185 lines
21 KiB
XML
185 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779569" ID-GBIF-Dataset="723c8018-f87a-440a-bed1-3d2fe2a46e42" ID-ISBN="978-3-906484-76-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5779569" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1639140111949" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Alexander, Timothy & Seehausen, Ole" docDate="2021" docId="039187D59BACBBD5FE5E757471AF8EC0" docLanguage="en" docName="ProjectLacSynthesisReport.2021.1-281.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology" docSource="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag:24051" docTitle="Coregonus spp" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="133" masterDocId="FFA8FFAD9B2EBB57FF94744D755A8830" masterDocTitle="Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – “ Projet Lac ” synthesis report" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1655230699012" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes – “ Projet Lac ” synthesis report</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Alexander, Timothy</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Seehausen, Ole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Eawag: Das Wasserforschungsinstitut des ETH-Bereichs Überlandstrasse 133, CH- 8600 Dübendorf</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2021</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2021-11-12</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology</mods:publisher>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag:24051</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779569</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">723c8018-f87a-440a-bed1-3d2fe2a46e42</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-3-906484-76-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5779569</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5776970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191772204" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5776970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039187D59BACBBD5FE5E757471AF8EC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039187D59BACBBD5FE5E757471AF8EC0" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<subSubSection box="[458,775,312,336]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,312,592]" box="[458,775,312,336]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<heading box="[458,775,312,336]" fontSize="10" level="7" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName box="[458,634,313,336]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[458,584,313,336]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">Coregonus</emphasis>
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spp
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</taxonomicName>
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(whitefish)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="130" pageNumber="133" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,312,592]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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Since recolonization of the lakes after the retreat of the ice-sheets across Europe around 15,000 years ago, whitefish (
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<taxonomicName box="[565,675,378,399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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) have diversified into different ecological niches within each larger lake or set of connected lakes
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<superScript attach="right" box="[547,580,408,423]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[155]</superScript>
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. This has resulted in up to six ecologically differentiated species within a lake. At least 25 perialpine lakes were known to support native
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<taxonomicName box="[905,1102,442,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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, the majority of which were endemic. The ecosystem changes resulting from eutrophication in the second half of the 19
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<superScript attach="left" box="[1251,1265,472,487]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">th</superScript>
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century led to extinction and speciation reversal of
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<taxonomicName box="[685,878,506,528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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in many lakes. Almost 40% of
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<taxonomicName box="[1236,1429,506,528]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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went extinct across the region. Detailed information on the diversity of perialpine
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<taxonomicName box="[1175,1371,538,560]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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and the effects of human activities is available in Vonlanthen et al
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<superScript attach="right" box="[931,956,568,583]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[42]</superScript>
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, with two key figures provided in
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<figureCitation box="[1295,1389,570,592]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="73.[115,173,734,751]" captionTargetBox="[153,1143,217,675]" captionTargetId="figure-9@73.[110,1203,203,680]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Figure 24: Relationship of the maximum total phosphorus concentration experienced by each lake versus the proportion of Coregonus species lost in each lake (left) and the genetic differentiation (global Fst) among the post-eutrophication Coregonus species within those lakes that retain native Coregonus species (right). Modified from [42]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5779619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5779619/files/figure.png" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">Figure 24</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,312,592]" box="[1356,1407,408,423]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1356,1407,408,423]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[24, 48]</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,312,592]" box="[1490,1516,440,455]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1490,1516,440,455]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[42]</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,312,592]" box="[1034,1059,504,519]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1034,1059,504,519]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[42]</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,634,784]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName box="[457,609,634,656]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus spp</taxonomicName>
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can occupy many different spatial habitats, from the shallow benthic to open pelagic and the profundal zone down to
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<quantity box="[674,739,666,688]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
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of depth. No other group of fish occupies such a wide range of habitats in these lakes. Known ecologically relevant differences among
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<taxonomicName box="[1014,1208,698,720]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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include body size and growth rate, number, length and shape of gill rakers, eye size and visual pigments, diet and spawning habitat. The most distinct ecological
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<typeStatus box="[644,700,762,784]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">types</typeStatus>
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are the following:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[456,1568,826,1072]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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1. large, fast growing, sparsely gill rakered, benthivorous species, which spawn in shallow water, referred to as “Balchen”-
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<typeStatus box="[581,625,858,880]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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whitefish (e.g.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1890" box="[782,965,858,880]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duplex">Coregonus duplex</taxonomicName>
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in Zurich/Walen,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1138,1236,858,880]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salvelinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">C. alpinus</taxonomicName>
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in Thun/Brienz,
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<taxonomicName box="[1393,1503,858,879]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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litora - lis in Lucerne,
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<taxonomicName box="[626,756,890,912]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenicolus">C. arenicolus</taxonomicName>
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in Constance,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1885" box="[905,1008,890,912]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suidteri">C. suidteri</taxonomicName>
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in midland lakes and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[1222,1314,890,912]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palaea">C. palaea</taxonomicName>
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in Neuchatel).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[456,1568,826,1072]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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2. small sized, slow growing, densely rakered, zooplanktivorous species that live in the pelagic zone and spawn in deeper water, referred to as “Albeli”-
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<typeStatus box="[875,917,954,976]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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whitefish (e.g.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1822" box="[1073,1287,954,976]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heglingus">Coregonus heglingus</taxonomicName>
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in Zurich/Walen,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1890" box="[1459,1562,954,976]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albellus">C. albellus</taxonomicName>
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in Thun/Brienz,C. muelleri in Lucerne).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[456,1568,826,1072]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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3. small or medium sized, slow growing, sparsely rakered, benthivorous species that live and spawn in the deep profundal zone of lakes (e.g.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[770,993,1050,1072]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosus">Coregonus gutturosus</taxonomicName>
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in Constance,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schillinger" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1143,1273,1050,1072]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Salvelinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="profundus">C. profundus</taxonomicName>
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in Thun).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,1114,1328]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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Species with other combinations of these or other characteristics occur in lakes with more than three
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species.</taxonomicName>
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For instance a
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<typeStatus box="[736,781,1146,1168]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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that is in many regards intermediate between the “Balchen”-
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<typeStatus box="[1395,1439,1146,1168]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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and “Albeli”-
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<typeStatus box="[459,504,1178,1200]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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whitefish, referred to as “Felchen”-
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<typeStatus box="[875,919,1178,1200]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">type</typeStatus>
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(e.g.
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<taxonomicName box="[981,1091,1178,1199]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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fatio in Thun,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nusslin" authorityYear="1882" box="[1237,1390,1178,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zuerichensis">C. zuerichensis</taxonomicName>
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in Zürich, Walen,
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<taxonomicName box="[457,655,1210,1232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">C. macrophthalmus</taxonomicName>
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in Constance), or large-bodied, fast growing, densely rakered pelagic zooplanktivores such as the Blaufelchen,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1784" box="[653,786,1242,1264]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wartmanni">C. wartmanni</taxonomicName>
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of Lake Constance. Reproductive isolation among members of lake radiations is maintained by differences in spawning depth, spawning season, possibly mate choice
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<superScript attach="none" box="[1338,1396,1272,1287]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[39, 156]</superScript>
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and possibly natural selection against intermediate phenotypes resulting from hybridisation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[457,1569,1114,1328]" box="[1216,1279,1304,1319]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1216,1279,1304,1319]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[157, 158]</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="130.[454,1570,1370,1776]" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName box="[457,610,1370,1392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus spp</taxonomicName>
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were recorded in Projet Lac in all northern perialpine lakes, except Bret.The highest number of
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<taxonomicName box="[457,649,1402,1424]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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recorded in the same lake was in LakeThun, where all six species known to occur in the lake were recovered. All four species known from Lake Brienz were also recorded in Projet Lac
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1437,1496,1432,1447]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[24, 160]</superScript>
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. Three
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<taxonomicName box="[454,651,1466,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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were recorded in Upper Constance, Upper Zurich, Lucerne and Biel.
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<taxonomicName box="[1353,1506,1466,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus spp</taxonomicName>
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were most commonly caught between 10 and 40 meters and dominated the biomass in the open water of many lakes. One species of
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<taxonomicName box="[614,724,1530,1551]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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presumed to be extirpated in one lake was re-discovered in that lake in Projet Lac. In upper Lake Zurich, genetic analyses of samples collected in Projet Lac revealed the presence of three species,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1890" box="[457,553,1594,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duplex">C. duplex</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nusslin" authorityYear="1882" box="[563,714,1594,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zuerichensis">C. zuerichensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1822" box="[763,888,1594,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heglingus">C. heglingus</taxonomicName>
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<superScript attach="right" box="[893,926,1592,1607]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[161]</superScript>
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, whereas
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1822" box="[1031,1156,1594,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heglingus">C. heglingus</taxonomicName>
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was previously thought believed to have been extirpated in Lake Zurich. In Lake Lucerne, one individual resembling the deep-water adapted
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<taxonomicName authority="(Edelfisch)" baseAuthorityName="Edelfisch" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nobilis">Coregonus nobilis (Edelfisch)</taxonomicName>
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was also recovered in Projet Lac. This species had also almost gone extinct (and was at some point believed to be extinct) during eutrophication, but was rediscovered in 2004
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<superScript attach="right" box="[1340,1373,1688,1703]" fontSize="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="133">[162]</superScript>
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. None of the other believed extinct
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<taxonomicName box="[624,820,1722,1744]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coregonus species</taxonomicName>
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, such as the profundal
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1051,1185,1722,1744]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosus">C. gutturosus</taxonomicName>
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in Lake Constance,
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<taxonomicName box="[1389,1455,1722,1744]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fera">C. fera</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hiemalis">C. hiemalis</taxonomicName>
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in Lake Geneva, or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fatio" authorityYear="1885" box="[708,829,1754,1776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="130" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="restrictus">C. restrictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Lake Morat were recorded by Projet Lac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |