173 lines
21 KiB
XML
173 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B8D3420A42ED347087F70631FA4AB29F">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="37629CDBFCB0AC606223127D6F949951">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E8233619BDCEA8A0F007D48B8756E0E">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B2EFF95FF56FB06FA6FFE8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639498" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B2EFF95FF56FB06FA6FFE8E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B2EFF95FF56FB06FA6FFE8E" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2EFF94FF56FB06FD3DFAD5" box="[151,707,1279,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FB06FD3DFAD5" blockId="56.[151,707,1279,1306]" box="[151,707,1279,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B2EFF94FF56FB06FD3DFAD5" bold="true" box="[151,707,1279,1306]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FF56FB06FD3DFAD5" ID-CoL="38JHQ" authority="Ridley, 1884" authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,707,1279,1306]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indomalaccensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FB06FD3DFAD5" bold="true" box="[151,707,1279,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FB06FDDCFAD5" bold="true" box="[151,546,1279,1306]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea indomalaccensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FDEBFAF9FD3DFAD5" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[554,707,1280,1306]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="327 - 365" refId="ref106082" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1884) Alcyonaria. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert' 1881 - 2. British Museum, London, pp. 327 - 365, pls. 36 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1884">Ridley, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2EFF94FF56FAC7FBEEFABB" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B2EFF94FF56FAC7FBEEFABB" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FAC7FAD7FA99" blockId="56.[151,1321,1342,1397]" box="[151,1321,1342,1368]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2EFF94FF56FAC7FD2FFA99" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[151,721,1342,1366]" page="337" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1884">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FF56FAC7FD2FFA99" ID-CoL="38JHQ" authority="Ridley, 1884: 336 - 337" authorityName="Ridley" authorityPageNumber="336 - 337" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,721,1342,1366]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indomalaccensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FAC7FE1FFA99" box="[151,481,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea indomalaccensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE26FAC7FD2FFA99" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[487,721,1342,1366]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="327 - 365" refId="ref106082" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1884) Alcyonaria. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert' 1881 - 2. British Museum, London, pp. 327 - 365, pls. 36 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1884">Ridley, 1884: 336–337</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 36, fig. B, B′; pl. 38, fig. d–d′′′ (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B2EFF94FBFEFAC7FB45FA99" box="[1087,1211,1342,1366]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Queensland</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2EFF94FB02FAC7FADCFA99" box="[1219,1314,1342,1366]" name="Australia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Australia</collectingCountry>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FAA4FBEEFABB" blockId="56.[151,1321,1342,1397]" box="[151,1040,1372,1397]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2EFF94FF63FAA5FD20FABA" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[162,734,1372,1397]" page="48" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FF63FAA5FD20FABA" ID-CoL="38JHQ" authority="Grasshoff 1999: 47 - 48" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="47 - 48" authorityYear="1999" box="[162,734,1372,1397]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indomalaccensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF63FAA5FE13FABB" box="[162,493,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea indomalaccensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE32FAA5FD20FABA" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[499,734,1372,1397]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 47–48</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 77–79 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2EFF94FCA0FAA4FBFBFABB" box="[865,1029,1372,1397]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2EFF94FF56FA65FC4BF941" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FA65FC70FA79" blockId="56.[151,910,1436,1463]" box="[151,910,1436,1463]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FA1DFED7FA31" blockId="56.[151,1436,1508,1679]" box="[151,297,1508,1534]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF06F9F1FC4BF941" blockId="56.[151,1436,1508,1679]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF06F9F1FC27F9ED" box="[199,985,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FC20F9F1FA62F9ED" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[993,1436,1544,1571]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson 1905: 291–292</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B2EFF94FF5EF9D5FEE8F989" box="[159,278,1580,1606]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FEEDF9D5FD7FF989" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[300,641,1580,1606]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 103</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1h, 1–5, (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FC6EF9D5FB30F989" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[943,1230,1580,1607]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FBD2F9D4FBB6F989" box="[1043,1096,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995: 138
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 2d, 1–3 (NE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FF29F9A9FE1AF9A4" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[232,484,1616,1643]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 45–46</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 22, fig. 1–9 (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FCD7F9A8FBE8F9A5" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[790,1046,1616,1643]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FCABF9A8FC64F9A5" box="[874,922,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2014a: 80
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 37, fig. A–D (Pongibalu, South Andaman); Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FE4CF98CFE40F941" box="[397,446,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2015, 2017: 93, pl. 41, fig. A–D (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2EFF95FF06F944FA6FFE8E" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF06F944FE10F81D" blockId="56.[151,1436,1724,2039]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF06F944FE64F919" box="[199,410,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE69F945FCFEF918" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[424,768,1724,1751]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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||
described a
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||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B2EFF94FC4DF945FC53F919" box="[908,941,1724,1750]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sri</collectingRegion>
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||
Lankan colony with many branches and did not provide any illustrations.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE25F919FCF7F935" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[484,777,1760,1786]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FC80F919FBD1F934" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[833,1071,1760,1787]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FC62F918FC28F935" box="[931,982,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
presented sclerite drawings that were very simplistic and described a species having calyces and calicular thornscales much larger than those in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2EFF94FF56F8D1FF07F88D" box="[151,249,1832,1858]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as well as the thornscales having a prickly instead of a smooth spine. Hickson (1932) described material from the Great Barrier Reef that also had spines on the blade of the thornscales and stated that he had compared his material with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2EFF94FE4BF889FE12F845" box="[394,492,1904,1930]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the species and saw no reason not to think they were conspecific except for the difference in branching. But he made no comment regarding thornscale spines in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B2EFF94FB97F86DFB42F861" box="[1110,1212,1940,1966]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In 1987 Thomas & George only listed the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF95FF06F825FA6FFE8E" blockId="56.[151,1436,1724,2039]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The publications of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE6AF824FD64F839" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[427,666,2012,2039]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FDC0F824FDCDF839" box="[513,563,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FD13F825FC2EF839" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[722,976,2012,2039]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FC85F824FC88F839" box="[836,886,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the same material and figured 8 sclerites and yellow colonies. In the latter publications the colonies are stated to be red because the description is identical to that given by Fernando in 2011, which is more comprehensively illustrated. In all of the publications, the calyces and thornscales and polyps sclerites are described as being close to or more than 2X the size those recorded by Ridley or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2FFF95FEF5FEFAFE0BFED2" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[308,501,259,285]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Indo-West Pacific. Unfortunately, no comprehensive description of this species exists and there are a number of nominal species with similar thornscales. The whole genus needs revising.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |