers as observed in and around Bombay, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Bombay, India." type="book" year="1966">Kannan 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FCFA2883B70DFB77" author="Cheke, R. & Mann, C. & Bonan, A." box="[879,1085,1232,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref6297" refString="Cheke, R., Mann, C. & Bonan, A. (2019) Flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Editions, Barcelona. Avaliable from: https: // www. hbw. com / node / 52349 (Accessed 25 Jun. 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
|
||
Cheke
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FC2A2882B0C8FB77" box="[959,1016,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most, if not all, flowerpecker species possess gut adaptations thought to be specifically evolved for processing mistletoe, in which the rapidly digestible berries are able to bypass the muscular ventriculus so that the seeds can be expelled intact (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FA9C294BB3E1FACB" author="Desselberger, H." pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="353 - 370" refId="ref6650" refString="Desselberger, H. (1931) Der verdauungskanal der Dicaeiden nach gestalt und funktion. Journal of Ornithology, 79 (3), 353 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01953010" type="journal article" year="1931">Desselberger 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FF4A296FB29FFACB" author="Cheke, R. & Mann, C. & Bonan, A." box="[223,431,1340,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref6297" refString="Cheke, R., Mann, C. & Bonan, A. (2019) Flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Editions, Barcelona. Avaliable from: https: // www. hbw. com / node / 52349 (Accessed 25 Jun. 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
|
||
Cheke
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FEBA296EB253FACB" box="[303,355,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many of the reported observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FCE3296EB728FACB" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[886,1048,1341,1367]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FCE3296EB728FACB" box="[886,1048,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show it foraging in or closely associated with various species of mistletoe, often engaging in pulp-predation behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FBF72933B615FAE7" author="Boyd, N. S. & Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H." box="[1122,1317,1376,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref6168" refString="Boyd, N. S., Phillipps, Q. & Fischer, J. H. (2016) The first record of the undescribed " spectacled flowerpecker " (species novum) for Indonesia. Kukila, 19, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Boyd
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FB3D2932B7D1FAE7" box="[1192,1249,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A review of available photographs from these observations revealed several mistletoe species from at least two families (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FF0A29FBB20CFA5E" box="[159,316,1448,1474]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FED029FAB1B4FA5F" box="[325,644,1449,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Macrosolen" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cochinchinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FED029FAB1B4FA5F" box="[325,644,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Macrosolen cochinchinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FD0729FBB02BFA5E" box="[658,795,1448,1474]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Santalaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FCB129FAB764FA5E" authority="Korth." authorityName="Korth." box="[804,1108,1448,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Ginalloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arnottiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FCB129FAB734FA5E" box="[804,1028,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Ginalloa arnottiana</emphasis>
|
||
Korth.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FB1D29FAB66FFA5F" box="[1160,1375,1449,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Viscum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovalifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FB1D29FAB66FFA5F" box="[1160,1375,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Viscum ovalifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DC). Examination of the holotype’s gut contents found a partially digested jumping spider (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FBC8299EB7FDFA7B" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1841" box="[1117,1229,1485,1511]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FBC8299EB7FDFA7B" box="[1117,1229,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Salticidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) in the gizzard as well as mistletoe seeds in the large intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF833E21FD2F29A3B030F997" box="[698,768,1520,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1017,1042]" captionTargetBox="[570,1019,282,981]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[563,1025,273,993]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sketch of a Loranthaceous mistletoe seed recovered from the lower gut of the holotype (USNM 663246). The sides of the seed show two longitudinal ribs which end in horn-like projections while the base depicts the uncoiled viscin aril which helps the seed attach to tree branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496609/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). These seeds were identified as a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FA9029A3B6ACF996" box="[1285,1436,1520,1546]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
upon morphological examination. However, a BLAST search of its chloroplast DNA was inconclusive. Further investigation is needed to determine which of the over 16 genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FC1C2A6BB710F9CE" box="[905,1056,1592,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported for Borneo can be a suitable match.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF833E20FF522AD3B7D0FF4B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1160,2015]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,153,1115]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
|
||
The degree to which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FE242AD2B160F907" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[433,592,1665,1691]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FE242AD2B160F907" box="[433,592,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dependent on mistletoe is an important question that remains to be evaluated. The partially tubular tongue structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF833E21FD142AF7B1F4F923" box="[641,708,1700,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1678,1703]" captionTargetBox="[361,1232,397,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[341,1247,378,1650]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree from the aligned and concatenated genes ND2, ND3, TGFb2 (1,909 bp) showing the placement of Dicaeum dayakorum (in bold) in relation to other members of the Dicaeidae. Bootstrap support values from the ML analysis are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496605/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), the presence of arthropod material in the stomach, and observations of the species foraging on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF833E21FE6A2A9AB07CF97F" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1938" box="[511,844,1736,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Medinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FE6A2A9AB141F97F" box="[511,625,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Medinella</emphasis>
|
||
(Melastomataceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
berries suggest a diet similar to that of other flowerpeckers in which a mistletoe-dominated diet is supplemented to some extent by nectarivory, general frugivory, and arthropod predation. The role of diet specialization on habitat preference and distribution is poorly known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FADB2B43B3CAF8D3" author="Reif, J. & Horak, D. & Kristin, A. & Kopsova, L. & Devictor, V." pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="405 - 413" refId="ref7949" refString="Reif, J., Horak, D., Kristin, A., Kopsova, L. & Devictor, V. (2016) Linking habitat specialization with species' traits in European birds. Oikos, 125 (3), 405 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / oik. 02276" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Reif
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FA1D2B42B384F8D3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The various species of mistletoe that the bird has been observed to consume are ubiquitous species of Southeast Asia that likely occur widely throughout Borneo where mature forests persist (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FBFB2B0AB67AF8EF" author="Beaman, J. H. & Anderson, C. & Beaman, R. S." box="[1134,1354,1881,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref6081" refString="Beaman, J. H., Anderson, C. & Beaman, R. S. (2001) The plants of Mount Kinabalu. Volume 4. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Shn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu. 570 pp." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Beaman
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF833E21FB472B0AB639F8EF" box="[1234,1289,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FAC12B0AB6A1F8EF" author="Beaman, J. H. & Anderson, C." box="[1364,1425,1881,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refId="ref6128" refString="Beaman, J. H. & Anderson, C. (2004) The plants of Mount Kinabalu. Volume 5. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Shn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu. 609 pp." type="book" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the patchy distributions of mature mistletoe plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FCF42B2FB738F80B" author="Aukema, J." box="[865,1032,1916,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref5988" refString="Aukema, J. (2004) Distribution and dispersal of desert mistletoe is scale-dependent, hierarchically nested. Ecography, 27, 137 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0906 - 7590.2004.03640. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Aukema 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and seasonality of fruit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF833E21FAAF2B2EB21BF827" author="Barea, L. P. & Watson, D. M." pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="203 - 209" refId="ref6031" refString="Barea, L. P. & Watson, D. M. (2007) Temporal variation in food resources determines onset of breeding in an Australian mistletoe specialist. Emu, 107, 203 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 07003" type="journal article" year="2007">Barea & Watson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that the distribution of this resource is likely sparse and ephemeral. These factors, along with competition for fruit resources from other mistletoe specialists—especially other species of flowerpeckers as noted in the initial report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF823E20FE052CCAB14FFF2F" author="Edwards, D. P. & Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A." box="[400,639,153,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref6726" refString="Edwards, D. P., Webster, R. E. & Rowlett, R. A. (2009) ' Spectacled Flowerpecker': a species new to science discovered in Borneo?. BirdingASIA, 12, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Edwards
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FE6C2CC9B100FF2F" box="[505,560,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—may have a limiting effect on population density. All other aspects of the bird’s life-history, including breeding biology, phenology, and vagility, remain undocumented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF823E20FF522CB3B04BFE6B" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF823E20FF522CB3B04BFE6B" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,1115]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FF522CB3B25FFF67" bold="true" box="[199,367,224,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
—Extrapolation of range based on documented localities of occurrence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13032A7FFF823E20FB3F2CB2B7DCFF67" box="[1194,1260,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1512,1537]" captionTargetBox="[331,1292,431,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[227,1360,417,1490]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Borneo depicting reported localities of the new flowerpecker species. A) Danum Valley Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia; B) Labi Hills Forest Reserve, Brunei; C) Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia; D) Bukit Batikap Protection Forest, Kalimantan, Indonesia; E) Belalong Canopy Walkway, Brunei; and F) Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest cover shaded in green, with shading varying by elevational band. Forest cover obtained from Gaveau et al. (2016), and SRTM elevational dataset obtained from Jarvis et al. (2008). Non-forest shaded in white, the majority of which represents deforested areas converted to agriculture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3496601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3496601/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the bird’s currently known foraging ecology suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF823E20FD242D55B063FE83" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[689,851,261,287]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FD242D55B063FE83" box="[689,851,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a widespread distribution, with the potential to occur anywhere in the extensive lowlands of Borneo where suitable habitat exists. The pattern of occurrences suggests a bird that is patchily distributed, possibly even nomadic while following shifts in an ephemeral food source. It is also possible that the core distribution of the species has yet to be discovered. However, the considerable scarcity of these observations, despite documented occurrence in relatively well-explored areas (e.g. Danum Valley) is more difficult to explain and may be compounded by low population densities and difficulty of detection owing to the bird’s small size, dull coloration, and canopy dwelling tendencies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3226571FF823E20FF522E52B7D1FBC7" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF823E20FF522E52B292FC3B" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,1115]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Given our current lack of information on processes governing the distribution of this species, the potential effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance should not be underestimated. However, our discovery of the species in Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary—an approximately 187,000 ha. tract of protected lowland/hill forest managed by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32F766AFF823E20FE8B2E3EB24EFD1B" box="[286,382,621,647]" name="Malaysia" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
|
||
Forestry Corporation—is a reason to be hopeful (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF823E20FC3D2E3EB7A2FD1B" author="Guntavid, J. P. & Julaihi, L. C. J. & Supardiyono" box="[936,1170,621,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" pagination="140 - 154" refId="ref7003" refString="Guntavid, J. P., Julaihi, L. C. J. & Supardiyono (1997) Ethnobotany. In: Kuswanda, M. P., Chai, P. & Jaya, I. N. S. (Eds.) ITTO Borneo Biodiversity Expedition 1997 Scientific Report. Collaboration between the Governments of Indonesia and Malaysia and International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Yokohama, pp. 140 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1997">
|
||
Guntavid
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FB8D2E3DB760FD1B" box="[1048,1104,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We see no reason why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C384D79FF823E20FF022EC1B209FD37" authorityName="Saucier & Milensky & Caraballo-Ortiz & Ragai & Dahlan & Edwards" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,313,657,683]" class="Aves" family="Dicaeidae" genus="Dicaeum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dayakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FF022EC1B209FD37" box="[151,313,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">D. dayakorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would not occur throughout the sanctuary’s pristine forests, or the contiguous Batang Ai National Park to the south. Although further surveys of the area are needed to assess habitat and mistletoe prevalence. Lowland forests such as this are the heart of Borneo’s ecosystems. Sadly, these sanctuaries are under increasing threat with the encroachment of intensive selective logging and unsustainable agricultural practices, including widespread conversion of lowland forest to oil palm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA94B0BFF823E20FDED2F72B052FCA7" author="Wilcove, D. S. & Giam, X. & Edwards, D. P. & Fisher, B. & Koh, L. P." box="[632,866,801,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" pagination="531 - 540" refId="ref8266" refString="Wilcove, D. S., Giam, X., Edwards, D. P., Fisher, B. & Koh, L. P. (2013) Navjot's nightmare revisited: Logging, agriculture and biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 531 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. tree. 2013.04.005" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Wilcove
|
||
<emphasis id="B94CEAE8FF823E20FD742F71B02CFCA7" box="[737,796,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It should also be noted that the indigenous Iban Dayak inhabitants of the region are the primary facilitators of conservation upkeep and protection. The imperilment and continued diminishment of these traditional longhouse communities is an underappreciated threat to the protection of these vital areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8736FAFF823E20FF522FE2B7D1FBC7" blockId="9.[151,1437,153,1115]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Many questions remain regarding the distribution, population dynamics, and ecology of the Spectacled Flowerpecker. Though the species may have once enjoyed a historical distribution of relative continuity throughout the lowland forests of Borneo, its current distribution has almost certainly become increasingly fragmented and diminished. We are hopeful that the formal scientific description of this exciting new species will help to underscore the importance of Borneo’s lowland forests as an area of ecological significance and future discovery.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |