348 lines
35 KiB
XML
348 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.953.52282" ID-GBIF-Dataset="65bc24cb-a75c-46d1-9312-a48b7a953e5e" ID-PMC="PMC7398959" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-953-61" ID-Pensoft-UUID="069E33C69B385B29906C85A2546A0BA3" ID-PubMed="32821196" ID-ZooBank="3C362CD31D8547DEA703AF44067AC929" ModsDocID="1313-2970-953-61" checkinTime="1595913791488" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Dorjderem, Sodnomtsog, Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin" docDate="2020" docId="9041DD7707215C9C96D4C03F7903FA2E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 953: 61-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 953" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.953.52282" docTitle="Pterostichus (Chinapterus) Berlov 1998" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="069E33C69B385B29906C85A2546A0BA3" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="069E33C69B385B29906C85A2546A0BA3" masterDocTitle="The genus Pterostichus in China III: a brief review of subgenus Chinapterus Berlov (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with descriptions of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1668169169323" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The genus Pterostichus in China III: a brief review of subgenus Chinapterus Berlov (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with descriptions of two new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dorjderem, Sodnomtsog</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China & College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shi, Hongliang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liang, Hongbin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lianghb@ioz.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>953</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>61</mods:start>
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<mods:end>83</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.953.52282</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.953.52282</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-953-61</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="166016759" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9041DD7707215C9C96D4C03F7903FA2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9041DD7707215C9C96D4C03F7903FA2E" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName LSID="9041DD77-0721-5C9C-96D4-C03F7903FA2E" authority="Berlov, 1998" authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chinapterus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chinapterus">Subgenus Chinapterus Berlov, 1998</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chinapterus</taxonomicName>
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Berlov, 1998: 14. Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jedlicka" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus balthasari" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">Pterostichus balthasari</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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, 1937 [=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tschitscherine" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus singularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="singularis">Pterostichus singularis</taxonomicName>
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Tschitschérine, 1889], by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Body slightly convex. Elytral striae regular, third interval with two or three setigerous pores. Metepisternum slightly wider than length. Mesofemur with four or more setae on ventral surface. Elytral plica absent or indistinct. Right paramere of male genitalia falciform, with somewhat elongated apex. Spermatheca with seminal canal and receptaculum not differentiated.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Subgeneric characters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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Medium size, body length 9.0-15.0 mm. Black, elytra slightly shiny, without metallic luster. Submentum with two long setae on each side. Pronotum cordate or quadrate; basal foveae deep, inner and outer grooves indistinctly separated or outer groove absent; one baso-lateral seta inserted on basal angle. Elytra striae straight and continuous, neither interrupted nor sinuate; interval microsculpture isodiametric, similar in male and female, third interval usually with two or three setigerous pores, fifth interval without pore; ninth interval with umbilical series slightly sparser in the middle than basal and apical areas; elytral plica indistinct; scutellar stria present; basal pore present or not. Metepisternum slightly wider than length. Terminal ventrite of males slightly depressed or without modification. Mesofemur with four or more setae on ventral surface, with a spine near apex; metacoxae with two setae; metatrochanters without seta. Fifth tarsomere with or without setae on ventral side. Apical orifice of aedeagus obviously twisted to left side; apical lamella narrow, short; right paramere falciform, apex more or less elongate and bent; endophallus bent to ventral-left or venter, gonopore opened to the base, with a large cap-like sclerotized gonopore piece (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7–23" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 7 - 23. male genitalia of Pterostichus (Chinapterus) singularis Tschitscherine. 7 - 9 Endophallus, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 7 right lateral view 8 left lateral view 9 ventral view, abbreviations as stated in text 10 - 11 median lobe of aedeagus, LT: Wushaoling (IZAS) 10 dorsal view 11 left lateral view 12 - 23 right paramere, inner face 12 LT: Lajishan (IZAS) 13 LT: Lajishan (IZAS) 14 LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 15 LT: Guoshizeshan (IZAS) 16 LT: Lajishan (IZAS) 17 LT: E Qilianshan (IZAS) 18 LT: Dadongshu pass (IZAS) 19 LT: Dadongshu pass (IZAS) 20 LT: Lenglongling (IZAS) 21 LT: Wushaoling (IZAS) 22 Holotype of P. singularis (ZIN) 23 Lectotype of P. balthasari (NMPC). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.953.52282.figures7-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/436347" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">7-9</figureCitation>
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). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor stout or slightly slender and bent, apex rounded, inner and outer margin each with one ensiform spine, apex with two very short nematiform setae in groove (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 58–65" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 58 - 65. female genitalia of Pterostichus (Chinapterus) spp. 58, 59 Female reproductive system 58 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 59 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS). Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 60 - 65 Female ovipositor 60, 61 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS) 62, 63 P. lianhuaensis sp. nov., Paratype LT: Lianhuashan (IZAS) 64 - 65 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 60, 62, 64 Gonocoxite II, inner view, 61, 63, 65 Gonocoxite I, II, ventral view. Scale basr: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.953.52282.figures58-65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/436355" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">60-65</figureCitation>
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). Spermatheca tube-like, surface glabrous, receptaculum not differentiated from seminal canal, base of seminal canal sclerotized; spermathecal gland very fine, atrium and gland duct not differentiated, connected to the middle of spermatheca (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 58–65" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 58 - 65. female genitalia of Pterostichus (Chinapterus) spp. 58, 59 Female reproductive system 58 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 59 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS). Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 60 - 65 Female ovipositor 60, 61 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS) 62, 63 P. lianhuaensis sp. nov., Paratype LT: Lianhuashan (IZAS) 64 - 65 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 60, 62, 64 Gonocoxite II, inner view, 61, 63, 65 Gonocoxite I, II, ventral view. Scale basr: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.953.52282.figures58-65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/436355" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">58</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 58–65" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 58 - 65. female genitalia of Pterostichus (Chinapterus) spp. 58, 59 Female reproductive system 58 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 59 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS). Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 60 - 65 Female ovipositor 60, 61 P. przewalskyi, LT: Zhenqin (IZAS) 62, 63 P. lianhuaensis sp. nov., Paratype LT: Lianhuashan (IZAS) 64 - 65 P. singularis, LT: Pass Xining-Guide (IZAS) 60, 62, 64 Gonocoxite II, inner view, 61, 63, 65 Gonocoxite I, II, ventral view. Scale basr: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.953.52282.figures58-65" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/436355" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">59</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">This subgenus is endemic to China. A total of four species are distributed in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Ningxia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Comparison.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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In its original description (Berlov, 1998), the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chinapterus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chinapterus">Chinapterus</taxonomicName>
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was erected based on type species
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jedlicka" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus balthasari" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus balthasari</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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, which was formerly a member of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Euryperis)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Euryperis">Euryperis</taxonomicName>
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Motschulsky (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
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, 1962) and was subsequently synonymized with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Petrophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Petrophilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Chaudoir (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kryzhanovskij, OL" journalOrPublisher="PenSoft Publishers, Sofia & Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B5" refString="Kryzhanovskij, OL, Belousov, IA, Kabak, II, Kataev, BM, Makarov, KV, Shilenkov, VG, 1995. A checklist of the ground beetles of Russia and adjacent lands (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae). PenSoft Publishers, Sofia & Moscow" title="A checklist of the ground beetles of Russia and adjacent lands (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae)." year="1995">Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Euryperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euryperis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Euryperis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having metepisternum slightly wider than length, metatrochanters without seta, and pronotum posterior angles widely rounded (only for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. singularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="singularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. singularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). But,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is quite different from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Euryperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euryperis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Euryperis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the following aspects: (1) mesofemur with four or more setae on the ventral side (with two setae in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Euryperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euryperis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Euryperis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); (2) elytral plica absent or indistinct (distinct in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Euryperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euryperis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Euryperis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); (3) spermatheca with seminal canal and receptaculum not differentiated (well differentiated in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Euryperis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euryperis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Euryperis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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Among the Chinese subgenera of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to the subgenera
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sciaky" authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sinoreophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinoreophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sinoreophilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Metallophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Metallophilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in external appearance, and having the mesofemur with four or more setae near the hind margin, the metepisternum width subequal to its length, but differs in: (1) right paramere falciform, with the apex more or less elongate and bent; (2) elytral microsculpture isodiametric, similar in both sexes (in the other two subgenera, right paramere rounded triangular, apex not elongate, nor slightly bent; elytral microsculpture granular in females, isodiametric in males). Comparisons with other similar subgenera present in the key to subgenera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="notes on systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Notes on systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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Among all subgenera of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from China,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is doubtless closely related to other five subgenera (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Adelosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adelosia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Adelosia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Metallophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metallophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Metallophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sciaky" authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sinoreophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinoreophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sinoreophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Plectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Plectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and shares the following important characters: (1) mesofemur with four or more setae along posterior margin; (2) elytral plica absent or indistinct; (3) metatrochanters without seta; (4) spermatheca tube-like, seminal canal and receptaculum not differentiated. These six subgenera form a monophyletic group (the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as defined here) supported by synapomorphic characters 1, 2, and 3 (character polarities discussed in this section follow Bousquet, 1999: 32-36). Except for the Chinese fauna,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Megerle & Steven" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Myosodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myosodus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Myosodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a subgenus centered in the Caucasus, also belongs to this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Among the above four characters, characters 1 is exclusive for the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and character 4 is plesiomorphic. The undifferentiated spermatheca is unusual in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and may suggest a relatively basal position of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in the genus. So far as we know, all species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have a distinctive form of the female reproductive tract: spermatheca tube-like, seminal canal and receptaculum not differentiated, spermathecal canal inserted between the midpoint to the apical third of the spermatheca. In contrast, for most subgenera of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the spermatheca is usually very long with the seminal canal and receptaculum differentiated. If not so distinctly differentiated, the seminal canal is at least a little slenderer than the receptaculum, as in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Orientostichus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orientostichus">Orientostichus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Except the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platysma</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, only the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Argutor)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Argutor">Argutor</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its relatives (five subgenera from China) have the undifferentiated spermatheca, but their spermathecae are always very short with the spermathecal canal inserted near the basal fourth of spermatheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The relationships among subgenera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are quite unclear, and even the monophyly of several subgenera is questioned. The subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sciaky" authorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Sinoreophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinoreophilus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sinoreophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by plesiomorphic characters only, while other subgenera are merely defined by one or two apomorphic characters. Except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Adelosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adelosia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Adelosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(monotypic) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Plectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Plectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(includes two very closely related species), the monophyly of the other four subgenera are difficult to demonstrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
We here redefine the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Plectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chinapterus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chinapterus">Chinapterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and assign
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. przewalskyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="przewalskyi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. przewalskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together with two new species very closely related to it into the subgenus for the following similarities: metepisternum length subequal to its basal width and right paramere falciform, apex rather elongated and bent. These two apomorphic characters may support the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="(Chinapterus)" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chinapterus">Chinapterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and can clearly differentiate it from all other related Chinese subgenera. However, the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still questioned, because the elongate right paramere is also present in other subgenera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, including part of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Megerle & Steven" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Myosodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myosodus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Myosodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. singularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. przewalskyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="przewalskyi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. przewalskyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not look similar in their general appearances, and simply from the shape of right paramere, the former species is more similar to some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while the latter is more like
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Megerle & Steven" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Myosodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myosodus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Myosodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, the present definition of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Myosodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chinapterus)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chinapterus">Chinapterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is good for convenient taxa recognition at present. Under this, all Chinese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with multisetose mesofemora can be assigned to each subgenus. We expected an in-depth phylogenetic study will propose a better and more objective assignment of subgenera in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
When the present study on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlov" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chinapterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chinapterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Chinapterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was conducted, we examined all
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Pterostichus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platysma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platysma" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Platysma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group from China. We found that,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lanista" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="lanista">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. lanista</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tschitschérine">Tschitscherine</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. militaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="militaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. militaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tschitschérine">Tschitscherine</normalizedToken>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. peilingi" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="peilingi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">P. peilingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jedlička">Jedlicka</normalizedToken>
|
||
should be moved into the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="(Sinoreophilus)" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Sinoreophilus">Sinoreophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the following characters: mesofemur with four or more setae along posterior margin; elytra striae regular; metepisternum short, length subequal to the width of anterior margin; right paramere short and straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |