2944 lines
363 KiB
XML
2944 lines
363 KiB
XML
<document id="A04893E645D170DD60350A4127B2A938" ID-CLB-Dataset="7826" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="519214ff-8e86-437c-b155-6dc89e87cad3" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573460" ID-ZooBank="9FC747F8-BAA4-4E2A-BC5B-53A20A0A03FA" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614694708062" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Moehlman, Patricia D. & Hayssen, Virginia" docDate="2018" docId="03D187EDAE11263D1864512DFBEE0CD6" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.957.14-25.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (957)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFE8FF95AE11263519745504FF950F6E" masterDocTitle="Canis aureus (Carnivore: Canidae)" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="14" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698931782125" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="A443756DEB06405AA58D174F32B2F2F5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8CF394F587FA823DC7CA32DF6C2BE0FE">
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<mods:title id="C2EB342056D321061C1939D4775211DD">Canis aureus (Carnivore: Canidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="ADBC61E30E8DE213CFDAA8BC5615C4EF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="978DAC8D3D8CBF90C72A43430B685543">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5B79EF86226D5B1956586886D1EA9339">Moehlman, Patricia D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1BA3BD95F43E5929EABB048853550EF7">Box 2013, Arusha, Tanzania; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 1001 - 2320, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0A6346AB4A9B110E5BB226FB6D9941FD" type="email">pdmbhf@aol.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="651BA22EFFBA086C8030A62A6FA0CCE6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1ECEEE98F03FDB720BCA42DEA5B62B26">Hayssen, Virginia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D0C0BEE4309D8F6751515FB35BD89832">Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1001AD6ACB193FE00BDF31B4183278DD" type="email">vhayssen@smith.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:titleInfo id="646E7FAF6716AC2BB3DDE741DD6E7343">
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<mods:title id="4620906857FCA9597D02DA74C1D66425">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="09B293FE5CE2A590D569731FE47AEE1E">
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<mods:date id="055F178AE86DB10014C7126DC8ADAFB6">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="590B8096314B6FBF59F7D4AF12774ABC">2018-04-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AC07837780AB516338DDBD9BD94F7222">50</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A95B5EEA6928260CE54835C8023D6EB3" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="BC51760EE89980D92A702F24FDE9F532">957</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="FB896AF73EF42F3BB130DDC2F84498B5">14</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="3476F22BEB3F7C326989CE18751B15CC">25</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="F844FB3B959D15117854346E04CAD980">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey002</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="0A1BEF6213FDB59AA769233E8313ABCC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F44D2D477A2F023D1AE3AFD42826542E" type="CLB-Dataset">7826</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A699AE9AAAD3F0BA07D161C71A96C2FB" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sey002</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2CCCB614BB69267D4334035EBB71D13F" type="ISSN">1545-1410</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D187EDAE11263D1864512DFBEE0CD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4591937" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4591937" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D187EDAE11263D1864512DFBEE0CD6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187EDAE11263D1864512DFBEE0CD6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="C3626570AE1126351864512DFDE00B2D" box="[272,629,1065,1091]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351864512DFDE00B2D" blockId="0.[272,629,1065,1091]" box="[272,629,1065,1091]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351864512DFDE00B2D" ID-CoL="QLX7" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[272,629,1065,1091]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351864512DFDE00B2D" bold="true" box="[272,629,1065,1091]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351864512DFE240B2D" bold="true" box="[272,433,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE11263518CC512DFDE00B2D" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[440,629,1065,1091]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE11263518F85168FDB10BED" box="[396,548,1132,1155]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263518F85168FDB10BED" blockId="0.[396,548,1132,1155]" box="[396,548,1132,1155]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Golden Jackal</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE112634191951A3FA5A0AEC" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE112635191951A3FC980BB0" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE112635191951A3FE2E0BD0" ID-CoL="QLX7" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 40" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,443,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE112635191951A3FF610BD0" box="[109,244,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE112635198D51A3FE2E0BD0" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[249,443,1191,1214]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE11263518B751A3FE620BD0" box="[451,503,1191,1214]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “oriente;” restricted to
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE11263519CC51C3FD840BB0" box="[184,529,1223,1246]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
“Benná Mts., Laristan, S.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE11263518B251C3FD9D0BB0" box="[454,520,1223,1246]" name="Iran" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Persia</collectingCountry>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
by Thomas (1911:135).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE112635191951E3FE8E0A70" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE112635191951E3FF3B0B90" box="[109,174,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Lupus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519C251E3FE450B90" ID-CoL="QLX7" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 40" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1758" box="[182,464,1255,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519C251E3FF6B0B90" box="[182,254,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE112635187251E3FE450B90" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[262,464,1255,1278]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351B7151E3FDA60B90" box="[517,563,1255,1278]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. From a pre- 1758 name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195023FE0D0A30" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519195023FDDB0A50" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 41" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,590,1319,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="indiae" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519195023FEE10A50" box="[109,372,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Vulpes indiae orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE11263518F45023FDDB0A50" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[384,590,1319,1342]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351BFE5023FD2D0A50" box="[650,696,1319,1342]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. From a pre-1758 name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195063FC950A10" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" box="[109,768,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<insertion id="16FD513AAE11263519195063FF280A10" box="[109,189,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519025063FF280A10" ID-CoL="3GTH" authority="F. Cuvier, 1820" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[118,189,1383,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519025063FF210A10" box="[118,180,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519B05063FE9E0A10" box="[196,267,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">anthus</emphasis>
|
||
F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE11263518585063FE230A10" author="CUVIER, F." box="[300,438,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref10652" refString="CUVIER, F. 1820. Le chacal du Senegal, femelle. Pp. 1 - 3 in Histoire naturelle des mammiferes, avec des figures dessinees d'apres les animaux vivants, tome duexieme (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, eds.). A. Belin, Paris, France. 1824 on title page but material on the jackal is June 1820." type="book" year="1820">Cuvier, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:plate.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE112635188A5063FDA60A10" box="[510,563,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1126351BE45063FC950A10" box="[656,768,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1126351BEE5063FD660A10" box="[666,755,1383,1406]" name="Senegal" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195083FDC10AD0" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519195083FD8D0AF0" authority="Cretzschmar, 1826: 31" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1826" box="[109,536,1415,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519195083FEB10AF0" box="[109,292,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE112635185F5083FD8D0AF0" author="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J." box="[299,536,1415,1438]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref10614" refString="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J. 1826. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppell. Erste Abtheilung Zoologie. Gedruckt und in Commission bei Heinr. Ludw. Bronner, Frankfurt, Germany." type="book" year="1826">Cretzschmar, 1826:31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plate 10.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351BFF5083FD550AF0" box="[651,704,1415,1438]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Nubien. Oberes Egypten;” preoccupied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE112635191950C3FE6D0A90" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE112635191950C3FDFB0AB0" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[109,622,1479,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE112635191950C3FE9B0AB0" box="[109,270,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis syriacus</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:sig z, plate 16.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE11263519E950E3FF470A90" box="[157,210,1511,1534]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE112635185B50E3FE6D0A90" box="[303,504,1511,1534]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">“e monte Lebano.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195303FC8D0950" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519195303FD1D0970" ID-CoL="QLXK" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[109,648,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519195303FE840970" box="[109,273,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:sig ff.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351B975303FC8D0970" box="[739,792,1543,1566]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Fayum,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE11263518225323FE0D0950" box="[342,408,1575,1598]" name="Egypt" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
” (not seen cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351B165323FC990950" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[610,780,1575,1598]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen 1939:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195343FD500910" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519195343FDD70930" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[109,578,1607,1630]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sacer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519195343FF790930" box="[109,236,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis sacer</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:sig ff.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351BF95343FD570930" box="[653,706,1607,1630]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Fayum,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE11263518745363FED70910" box="[256,322,1639,1662]" name="Egypt" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
” (not seen cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351B7B5363FD2C0910" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[527,697,1639,1662]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen 1939:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE11263519195383FEC109B0" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE11263519195383FDCD09F0" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[109,600,1671,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE11263519195383FE9209F0" box="[109,263,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis riparius</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:sig ff.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351BD55383FD4309F0" box="[673,726,1671,1694]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
local- ity “Coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE112635184E53A3FE3209D0" box="[314,423,1703,1726]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Abyssinia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, near Arkiko” (not seen cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE11263519E953C3FED309B0" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[157,326,1735,1758]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen 1939:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE112635191953E3FEB70870" blockId="0.[109,793,1191,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE112635191953E3FDF00990" ID-CoL="5G6Y8" authority="Hodgson, 1833: 237" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1833" box="[109,613,1767,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE112635191953E3FEFE0990" box="[109,363,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis aureus indicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE11263518F553E3FDF00990" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[385,613,1767,1790]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" pagination="221 - 237" refId="ref11804" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1833. Description of the wild dog of the Himalaya. Asiatic Research 18: 221 - 237." type="journal article" year="1833">Hodgson, 1833:237</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351B0A53E3FD260990" box="[638,691,1767,1790]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE11263519E95203FEB70870" box="[157,290,1799,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">“Himalaya.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351A3C512CFA8B0B31" blockId="0.[840,1524,1064,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A3C512CFC3B0B31" ID-CoL="7JHLF" authority="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="moreotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3C512CFC720B51" box="[840,999,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351D4A512CFB3C0B51" box="[1086,1193,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">moreotica</emphasis>
|
||
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:plate 1.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351D7D514CFBAB0B31" box="[1033,1086,1096,1119]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “de Morée.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351A3C516CFA760B11" blockId="0.[840,1524,1064,1311]" box="[840,1507,1128,1151]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A3C516CFA900B11" authority=": Hamilton Smith, 1839: 195" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1839" box="[840,1285,1128,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3C516CFC420B11" box="[840,983,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Thous anthus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351A91516CFA900B11" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[997,1285,1128,1151]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351A3C518CFB900BD1" blockId="0.[840,1524,1064,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A3C518CFA1A0BF1" authority=": Hamilton Smith, 1839: 198" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="198" authorityYear="1839" box="[840,1423,1160,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3C518CFB8D0BF1" box="[840,1048,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Thous variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351D4B518CFA1A0BF1" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[1087,1423,1160,1183]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:198</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351A3C51CCFB520B91" blockId="0.[840,1524,1064,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A3C51CCFAAA0BB1" authority="Hamilton Smith, 1839: 201" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1839" box="[840,1343,1224,1247]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sengalensi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3C51CCFB920BB1" box="[840,1031,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Thous sengalensi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351D6751CCFAAA0BB1" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[1043,1343,1224,1247]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:201</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plate 13.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1126351CCA51CCFA660BB1" box="[1470,1523,1224,1247]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1126351ABB51ECFB520B91" box="[975,1223,1256,1279]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1126351AAC51ECFBBA0B91" box="[984,1071,1256,1279]" name="Gambia" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1126351D1751ECFB2E0B91" box="[1123,1211,1256,1279]" name="Senegal" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126341A3C500CFE510E4C" blockId="0.[840,1524,1064,1311]" lastBlockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A3C500CFA8C0A71" authority=": Hamilton Smith, 1839: 214" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1839" box="[840,1305,1288,1311]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sacalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3C500CFC650A71" box="[840,1008,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Sacalius aureus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1126351A88500CFA8C0A71" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[1020,1305,1288,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:214</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191955CFFDE10F8C" authority="Hamilton Smith, 1839: 218" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="218" authorityYear="1839" box="[109,628,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sacalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191955CFFEAD0F8C" box="[109,312,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Sacalius barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634183155CFFDE10F8C" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[325,628,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:218</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341BF155CFFD2F0F8C" box="[645,698,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE10263419E955EFFF6D0E6C" box="[157,248,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE10263419DC55EFFF7F0E6C" box="[168,234,235,258]" name="Tunisia" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Tunis</collectingCountry>
|
||
;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
preoccupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE10263418C055EFFC8D0E6C" authority="Shaw, 1800: 311" authorityName="Shaw" authorityPageNumber="311" authorityYear="1800" box="[436,792,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263418C055EFFDCA0E6C" box="[436,607,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341B1D55EFFC8D0E6C" author="SHAW, G." box="[617,792,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14330" refString="SHAW, G. 1800. General zoology or systematic natural history. Volume 1, part 2. G. Kearsley, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1800">Shaw, 1800:311</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonym for
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634185F540FFE510E4C" box="[299,452,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634185F540FFE2A0E4C" ID-CoL="5BSG3" authority="vulpes" box="[299,447,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">Vulpes vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF076673AE1126351A3353EEFC410873" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4592352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4592352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4592352/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" startId="0.[839,874,1770,1791]" targetBox="[868,1492,1342,1756]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1126351A3353EEFC410873" blockId="0.[839,1522,1770,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A3353EEFC1E0991" bold="true" box="[839,907,1770,1791]" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1126351A9153EFFBFD086E" ID-CoL="QLX7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[997,1128,1771,1792]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1126351A9153EFFBFD086E" box="[997,1128,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Serengeti,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1126351C5053EEFAE80991" box="[1316,1405,1770,1791]" name="Tanzania" pageId="0" pageNumber="14">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, © Patricia D. Moehlman.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919542FFC8C0E2C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,793,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919542FFDD50E2C" authority=": Hamilton Smith, 1839: 219" authorityName="Hamilton Smith" authorityPageNumber="219" authorityYear="1839" box="[109,576,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sacalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919542FFE8C0E2C" box="[109,281,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Sacalius indicus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341851542FFDD50E2C" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[293,576,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839:219</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919544FFECA0EEC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919544FFFEA0E0C" box="[109,127,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="16FD513AAE102634190B544FFF2B0E0C" box="[127,190,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419FC544FFF210E0C" box="[136,180,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">anis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419AC544FFEDA0E0C" box="[216,335,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">dalmatinus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841:383. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B0B544FFD380E0C" box="[639,685,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality; Dalmatia implied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919548FFF4F0E8C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919548FFE7C0ECC" authority="Wagner, 1841: 383" authorityName="Wagner" authorityPageNumber="383" authorityYear="1841" box="[109,489,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919548FFE9B0ECC" box="[109,270,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis graecus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841:383
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE102634188E548FFDBA0ECC" box="[506,559,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Europaei.” Renaming of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634185954AFFF430E8C" ID-CoL="7JHLF" authority="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="moreotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634185954AFFD900EAC" box="[301,517,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C. aureus moreotica</emphasis>
|
||
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191954EFFD6D0D6C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,760,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191954EFFFEA0D6C" box="[109,127,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="16FD513AAE102634190B54EFFF2B0D6C" box="[127,190,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419FC54EFFF210D6C" box="[136,180,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">anis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419BF54EFFEE50D6C" box="[203,368,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE10263419BF54EFFE860D6C" ID-CoL="QLX7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[203,275,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">aureus</taxonomicName>
|
||
vulgaris
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841:383. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B1A54EFFD090D6C" box="[622,668,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919570FFF690D0C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919570FFDFC0D4C" ID-CoL="5G6Y2" authority="Wagner, 1841: 384" authorityName="Wagner" authorityPageNumber="384" authorityYear="1841" box="[109,617,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="algirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919570FFE160D4C" box="[109,387,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841:384
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341BF4570FFD200D4C" box="[640,693,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “d’Alger” from ‘chacal d’Alger’ I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835:22.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919576FFE1A0DCC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919576FFFEA0DEC" box="[109,127,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="16FD513AAE102634190B576FFF2B0DEC" box="[127,190,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419FC576FFF210DEC" box="[136,180,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">anis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419BE576FFE060DEC" box="[202,403,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE10263419BE576FFE870DEC" ID-CoL="QLX7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[202,274,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">aureus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tripolitanus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841:384. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341BF9576FFD2E0DEC" box="[653,699,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality; Tripoli,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341987578FFEBA0DCC" box="[243,303,651,674]" name="Tunisia" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Tunis</collectingCountry>
|
||
implied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191957AFFE3F0D8C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191957AFFD850DAC" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,528,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="typicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191957AFFEDF0DAC" box="[109,330,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus typicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634183B57AFFD850DAC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[335,528,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B3457AFFDFB0DAC" box="[576,622,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341BA457AFFC810DAC" box="[720,788,683,706]" name="Iran" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Persia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE10263419E957CFFF600D8C" box="[157,245,715,738]" name="Georgia" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE102634187457CFFEDE0D8C" box="[256,331,715,738]" name="Turkey" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
implied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191957EFFE550C4C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191957EFFD230C6C" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,694,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" subSpecies="typicus" variety="caucasica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191957EFFEDA0C6C" box="[109,335,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus typicus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263418F457EFFE7E0C6C" box="[384,491,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">caucasica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634188657EFFD230C6C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[498,694,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B9E57EFFC8D0C6C" box="[746,792,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality; Caucasus implied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919562FFD610C0C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919562FFDE70C2C" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,626,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="syriaco">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919562FFE910C2C" box="[109,260,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341833562FFE030C2C" box="[327,406,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">syriaco</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE10263418D2562FFDE70C2C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[422,626,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unauthorized emendation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341849564FFD790C0C" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[317,748,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341849564FFE030C0C" box="[317,406,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">syriacus</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919566FFD940CCC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919566FFDA60CEC" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,563,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919566FFF6F0CEC" box="[109,250,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634185C566FFEFE0CEC" box="[296,363,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">indica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341805566FFDA60CEC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[369,563,875,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unauthorized emendation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341870568FFE6F0CCC" authority="Hodgson, 1833" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1833" box="[260,506,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Sacalius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341870568FFEC40CCC" box="[260,337,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341823568FFE6F0CCC" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[343,506,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 237" refId="ref11804" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1833. Description of the wild dog of the Himalaya. Asiatic Research 18: 221 - 237." type="journal article" year="1833">Hodgson, 1833</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191956AFFDA80B6C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191956AFFDA80CAC" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,573,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="nubica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191956AFFF6E0CAC" box="[109,251,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634185E56AFFEE60CAC" box="[298,371,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">nubica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634180E56AFFDA80CAC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[378,573,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Renaming of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341BAE56AFFE720C8C" authority="Cretzschmar, 1826" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341BAE56AFFE980C8C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634186D56CFFE720C8C" author="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J." box="[281,487,971,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref10614" refString="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J. 1826. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppell. Erste Abtheilung Zoologie. Gedruckt und in Commission bei Heinr. Ludw. Bronner, Frankfurt, Germany." type="book" year="1826">Cretzschmar, 1826</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but Kolenati attributes the name to Rüppell without giving a date.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919510FFD990B2C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919510FFDA60B4C" authority="Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,563,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="algira">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919510FFF6F0B4C" box="[109,250,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634185D510FFEFF0B4C" box="[297,362,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">algira</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341804510FFDA60B4C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[368,563,1035,1058]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unauthorized emendation of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341870512FFEF90B2C" box="[260,364,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919514FFEBF0BEC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919514FFD540B0C" authority=": Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,705,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="senegalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919514FFE920B0C" box="[109,263,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341824514FFE430B0C" box="[336,470,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341885514FFD540B0C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[497,705,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919518FFEBF0BAC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919518FFD2E0BCC" authority=": Kolenati, 1858: 96" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1858" box="[109,699,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="aureus" variety="barbarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919518FFE980BCC" box="[109,269,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
var
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341816518FFE510BCC" box="[354,452,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341891518FFD2E0BCC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[485,699,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191951CFFC820A6C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191951CFFDFB0B8C" authority="Brusina, 1892: 317" authorityName="Brusina" authorityPageNumber="317" authorityYear="1892" box="[109,622,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="balcanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191951CFFE1F0B8C" box="[109,394,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus balcanicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE10263418EF51CFFDFB0B8C" author="BRUSINA, S." box="[411,622,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref10344" refString="BRUSINA, S. 1892. Cagalj balkanski (Canis aureus balcanicus Brus n. form.) iz Slavonije. Glasnik Hrvatskoga Naravoslovnoga Drustva Zagreb 7: 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="1892">Brusina, 1892:317</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341BF651CFFD220B8C" box="[642,695,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE10263419E951EFFC820A6C" box="[157,791,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Nardu — nadomak Valpova — na obali Drave, Slavonija.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919500FFD1E0A0C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919500FFD950A4C" authority="Noack, 1896: 356" authorityName="Noack" authorityPageNumber="356" authorityYear="1896" box="[109,512,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hadramaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919500FFED70A4C" box="[109,322,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis hadramaticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341833500FFD950A4C" author="NOACK, T." box="[327,512,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="353 - 356" refId="ref13554" refString="NOACK, T. 1896. I. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen. 1. Ein neuer Steinbock und ein neuer (?) [sic] Canide aus Arabien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 19: 353 - 356." type="journal article" year="1896">Noack, 1896:356</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality “Hadramaut in Arabien.” A jackal-wolf composite. The jackal was chosen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341846504FFE010A0C" box="[306,404,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(Morrison-Scott 1939)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919506FFC8D0AEC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,792,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919506FFE570AEC" authority="Noack, 1897: 518" authorityName="Noack" authorityPageNumber="518" authorityYear="1897" box="[109,450,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mengesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919506FFE930AEC" box="[109,262,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis mengesi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634187E506FFE570AEC" author="NOACK, T." box="[266,450,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="517 - 521" refId="ref13591" refString="NOACK, T. 1897. Ostafrikanische Schakale. Zoologischer Anzeiger 20: 517 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Noack, 1897:518</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE10263418BC506FFE680AEC" box="[456,509,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341B20506FFC8D0AEC" box="[596,792,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Ostafrikanische.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919508FFF4F0A8C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919508FFDB30ACC" authority="Mojsisovico, 1897: 202" authorityName="Mojsisovico" authorityPageNumber="202" authorityYear="1897" box="[109,550,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919508FFEB80ACC" box="[109,301,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis lupus minor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341845508FFDB30ACC" author="MOJSISOVICO, A." box="[305,550,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref13369" refString="MOJSISOVICO, A. 1897. Das Thierleben der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Tiefebenen. Biologische und thiergeographische Skizzen und Bilder. A. Holder, Wien, Austria." type="book" year="1897">Mojsisovico, 1897:202</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 241, 244. Preoccupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE10263419C950AFFDA00AAC" authority="Wagner, 1829" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1829" box="[189,565,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spelaeus" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE10263419C950AFFE350AAC" box="[189,416,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis spelaeus minor</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341BB550AFFF470A8C" author="KRETZOI, M." pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref12253" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1947. New names for mammals (Notes on nomenclature No. 3). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1947">Kretzoi, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191950EFFC92096C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,775,1515,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191950EFFD82096C" authority="Matschie, 1900: 145" authorityName="Matschie" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1900" box="[109,535,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruesemanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191950EFFEAF096C" box="[109,314,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis cruesemanni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634183550EFFD82096C" author="MATSCHIE, P." box="[321,535,1515,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="144 - 145" refId="ref13000" refString="MATSCHIE, P. 1900. Herr Matschie sprach uber den Schakal des Menam-Gebietes in Siam. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft der Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 3: 144 - 145." type="journal article" year="1900">Matschie, 1900:145</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B5650EFFDC2096C" box="[546,599,1515,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341BC050EFFC92096C" box="[692,775,1515,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341BCA50EFFD6F096C" box="[702,762,1515,1538]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Siam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919530FFE27092C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919530FFDC7094C" authority="Thomas, 1903: 295" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="295" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,594,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anthus" subSpecies="soudanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919530FFEE9094C" box="[109,380,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis anthus soudanicus</emphasis>
|
||
Thomas, 1903:295
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B2A530FFD06094C" box="[606,659,1547,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341B80530FFF65092C" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“El Obeid,”</quote>
|
||
Kordofan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE102634181C532FFE3B092C" box="[360,430,1579,1602]" name="Sudan" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919534FFF6109EC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919534FFE6C090C" authority="Lorenz, 1906: 306" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityPageNumber="306" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,505,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="somalicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919534FFEB1090C" box="[109,292,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis somalicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341845534FFE6C090C" author="LORENZ, L." box="[305,505,1611,1634]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="306 - 310" refId="ref12746" refString="LORENZ, L. 1906. Uber zwei neue Schakale aus Nordostafrika aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn C. von Erlanger. Anzeiger, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 43: 306 - 310." type="journal article" year="1906">Lorenz, 1906:306</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B7D534FFDAB090C" box="[521,574,1611,1634]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341BDD534FFF6109EC" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Ireso bei Agada.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919538FFE9009AC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919538FFD9E09CC" authority="Lorenz, 1906: 307" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityPageNumber="307" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,523,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919538FFEBE09CC" box="[109,299,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis gallaënsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634184A538FFD9E09CC" author="LORENZ, L." box="[318,523,1675,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="306 - 310" refId="ref12746" refString="LORENZ, L. 1906. Uber zwei neue Schakale aus Nordostafrika aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn C. von Erlanger. Anzeiger, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 43: 306 - 310." type="journal article" year="1906">Lorenz, 1906:307</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B55538FFDC309CC" box="[545,598,1675,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341BB8538FFE9009AC" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Ginea (Arussi).”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE102634191953CFFED1086C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE102634191953CFFDCA098C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 a: 116" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,607,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE102634191953CFFEA8098C" box="[109,317,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE102634182253CFFDCA098C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[342,607,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="109 - 118" refId="ref11754" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 a. Papio mundamensis, Felis deliensis, Canis reissii und andre neue Saugetiere. Zoologischer Anzeiger 30: 109 - 118." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906a:116</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B0F53CFFD25098C" box="[635,688,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE10263419E953EFFED1086C" box="[157,324,1771,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Oberägypten.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919520FFC8D084C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,792,1803,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919520FFD99084C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b: 364" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityPageNumber="364" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,524,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thooides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919520FFE99084C" box="[109,268,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis thooides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341867520FFD99084C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[275,524,1803,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b:364</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B62520FFDDE084C" box="[534,587,1803,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341BD3520FFC8D084C" box="[679,792,1803,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Sennaar.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919522FFEBB080C" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919522FFDE5082C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b: 367" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityPageNumber="367" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,624,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupaster" subSpecies="grayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919522FFEC9082C" box="[109,348,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis lupaster grayi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341818522FFDE5082C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[364,624,1835,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b:367</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341BF7522FFD2D082C" box="[643,696,1835,1858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE10263419E9524FFEBB080C" box="[157,302,1867,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Nordafrika.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341919526FFD6508EC" blockId="1.[109,793,203,1922]" box="[109,752,1899,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341919526FFE6808EC" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b: 368" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityPageNumber="368" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,509,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="studeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341919526FFF6908EC" box="[109,252,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis studeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341877526FFE6808EC" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[259,509,1899,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b:368</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341B72526FFDAE08EC" box="[518,571,1899,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341BEC526FFD6508EC" box="[664,752,1899,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341BD6526FFD7608EC" box="[674,739,1899,1922]" name="Tunisia" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Tunis</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C55CFFC5B0E6C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C55CFFCCF0F8C" box="[840,858,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="16FD513AAE1026341A2E55CFFC0D0F8C" box="[858,920,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A1755CFFC1A0F8C" box="[867,911,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">anis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341ADA55CFFB900F8C" authorityName="Noack" authorityYear="1897" box="[942,1029,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mengesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341ADA55CFFB900F8C" box="[942,1029,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">mengesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341D6155CFFA140F8C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b: 371" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityPageNumber="371" authorityYear="1906" box="[1045,1409,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamperti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341D6155CFFBFA0F8C" box="[1045,1135,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">lamperti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D0B55CFFA140F8C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[1151,1409,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b:371</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341CB155CFFA660F8C" box="[1477,1523,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C540FFB370E2C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C540FFB3B0E4C" authority="Heller, 1914: 5" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1914" box="[840,1198,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="bea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C540FFB970E4C" box="[840,1026,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus bea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D7A540FFB3B0E4C" author="HELLER, E." box="[1038,1198,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11612" refString="HELLER, E. 1914. New subspecies of mammals from equatorial Africa. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1914">Heller, 1914:5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341DCA540FFB660E4C" box="[1214,1267,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341C2F540FFBDA0E2C" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“Loita Plains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341A0C542FFBD40E2C" box="[888,1089,299,322]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">British East Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341D22542FFB0B0E2C" box="[1110,1182,299,322]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C544FFBA20EEC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C544FFAAA0E0C" authority="Wroughton, 1916: 651" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityPageNumber="651" authorityYear="1916" box="[840,1343,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="indicus" subSpecies="kola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C544FFBB80E0C" box="[840,1069,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis indicus kola</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916:651
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341C2C544FFA180E0C" box="[1368,1421,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341A0C546FFC670EEC" box="[888,1010,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Palanpur,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341A8D546FFBA60EEC" box="[1017,1075,363,386]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C548FFB840EAC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C548FFB280ECC" authority="Wroughton, 1916: 651" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityPageNumber="651" authorityYear="1916" box="[840,1213,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C548FFC5D0ECC" box="[840,968,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis naria</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916:651
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341DBC548FFB680ECC" box="[1224,1277,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341C28548FFA2F0ECC" box="[1372,1466,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Coorg,”</quote>
|
||
west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341AA654AFFB990EAC" box="[978,1036,427,450]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C54CFFC570D6C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C54CFFB2F0E8C" authority="Wroughton, 1916: 652" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityPageNumber="652" authorityYear="1916" box="[840,1210,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C54CFFC520E8C" box="[840,967,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis lanka</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916:652
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341DB754CFFB6D0E8C" box="[1219,1272,459,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341C2754CFFA5B0E8C" box="[1363,1486,459,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“Mankeni,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341CA054CFFC2B0D6C" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C570FFB140D2C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C570FFADA0D4C" authority="Cabrera, 1921: 263" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityPageNumber="263" authorityYear="1921" box="[840,1359,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupaster" subSpecies="maroccanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C570FFBE50D4C" box="[840,1136,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos lupaster maroccanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D0A570FFADA0D4C" author="CABRERA, A." box="[1150,1359,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921:263</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341C14570FFA000D4C" box="[1376,1429,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341A0C572FFB140D2C" box="[888,1153,555,578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341AF5572FFC700D2C" box="[897,997,555,578]" name="Morocco" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Mogador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341A80572FFBF80D2C" box="[1012,1133,555,578]" name="Morocco" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Marruecos</collectingCountry>
|
||
).”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C574FFB900DEC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C574FFCF10D0C" box="[840,868,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Th</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A19574FFC100D0C" box="[877,901,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">os</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341AD8574FFC260D0C" box="[940,947,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">l</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341AC8574FFB990D0C" box="[956,1036,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">upaster</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341D47574FFB0B0D0C" box="[1075,1182,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341DC9574FFA0D0D0C" author="CABRERA, A." box="[1213,1432,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921:263</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C578FFB900DAC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C578FFCF10DCC" box="[840,868,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Th</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A19578FFC100DCC" box="[877,901,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">os</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341AC6578FFC2A0DCC" box="[946,959,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">a</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341ABC578FFB970DCC" box="[968,1026,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">ureus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341D44578FFB190DCC" box="[1072,1164,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Riparius</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341DC5578FFA070DCC" author="CABRERA, A." box="[1201,1426,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921:264</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C57CFFB1D0C6C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C57CFFCF10D8C" box="[840,868,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Th</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A1957CFFC100D8C" box="[877,901,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">os</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341AEE57CFFBDF0D8C" box="[922,1098,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341AEE57CFFC770D8C" box="[922,994,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">aureus</taxonomicName>
|
||
nubianus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D2457CFFA8C0D8C" author="CABRERA, A." box="[1104,1305,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921:264</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Renaming of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341CC757CFFB140C6C" authority="Cretzschmar, 1826" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341CC757CFFC270C6C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341ACD57EFFB140C6C" author="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J." box="[953,1153,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref10614" refString="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J. 1826. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppell. Erste Abtheilung Zoologie. Gedruckt und in Commission bei Heinr. Ludw. Bronner, Frankfurt, Germany." type="book" year="1826">Cretzschmar, 1826</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C560FFAB20C0C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C560FFB620C4C" authority="Ehik, 1938: 11" authorityName="Ehik" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1271,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="hungaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C560FFBC00C4C" box="[840,1109,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D29560FFB620C4C" author="EHIK, J." box="[1117,1271,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="11 - 15" refId="ref10867" refString="EHIK, J. 1938. Sakal vagy nadifarkas hazankbol [Jackal or reed-wolf from Hungary]. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Pars Zoological 31: 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1938">Éhik, 1938:11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341C76560FFAA20C4C" box="[1282,1335,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341CE2560FFA660C2C" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
“Tyukod (Marshy-land Ecsed), Comitat Szatmár,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1026341CF6562FFA700C2C" box="[1410,1509,811,834]" name="Hungary" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
Preoccupied according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341DFA564FFAB50C0C" author="KRETZOI, M." box="[1166,1312,843,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref12253" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1947. New names for mammals (Notes on nomenclature No. 3). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1947">Kretzoi, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C566FFB970CCC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C566FFB6C0CEC" authority=": Ehik, 1938: 13" authorityName="Ehik" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1273,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C566FFBA20CEC" box="[840,1079,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus minor</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D26566FFB6C0CEC" author="EHIK, J." box="[1106,1273,875,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="11 - 15" refId="ref10867" refString="EHIK, J. 1938. Sakal vagy nadifarkas hazankbol [Jackal or reed-wolf from Hungary]. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Pars Zoological 31: 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1938">Éhik, 1938:13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination; preoccupied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C56AFFA410CAC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1492,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C56AFFB600CAC" authority=": Allen, 1939: 194" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1269,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="algirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C56AFFBAC0CAC" box="[840,1081,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D3256AFFB600CAC" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1094,1269,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C56CFFA260C8C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1459,971,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C56CFFB410C8C" authority=": Allen, 1939: 194" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1236,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C56CFFB8D0C8C" box="[840,1048,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus anthus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D5156CFFB410C8C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1061,1236,971,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C56EFFA560B6C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1475,1003,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C56EFFB700B6C" authority=": Allen, 1939: 194" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1253,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C56EFFBBD0B6C" box="[840,1064,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D4156EFFB700B6C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1077,1253,1003,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C510FFA780B4C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1517,1035,1058]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C510FFA9B0B4C" authority=": Allen, 1939: 195" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1294,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="maroccanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C510FFBC70B4C" box="[840,1106,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus maroccanus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D2B510FFA9B0B4C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1119,1294,1035,1058]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C512FFA760B2C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1507,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C512FFA900B2C" authority=": Allen, 1939: 195" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1285,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="soudanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C512FFBDC0B2C" box="[840,1097,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus soudanicus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D21512FFA900B2C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1109,1285,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C514FFA1C0B0C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1417,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C514FFB3E0B0C" authority=": Allen, 1939: 195" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1195,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C514FFC7A0B0C" box="[840,1007,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos gallaensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341A8F514FFB3E0B0C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1019,1195,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C516FFAE20BEC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" box="[840,1399,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C516FFB0C0BEC" authority=": Allen, 1939: 195" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1939" box="[840,1177,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamperti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C516FFC480BEC" box="[840,989,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos lamperti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341A9E516FFB0C0BEC" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1002,1177,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen, 1939:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C518FFA340BAC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A25518FFC480BCC" ID-CoL="QLX7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[849,989,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A25518FFC480BCC" box="[849,989,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A9F518FFBF40BCC" box="[1003,1121,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">moreoticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D12518FFABE0BCC" author="KRETZOI, M." box="[1126,1323,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref12253" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1947. New names for mammals (Notes on nomenclature No. 3). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1947">Kretzoi, 1947:287</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Unjustified emendation of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341AAA51AFFBDC0BAC" box="[990,1097,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">moreotica</emphasis>
|
||
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C51CFFB380A6C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C51CFFAD60B8C" authority="Kretzoi, 1947: 287" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityPageNumber="287" authorityYear="1947" box="[840,1347,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="ecsedensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C51CFFBC80B8C" box="[840,1117,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Thos aureus ecsedensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D0451CFFAD60B8C" author="KRETZOI, M." box="[1136,1347,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref12253" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1947. New names for mammals (Notes on nomenclature No. 3). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1947">Kretzoi, 1947:287</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Renaming of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A0C51EFFBBF0A6C" box="[888,1066,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C. a. hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D4451EFFB300A6C" author="EHIK, J." box="[1072,1189,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="11 - 15" refId="ref10867" refString="EHIK, J. 1938. Sakal vagy nadifarkas hazankbol [Jackal or reed-wolf from Hungary]. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Pars Zoological 31: 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1938">Éhik, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C500FFB900A2C" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C500FFA3D0A4C" ID-CoL="5G6Z4" authority=": Saleh and Basuony, 2014: 49" authorityName="Saleh and Basuony" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="2014" box="[840,1448,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupaster" subSpecies="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C500FFBF00A4C" box="[840,1125,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis lupaster doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
: Saleh and Basuony, 2014:49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C504FFA5A0AEC" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C504FFA1B0A0C" ID-CoL="5G6YC" authority="Saleh and Basuony, 2014: 49" authorityName="Saleh and Basuony" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="2014" box="[840,1422,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="qattarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C504FFBC60A0C" box="[840,1107,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis aureus qattarensis</emphasis>
|
||
Saleh and Basuony, 2014:49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C38859AE1026341CED504FFA5B0A0C" box="[1433,1486,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F987C1E9AE1026341ACE506FFA5A0AEC" box="[954,1487,1387,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">“northern region of the Egyptian Western Desert.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE1026341A3C50AFFC5508EC" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1026341A3C50AFFC5508EC" blockId="1.[840,1523,1451,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">
|
||
CONTENT AND CONTEXT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341DE050AFFA950AAC" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" box="[1172,1280,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341C2950AFFA220AAC" box="[1373,1463,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341AE350CFFC640A8C" box="[919,1009,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caninae">Caninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341D3150CFFB160A8C" box="[1093,1155,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341D3150CFFB160A8C" box="[1093,1155,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As many as 13 subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341CAE50CFFC05096C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341CAE50CFFA790A8C" box="[1498,1516,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C50EFFC05096C" box="[840,912,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinguished through Europe and Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341CC350EFFCE8094C" author="ALLEN, G. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341C32530FFA76094C" author="COETZEE, C. G." box="[1350,1507,1547,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref10502" refString="COETZEE, C. G. 1977. Order Carnivora. Part 8. Pp. 1 - 42 in The mammals of Africa: an identification manual (J. Meester and H. W Setzer, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1977">Coetzee 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, these subspecies may be part of a 3-species complex (see “Nomenclatural Notes”). Unfortunately, much of the literature does not specify geographic location or subspecies. Here,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A3C538FFC2409CC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,945,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A3C538FFCCF09CC" box="[840,858,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A1D538FFC2409CC" box="[873,945,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is used for the global range from Africa into Eurasia (Wozencraft 2005). Therefore, we list the historical 13 subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341A1153CFFC58098C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[869,973,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A1153CFFC58098C" box="[869,973,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341AA953CFFBC9098C" author="HELLER, E." box="[989,1116,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11612" refString="HELLER, E. 1914. New subspecies of mammals from equatorial Africa. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1914">Heller 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341D1D53CFFB74098C" author="ALLEN, G. M." box="[1129,1249,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 763" refId="ref10028" refString="ALLEN, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 83: 1 - 763." type="journal article" year="1939">Allen 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ellerman and Morrison- Scott 1951;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341ABD53EFFBCE086C" author="COETZEE, C. G." box="[969,1115,1771,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref10502" refString="COETZEE, C. G. 1977. Order Carnivora. Part 8. Pp. 1 - 42 in The mammals of Africa: an identification manual (J. Meester and H. W Setzer, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1977">Coetzee 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wozencraft 2005). The newly named subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341ABD520FFBAA084C" box="[969,1087,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">qattarensis</emphasis>
|
||
Saleh and Basuony, 2014, is tentatively treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341D2F522FFB21082C" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[1115,1204,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341D2F522FFB21082C" box="[1115,1204,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">syriacus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subspecies designations for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341A1B524FFC40080C" box="[879,981,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341AA8524FFB15080C" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[988,1152,1867,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1026341DC0524FFA5E080C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[1204,1483,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="studeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1026341DC0524FFB6B080C" box="[1204,1278,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">studeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1026341C71524FFA5E080C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[1285,1483,1867,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE132637191955CFFED70A6C" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE132637191955CFFD050E4C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637191955CFFE870F8C" box="[109,274,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a. algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841. See above; synonyms are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BA355CFFC8D0F8C" box="[727,792,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">algira</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719E955EFFED50E6C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[157,320,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637182055EFFD5A0E6C" authority="(Hamilton Smith, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[340,719,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637182055EFFE230E6C" box="[340,438,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263718BF55EFFD560E6C" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[459,707,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B9455EFFC8D0E6C" box="[736,792,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">grayi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719E9540FFEF10E4C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[157,356,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371806540FFE7B0E4C" box="[370,494,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">tripolitanus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919542FFE520E0C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919542FFF340E2C" box="[109,161,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719DC542FFE0E0E2C" ID-CoL="3GTH" authority="F. Cuvier, 1820" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[168,411,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719DC542FFF7A0E2C" box="[168,239,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">anthus</emphasis>
|
||
F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371865542FFE0E0E2C" author="CUVIER, F." box="[273,411,299,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref10652" refString="CUVIER, F. 1820. Le chacal du Senegal, femelle. Pp. 1 - 3 in Histoire naturelle des mammiferes, avec des figures dessinees d'apres les animaux vivants, tome duexieme (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, eds.). A. Belin, Paris, France. 1824 on title page but material on the jackal is June 1820." type="book" year="1820">Cuvier, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonym is
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BD2542FFF2C0E0C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719BD544FFE220E0C" author="HAMILTON SMITH, C." box="[201,439,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref11516" refString="HAMILTON SMITH, C. 1839. The natural history of dogs: Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles. Pp. 77 - 267 in Jardine's naturalist library. Volume 18. Mammalia. Dogs. Volume 1 (W. Jardine, ed.). W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, Scotland." type="book" year="1839">Hamilton Smith, 1839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919546FFF4F0D6C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919546FFF340EEC" box="[109,161,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719DC546FFE0E0EEC" ID-CoL="QLX7" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[168,411,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719DC546FFF650EEC" box="[168,240,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371983546FFE0E0EEC" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[247,411,363,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonyms are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BCB546FFF540ECC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">balcanicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719BD548FFEF50ECC" author="BRUSINA, S." box="[201,352,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref10344" refString="BRUSINA, S. 1892. Cagalj balkanski (Canis aureus balcanicus Brus n. form.) iz Slavonije. Glasnik Hrvatskoga Naravoslovnoga Drustva Zagreb 7: 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="1892">Brusina, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371805548FFE490ECC" box="[369,476,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">caucasica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371890548FFD160ECC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[484,643,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BE7548FFF540EAC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">hadramauticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719BF54AFFEC20EAC" author="NOACK, T." box="[203,343,427,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="353 - 356" refId="ref13554" refString="NOACK, T. 1896. I. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen. 1. Ein neuer Steinbock und ein neuer (?) [sic] Canide aus Arabien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 19: 353 - 356." type="journal article" year="1896">Noack, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637181C54AFFE7C0EAC" box="[360,489,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">maroccanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE132637188954AFFD020EAC" author="CABRERA, A." box="[509,663,427,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BC654AFFC8D0EAC" box="[690,792,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719D254CFFEDE0E8C" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[166,331,459,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12673" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637181754CFFE3A0E8C" box="[355,431,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">typicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263718C154CFFDC60E8C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[437,595,459,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B1654CFFD2C0E8C" box="[610,697,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919570FFE7E0D4C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" box="[109,491,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919570FFF5B0D4C" box="[109,206,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a. bea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719A9570FFEF40D4C" author="HELLER, E." box="[221,353,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11612" refString="HELLER, E. 1914. New subspecies of mammals from equatorial Africa. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1914">Heller, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919572FFDCE0D2C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" box="[109,603,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919572FFF340D2C" box="[109,161,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719D3572FFE4F0D2C" authority="Matschie, 1900" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" box="[167,474,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruesemanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719D3572FFEBA0D2C" box="[167,303,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">cruesemanni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371842572FFE4F0D2C" author="MATSCHIE, P." box="[310,474,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="144 - 145" refId="ref13000" refString="MATSCHIE, P. 1900. Herr Matschie sprach uber den Schakal des Menam-Gebietes in Siam. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft der Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 3: 144 - 145." type="journal article" year="1900">Matschie, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919574FFC8C0DEC" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919574FFE8C0D0C" box="[109,281,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a. ecsedensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE132637185C574FFE2E0D0C" author="KRETZOI, M." box="[296,443,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref12253" refString="KRETZOI, M. 1947. New names for mammals (Notes on nomenclature No. 3). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1947">Kretzoi, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See above; synonyms are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B93574FFF780DEC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">hungaricus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371986576FFEF10DEC" author="EHIK, J." box="[242,356,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="11 - 15" refId="ref10867" refString="EHIK, J. 1938. Sakal vagy nadifarkas hazankbol [Jackal or reed-wolf from Hungary]. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Pars Zoological 31: 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="1938">Ehik, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371805576FFE240DEC" box="[369,433,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">minor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263718C1576FFDED0DEC" author="MOJSISOVICO, A." box="[437,632,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref13369" refString="MOJSISOVICO, A. 1897. Das Thierleben der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Tiefebenen. Biologische und thiergeographische Skizzen und Bilder. A. Holder, Wien, Austria." type="book" year="1897">Mojsisovico, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(preoccupied).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919578FFDD50DAC" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919578FFF360DCC" box="[109,163,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719D8578FFE320DCC" authority="Hodgson, 1833" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1833" box="[172,423,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719D8578FFF6C0DCC" box="[172,249,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371876578FFE320DCC" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[258,423,651,674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="221 - 237" refId="ref11804" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1833. Description of the wild dog of the Himalaya. Asiatic Research 18: 221 - 237." type="journal article" year="1833">Hodgson, 1833</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonyms are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BA1578FFC8D0DCC" box="[725,792,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">indica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719E957AFFEAE0DAC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[157,315,683,706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637183D57AFFEE20DAC" box="[329,375,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">kola</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE132637191957CFFD050C6C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637191957CFFF370D8C" box="[109,162,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719DE57CFFDCB0D8C" ID-CoL="QLXK" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[170,606,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719DE57CFFE940D8C" box="[170,257,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonym is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637198D57EFFD1C0C6C" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[249,649,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sacer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637198D57EFFEA60C6C" box="[249,307,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">sacer</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919560FFF4F0C0C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919560FFE8A0C4C" box="[109,287,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a. moreotica</emphasis>
|
||
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835. See above; synonyms are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371849562FFE210C2C" box="[317,436,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">dalmatinus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371B17562FFF470C0C" authority="Wagner, 1841" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B17562FFD220C2C" box="[611,695,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">graecus</emphasis>
|
||
Wagner, 1841
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919566FFEF40CCC" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919566FFF330CEC" box="[109,166,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719C6566FFE2C0CEC" authority="Wroughton, 1916" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1916" box="[178,441,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719C6566FFF790CEC" box="[178,236,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">naria</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonym is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371BA9566FFEC80CCC" authority="Wroughton, 1916" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BA9566FFC8D0CEC" box="[733,792,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">lanka</emphasis>
|
||
Wroughton, 1916
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE132637191956AFFE310B4C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637191956AFFF370CAC" box="[109,162,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719DE56AFFDC80CAC" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[170,605,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719DE56AFFE950CAC" box="[170,256,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">riparius</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above; synonyms are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637185456CFFDA50C8C" authority="Lorenz, 1906" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1906" box="[288,560,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637185456CFFE190C8C" box="[288,396,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">gallaënsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263718EF56CFFDA50C8C" author="LORENZ, L." box="[411,560,971,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="306 - 310" refId="ref12746" refString="LORENZ, L. 1906. Uber zwei neue Schakale aus Nordostafrika aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn C. von Erlanger. Anzeiger, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 43: 306 - 310." type="journal article" year="1906">Lorenz, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B3156CFFD280C8C" box="[581,701,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">hagenbecki</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371BB856CFFF470B6C" author="NOACK, T." pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="517 - 521" refId="ref13591" refString="NOACK, T. 1897. Ostafrikanische Schakale. Zoologischer Anzeiger 20: 517 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Noack, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637199056EFFD870B6C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[228,530,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Thos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamperti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637199056EFFEAB0B6C" box="[228,318,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">lamperti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE132637183C56EFFD870B6C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[328,530,1003,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371B5056EFFC850B6C" authority="Noack, 1897" authorityName="Noack" authorityYear="1897" box="[548,784,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mengesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B5056EFFDEE0B6C" box="[548,635,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">mengesi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371BF156EFFC850B6C" author="NOACK, T." box="[645,784,1003,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="517 - 521" refId="ref13591" refString="NOACK, T. 1897. Ostafrikanische Schakale. Zoologischer Anzeiger 20: 517 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Noack, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719E9510FFE090B4C" authority="Lorenz, 1906" authorityName="Lorenz" authorityYear="1906" box="[157,412,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="somalicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719E9510FFE9D0B4C" box="[157,264,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">somalicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE132637187B510FFE090B4C" author="LORENZ, L." box="[271,412,1035,1058]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="306 - 310" refId="ref12746" refString="LORENZ, L. 1906. Uber zwei neue Schakale aus Nordostafrika aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn C. von Erlanger. Anzeiger, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 43: 306 - 310." type="journal article" year="1906">Lorenz, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919512FFDDD0BCC" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919512FFEBA0B2C" box="[109,303,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a. soudanicus</emphasis>
|
||
Thomas, 1903. See above, synonyms are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719E9514FFE7C0B0C" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 a" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[157,489,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doederleini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719E9514FFE830B0C" box="[157,278,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">doederleini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371854514FFE7C0B0C" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[288,489,1099,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="109 - 118" refId="ref11754" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 a. Papio mundamensis, Felis deliensis, Canis reissii und andre neue Saugetiere. Zoologischer Anzeiger 30: 109 - 118." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637188E514FFDC90B0C" box="[506,604,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">nubianus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371B1A514FFC920B0C" author="CABRERA, A." box="[622,775,1099,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="261 - 264" refId="ref10376" refString="CABRERA, A. 1921. Algunos carnivoros africanos nuevos. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid 21: 261 - 264." type="journal article" year="1921">Cabrera, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719E9516FFF730BEC" box="[157,230,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">nubica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE132637199A516FFE180BEC" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[238,397,1131,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263718E9516FFD5D0BEC" authority="Hilzheimer, 1906 b" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1906" box="[413,712,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thooides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263718E9516FFE620BEC" box="[413,503,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">thooides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371B74516FFD5D0BEC" author="HILZHEIMER, M." box="[512,712,1131,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="363 - 373" refId="ref11782" refString="HILZHEIMER, M. 1906 b. Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale. Zoologischer Beobachter 47: 363 - 373." type="journal article" year="1906">Hilzheimer, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371BAC516FFE330BCC" authority="Cretzschmar, 1826" authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BAC516FFF420BCC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719AA518FFE330BCC" author="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J." box="[222,422,1163,1186]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref10614" refString="CRETZSCHMAR, P. J. 1826. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika von Eduard Ruppell. Erste Abtheilung Zoologie. Gedruckt und in Commission bei Heinr. Ludw. Bronner, Frankfurt, Germany." type="book" year="1826">Cretzschmar, 1826</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(preoccupied).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE132637191951AFFED70A6C" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637191951AFFF370BAC" box="[109,162,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263719DE51AFFDCA0BAC" authority="Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[170,607,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263719DE51AFFE960BAC" box="[170,259,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">syriacus</emphasis>
|
||
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above, synonym are
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637186051CFFE1F0B8C" box="[276,394,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">qattarensis</emphasis>
|
||
Saleh and Basuony, 2014;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BBD51CFFC8D0B8C" box="[713,792,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">syriaco</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263719E951EFFEAE0A6C" author="KOLENATI, F. A." box="[157,315,1259,1282]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref12219" refString="KOLENATI, F. A. 1858. Reiseerinnerungen. Die Bereisung Hocharmeniens und Elisabethopols, der Schekinschen Provinz und des Kasbek im Central-Kaukasus. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1858">Kolenati, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE1326371919501FFB420CCC" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371919501FFE16097C" blockId="2.[109,793,1307,1938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The above-named list may represent 3 taxa of canids:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371844503FFE2A0A3C" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[304,447,1339,1362]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371844503FFE2A0A3C" box="[304,447,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis anthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(African wolf),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371B03503FFD740A3C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[631,737,1339,1362]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B03503FFD740A3C" box="[631,737,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371919505FFF530A1C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,198,1371,1394]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371919505FFF530A1C" box="[109,198,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(gray wolf). Genetic analyses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371B53505FFD180A1C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[551,653,1371,1394]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B53505FFDAC0A1C" box="[551,569,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B31505FFD180A1C" box="[581,653,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371BB4505FFC8D0A1C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[704,792,1371,1394]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BB4505FFC8D0A1C" box="[704,792,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371984507FFEC00AFC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[240,341,1403,1426]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371984507FFE970AFC" box="[240,258,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371879507FFEC00AFC" box="[269,341,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Africa and Eurasia are distinct clades and should be considered to be separate species, that is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371BC7509FFF560ABC" authority="(Africa)" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" baseAuthorityName="Africa" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371BC7509FFC8D0ADC" box="[691,792,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. anthus</emphasis>
|
||
(Africa)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637198C50BFFD380ABC" authority="(Eurasia-Koepfli et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Eurasia-Koepfli" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[248,685,1467,1490]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637198C50BFFEF50ABC" box="[248,352,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(Eurasia—Koepfli et al. 2015)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As noted above, the literature does not distinguish these species and we include both as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637186150FFFEE8097C" box="[277,381,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637186150FFFEE8097C" box="[277,381,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE13263719EC531FFA660E0C" blockId="2.[109,793,1307,1938]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In addition, large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371814531FFE5F095C" box="[352,458,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371814531FFEE7095C" box="[352,370,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263718F6531FFE5F095C" box="[386,458,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371887531FFDA6095C" box="[499,563,1563,1586]" name="Egypt" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371B32531FFD08095C" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[582,669,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B32531FFD08095C" box="[582,669,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) may be a cryptic subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371829533FFE53093C" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[349,454,1595,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371829533FFEFA093C" box="[349,367,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637180B533FFE53093C" box="[383,454,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">anthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE13263718AD533FFD24093C" author="RUENESS, E. K." box="[473,689,1595,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="16385" refId="ref14126" refString="RUENESS, E. K., ET AL. 2011. The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS One 6: e 16385." type="journal article" year="2011">Rueness et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371BB6533FFF71091C" author="GAUBERT, P." pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="42740" refId="ref11249" refString="GAUBERT, P., ET AL. 2012. Reviving the African wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: a mitochondrial lineage ranging more than 6,000 km wide. PLoS One 7: e 42740." type="journal article" year="2012">Gaubert et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637198A535FFF3909FC" authority="(Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637198A535FFE65091C" box="[254,496,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis aureus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
(Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is classified as a golden jackal; however
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371B13537FFC8D09FC" author="FERGUSON, W. W." box="[615,792,1659,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="459 - 465" refId="ref11049" refString="FERGUSON, W. W. 1981. The systematic position of Canis aureus lupaster (Carnivora: Canidae) and the occurrence of Canis lupus in North Africa, Egypt and Sinai. Mammalia 45: 459 - 465." type="journal article" year="1981">Ferguson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE132637180C539FFDAB09DC" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[376,574,1691,1714]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637180C539FFDAB09DC" box="[376,574,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is present in arid areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE132637198A53BFFEAB09BC" box="[254,318,1723,1746]" name="Egypt" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE132637180153BFFE2609BC" box="[373,435,1723,1746]" name="Libya" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Osborn and Helmy 1980), may actually represent a small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE13263718E753DFFE65099C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[403,496,1755,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE13263718E753DFFE65099C" box="[403,496,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than a large jackal. Mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371B3C53FFFD77087C" box="[584,738,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371BFF53FFFD77087C" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[651,738,1787,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">lupaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
represents an ancient wolf lineage that may have colonized Africa prior to the northern hemisphere radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371B4E523FFC9D083C" author="RUENESS, E. K." box="[570,776,1851,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="16385" refId="ref14126" refString="RUENESS, E. K., ET AL. 2011. The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS One 6: e 16385." type="journal article" year="2011">Rueness et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mitochondrial DNA analyses assigned individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371BB5525FFC81081C" box="[705,788,1883,1906]" name="Algeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371919527FFF3708FC" box="[109,162,1915,1938]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Mali</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE13263719AE527FFEBB08FC" box="[218,302,1915,1938]" name="Senegal" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371824527FFD7E08FC" authority="(Gaubert et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Gaubert" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[336,747,1915,1938]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371824527FFEF708FC" box="[336,354,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE132637181B527FFD9308FC" box="[367,518,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">lupus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371B62527FFD7708FC" author="GAUBERT, P." box="[534,738,1915,1938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="42740" refId="ref11249" refString="GAUBERT, P., ET AL. 2012. Reviving the African wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: a mitochondrial lineage ranging more than 6,000 km wide. PLoS One 7: e 42740." type="journal article" year="2012">Gaubert et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371ACD55CFFBEF0F8C" box="[953,1146,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371ACD55CFFBEF0F8C" box="[953,1146,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA haplotypes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371CF355CFFA660F8C" box="[1415,1523,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CF355CFFA660F8C" box="[1415,1523,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371AF555EFFC400E6C" box="[897,981,235,258]" name="Senegal" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
questioning the genetic differentiation between the proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371AC5540FFB820E4C" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[945,1047,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371AC5540FFC560E4C" box="[945,963,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371AA4540FFB820E4C" box="[976,1047,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">anthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371D38540FFB260E4C" box="[1100,1203,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371D38540FFBCB0E4C" box="[1100,1118,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371D1F540FFB260E4C" box="[1131,1203,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371C59540FFA670E4C" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1325,1522,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371C59540FFA670E4C" box="[1325,1522,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. aureus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a form of the golden jackal not as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371CE3542FFA660E2C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1431,1523,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CE3542FFA660E2C" box="[1431,1523,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following Wozencraft (2005—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371DFA544FFAA20E0C" author="QUMSIYEH, M. B." box="[1166,1335,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref13950" refString="QUMSIYEH, M. B. 1996. Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock." type="book" year="1996">Qumsiyeh 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371C31544FFA760E0C" author="FERGUSON, W. W." box="[1349,1507,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" refId="ref11130" refString="FERGUSON, W. W. 2002. The mammals of Israel. Gefen Publishing, Jeruslaem, Israel." type="book" year="2002">Ferguson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371A07546FFB420CCC" blockId="2.[840,1523,203,930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The specific name is Latin for golden. Common names include Asiatic jackal, common jackal, ibn awa or ibn awee (classic Arab), wa wie (spoken Arab), cakalli (Albanian), čagalj (Croatian), šakal obecný (Czech), sjakal (Danish, Swedish), jakhal (Dutch), šaakal (Estonian), sakaali (Finnish), Sjakalur (Faeroese), chacal doré (French), Goldschakal (German), tơɑκɑλ (Greek), aranysakál (Hungarian), sciacallo dorato (Italian), chagal, turg (Kurdish), zeltainais šakālis (Latvian), xakali (Maltese), gullsjakal (Nowegian), shoghal (Persian), szakal zlocisty (Polish), chacal-dourado (Portuguese), şakal (Rumanian), šakal obyčajný (Slovakian, Slovenian), chacal (Spanish), çakal (Turkish—Hatt 1959; P. D. Moehlman, in litt.). Indigenous names include Amharic: tera kebero (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371D9657EFFAD60C6C" box="[1250,1347,747,770]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Fulani: sundu; Hausa: dila; Hindi: Giddhad;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371DFE560FFB750C4C" box="[1162,1248,779,802]" name="Canada" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Kanada</collectingCountry>
|
||
: nuree; Kiswahili: bweha wa mbugani, bweha dhahabu (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371DFD562FFB7A0C2C" box="[1161,1263,811,834]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Marathi (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371C16562FFA0A0C2C" box="[1378,1439,811,834]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
): kolha; Nepali (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371AD7564FFC7D0C0C" box="[931,1000,843,866]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Bengali, Gujarati and Kutchi (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371C23564FFA010C0C" box="[1367,1428,843,866]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
): shiyal; Singhelese: nariya; Songhai: nzongo; Tamil (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1326371C53566FFAF10CEC" box="[1319,1380,875,898]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
): peria naree; Wolof: Tili (P. D. Moehlman, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE1326371D3856D9FA890976" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE1326371D3856D9FA890976" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371D3856D9FB7A0C99" blockId="2.[1100,1263,989,1015]" box="[1100,1263,989,1015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE1326371D3856D9FB7A0C99" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,989,1015]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371D3856D9FB7A0C99" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,989,1015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371A075125FA890976" blockId="2.[840,1523,1057,1560]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371A075125FB910B56" box="[883,1028,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A075125FB910B56" box="[883,1028,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs sympatrically with the silver-backed jackal (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371AEA5145FBCB0B36" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[926,1118,1089,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371AEA5145FBCB0B36" box="[926,1118,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the side-striped jackal (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371CC05145FC0C0B16" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CC05145FC0C0B16" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in parts of East Africa. All have skull lengths of
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1326371CC95165FC340BF6" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" metricValueMax="1.47" metricValueMin="1.41" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="144.0" valueMax="147.0" valueMin="141.0">141– 147 mm</quantity>
|
||
with minimal divergence in size (van Valkenburgh and Wayne 1994).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371A9C51A5FBEB0BD6" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1000,1150,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A9C51A5FC6F0BD6" box="[1000,1018,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371D7D51A5FBEB0BD6" box="[1033,1150,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by reddish flanks and limbs, and the skull may have a less developed parietal crest (Clutton-Brock et al. 1976), the angle of its ears which are more upright, and, usually, the prominent dark “silver” saddle composed of black and white hairs (Walton and Joly 2003).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371CF95025FA660A56" box="[1421,1523,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CF95025FA0A0A56" box="[1421,1439,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CDF5025FA660A56" box="[1451,1523,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have a dark saddle seasonally, which is not prominent.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371CAE5045FC0C0A16" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371CAE5045FA790A36" box="[1498,1516,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A3C5065FC0C0A16" box="[840,921,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characteristically has shorter ears set more to the side of the skull, a pale side-stripe, and a white-tipped tail (Moehlman and Jhala 2013).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371A8850A5FBC10AD6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1020,1108,1441,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A8850A5FBC10AD6" box="[1020,1108,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much larger with a heavier body and variable pelage coloring. The skull is much larger with a welldeveloped interparietal crest, strong jaw, and large canine and carnassial teeth (Clutton-Brock et al. 1976).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE1326311A9F5352FE840E2C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE1326311A9F5352FE840E2C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326371A9F5352FAC5091E" blockId="2.[1003,1360,1622,1648]" box="[1003,1360,1622,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE1326371A9F5352FAC5091E" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1622,1648]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A9F5352FAC5091E" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1622,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1326361A07539EFEA80EAC" blockId="2.[840,1523,1690,1937]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371A07539EFB9709DF" box="[883,1026,1690,1713]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371A07539EFB9709DF" box="[883,1026,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A7EAE1326371D67539EFBC109DF" box="[1043,1108,1690,1713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[839,874,1770,1791]" captionTargetBox="[868,1492,1342,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-478@0.[868,1492,1342,1756]" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult Canis aureus in the Serengeti, Tanzania, © Patricia D. Moehlman." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4592352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4592352/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a medium-sized canid, considered the most typical representative of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371C3253BEFA1109BF" box="[1350,1412,1722,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371C3253BEFA1109BF" box="[1350,1412,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">Canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clutton-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1326371A3C53DEFB9D099F" author="BROCK, J. & G. B. CORBET & AND M." box="[840,1032,1754,1777]" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 199" refId="ref10453" refString="CLUTTON- BROCK, J., G. B. CORBET, AND M. HILLS. 1976. A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 29: 1 - 199." type="journal article" year="1976">Brock et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Basic coat color is golden but varies from pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny hue on a seasonal basis. The pelage on the back is often a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, such that they can appear to have a dark saddle similar to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1326371AC2525EFBDF081F" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[950,1098,1882,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1326371AC2525EFBDF081F" box="[950,1098,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="16">C. mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Walton and Joly 2003; Moehlman and Jhala 2013). The long contour hairs have an extensive black tip and a wider penultimate white band (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE122636188955CFFD120F8C" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[509,647,203,226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref13893" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1938. The jackals of S. W. Asia and S. E. Europe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 108: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1938">Pocock 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In winter, a copious under wool is present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE12263618CD55EFFDD60E6C" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[441,579,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref13893" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1938. The jackals of S. W. Asia and S. E. Europe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 108: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1938">Pocock 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1226361B2D55EFFD2A0E6C" box="[601,703,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B2D55EFFDFE0E6C" box="[601,619,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B0355EFFD2A0E6C" box="[631,703,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabiting rocky, mountainous terrain may have a grayer coat shade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361902542FFE9F0E2C" author="SHELDON, J. W." box="[118,266,299,322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refId="ref14398" refString="SHELDON, J. W. 1992. Wild dogs: the natural history of the non-domestic Canidae. Academic Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1992">Sheldon 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The belly and underparts are a lighter pale-ginger to cream. The tail is bushy with a tan to black tip. Females have 7–8 mammae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE122636182E546FFDB30EEC" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[346,550,363,386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), comprising 4 pairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361902548FFE9B0ECC" author="SHELDON, J. W." box="[118,270,395,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refId="ref14398" refString="SHELDON, J. W. 1992. Wild dogs: the natural history of the non-domestic Canidae. Academic Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1992">Sheldon 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eye color varies from pale yellow to amber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE122636190254AFFEB80EAC" author="LEWIS, R. E. & J. H. LEWIS & AND S. I." box="[118,301,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="517 - 531" refId="ref12625" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1968. A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla. Journal of Zoology (London) 154: 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1968">Lewis et al. 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE12263619EC54CFFE3D0A0C" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Means and parenthetical ranges of external measurements (mm) from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE122636198254EFFEDB0D6C" box="[246,334,491,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE12263618FA54EFFE6B0D6C" box="[398,510,491,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, respectively, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BCF819AE1226361BB554EFFC810D6C" box="[705,788,491,514]" country="India" name="Gujarat" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361919570FFF310D4C" box="[109,164,523,546]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Y. V. Jhala, in litt.) were: length of head and body, 793 (760–840), 760 (740–800); length of tail, 220 (200–240), 205 (200–210); length of ear, 76 (68–90), 80 (75–85); body mass (kg) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE12263619B7576FFE9B0DEC" box="[195,270,619,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="male">6 male</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE122636183C576FFE270DEC" box="[328,434,619,642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
was 8.8 (7.6–9.8) and 7.3 (6.5– 7.8), respectively. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361825578FFE260DCC" box="[337,435,651,674]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the external measurements (mm or kg) from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE122636199857AFFEA80DAC" box="[236,317,683,706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
in the Serengeti (Moehlman and Jhala 2013) were: length of head and body, 740, 785; length of tail, 270, 280; length of ear, 110, 110; mass, 6.3, 7.7. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361B2F57EFFD080C6C" box="[603,669,747,770]" name="Egypt" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, means and parenthetical ranges (mm) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE12263618C5560FFE6F0C4C" box="[433,506,779,802]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="adult">9 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B75560FFD070C4C" box="[513,658,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1226361B4F560FFD070C4C" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[571,658,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">lupaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
of unknown sex were: length of head and body, 872 (822–893); length of tail, 312 (290–347); length of hind foot, 200 (190–212); length of ear, 112 (104–121); and body mass (kg) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1226361B18566FFD560CEC" box="[620,707,875,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="adult">4 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
was 13 (10–15—Osborn and Helmy 1980). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361B6C568FFDED0CCC" box="[536,632,907,930]" name="Lebanon" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, external measurements (mm) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE122636183956AFFE0E0CAC" box="[333,411,939,962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="adult">3 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE12263618D256AFFDD70CAC" box="[422,578,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE122636189D56AFFDD70CAC" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[489,578,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">syriacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were: total length, 988.3 (950–1015); length of tail, 275 (265–290); length of head and body, 713.3 (680–750); length of hind foot, 156 (140–170); length of ear from notch, 74.7 (70–80—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361B5E510FFD7C0B4C" author="LEWIS, R. E. & J. H. LEWIS & AND S. I." box="[554,745,1035,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="517 - 531" refId="ref12625" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1968. A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla. Journal of Zoology (London) 154: 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1968">Lewis et al. 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361919512FFF790B2C" box="[109,236,1067,1090]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mean measurements (mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B57512FFDD10B2C" box="[547,580,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B21512FFDF70B2C" box="[597,610,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">n</emphasis>
|
||
) of females and males, respectively, were: total length, 1009.3 (33.67, 6), 1058.6 (20.30, 7); length of tail, 220.1 (17.16, 7), 245.0 (21.41, 6); length of hind paw, 58.0 (4.93, 7), 56.3 (4.83, 7); length of hind foot, 146.2 (24.66, 5), 162.6 (8.52, 7); length of ear, 69.4 (4.80, 5), 74.1 (5.49, 7); mass (kg), 8.5 (0.73, 7), 10.3 (0.95, 7—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361BA351CFFF760A6C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean adult mass (kg) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1226361B6C51EFFD170A6C" box="[536,642,1259,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1226361BC851EFFC810A6C" box="[700,788,1259,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, respectively, was 10.0 and 12.0 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE12263618A5500FFD230A4C" author="PALMQVIST, P. & MENDOZA, A. & ARRIBAS & AND D. R." box="[465,694,1291,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref13679" refString="PALMQVIST, P., M. MENDOZA, A. ARRIBAS, AND D. R. GRoCKE. 2002. Estimating the body mass of Pleistocene canids: discussion of some methodological problems and a new ' taxon free' approach. Lethaia 35: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="2002">Palmqvist et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On average, females are 12% lighter than males:
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1226361B4B502FFD160A2C" box="[575,643,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" unit="kg" value="5.8">5.8 kg</quantity>
|
||
versus
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1226361BA1502FFC8D0A2C" box="[725,792,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" unit="kg" value="6.6">6.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
(Moehlman and Hofer 1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF076673AE1226361A3C5052FAD90A8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573462/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" startId="3.[840,875,1366,1387]" targetBox="[873,1491,200,1353]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1226361A3C5052FAD90A8F" blockId="3.[840,1524,1366,1505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361A3C5052FC1E0A05" bold="true" box="[840,907,1366,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1226361D045070FAAD0AE7" authority="aureus" box="[1136,1336,1396,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361D045070FAAD0AE7" box="[1136,1336,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Canis aureus aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, [FMNH] #103909) from Maimana, Fariab, Afghanistan, 2,900 feet. Greatest length of skull is 177 mm. Photograph by Bruce Patterson used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE12263119EC506FFE840E2C" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="4.[109,792,203,322]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Mean cranial measurements (mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361B60506FFDA00AEC" box="[532,565,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">SD</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A7EAE1226361B32506FFD130AEC" box="[582,646,1387,1410]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[840,875,1366,1387]" captionTargetBox="[873,1491,200,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-736@3.[873,1491,200,1353]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Canis aureus aureus (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, [FMNH] #103909) from Maimana, Fariab, Afghanistan, 2,900 feet. Greatest length of skull is 177 mm. Photograph by Bruce Patterson used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573462/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) on 10 mandibles and upper jaws of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE12263618CC508FFDB50ACC" box="[440,544,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE12263618CC508FFE5F0ACC" box="[440,458,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE12263618AC508FFDB50ACC" box="[472,544,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361B37508FFDFB0ACC" box="[579,622,1419,1442]" name="Iran" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
were: length of skull, 169, 31.9; length of cranium, 101, 23.7; nasal length, 67, 16.6; cranial width, 72, 4.4; length of mandible, 112, 34.6; lateral alveolar root to mental foramen, 25, 1.7; mental foramen to caudal mandibular border, 87, 3.8; mandibular foramen to base of mandible, 12, 0.4; caudal border of mandible to below mandibular foramen, 11, 0.8; maximum mandibular height, 60, 5.8 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361902536FFE9E09EC" author="MOFARED, A. L." box="[118,267,1643,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="547 - 550" refId="ref13333" refString="MOFARED, A. L. 2013. Macro-anatomical investigation of the skull of golden jackal (Canis aureus) and its clinical application during regional anesthesia. Global Veterinaria 10: 547 - 550." type="journal article" year="2013">Mofared 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean measurements (mm, range) for 3 Lebanese adults were: greatest length of skull, 148.6 (135.2–157.4); condylobasal length, 142.9 (131.9–149.1); zygomatic breadth, 83.9 (73.3–90.2); breadth of braincase, 48.8 (46.0–50.3); interorbital constriction, 29.4 (25.5–32.7); maxillary toothrow, 62.9 (60.4– 65.0); mandibular toothrow, 72.2 (58.2–74.9); mandibular length, 114.1 (104.1–121.0—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE122636182D522FFD9B082C" author="LEWIS, R. E. & J. H. LEWIS & AND S. I." box="[345,526,1835,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" pagination="517 - 531" refId="ref12625" refString="LEWIS, R. E., J. H. LEWIS, AND S. I. ATALLAH. 1968. A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla. Journal of Zoology (London) 154: 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1968">Lewis et al. 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean cranial measurements (mm; with range and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE12263618D5524FFE3B080C" box="[417,430,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">n</emphasis>
|
||
) of Egyptian adult
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1226361BF0524FFC8D080C" box="[644,792,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1226361BB5524FFC8D080C" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[705,792,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">lupaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were: condyloincisive length, 185.2 (173.5–196.0, 13); zygomatic width, 101.4 (93.5–111.3, 14); rostral width, 33.8 (31.2–37.8, 14); postorbital width, 34.8 (31.8–38.9, 13); basioccipital width at tempoparietal suture, 54.4 (51.8–59.1, 13); nasal length, 72.0 (65.9–84.8, 14); width across upper molars, 58.2 (54.2–63.0, 14); distance from anterior most surface of canine to posterior of 2nd molar, 80.3 (75.6–86.8, 14); skull height, 66.8 (62.0–74.0, 9—Osborn and Helmy 1980). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1226361CE453ADFA7B09AE" box="[1424,1518,1705,1728]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="3" pageNumber="17">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mean cranial and tooth measurements (mm) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1226361C1453CDFA57098E" box="[1376,1474,1737,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="male">92 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1226361A3C53EDFC2A086E" box="[840,959,1769,1792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" type="female">56 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, respectively, were: total skull length, 166, 161; neurocranium length, 89, 86.5; greatest length of nasals, 59.7, 57.9; greatest neurocranium breath, 52.5, 52.6; total length of mandible, 121.9, 118.6; height of vertebral ramus, 48.6, 46.7; length of P1 to P4, 33.9, 33.4; length of M1 to M3, 31.8, 31.0 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1226361CE4526DFCE808CE" author="STOYANEV, S." pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refId="ref14502" refString="STOYANEV, S. 2012. Craniometric differentiation of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Pp. 39 - 47 in International symposium on hunting, modern aspects of sustainable management of game populations, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia." type="proceedings" year="2012">Stoyanev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean mandible length and depth at 2nd molar (mm) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE15263119E155CFFF6B0F8C" box="[149,254,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE152631184255CFFE180F8C" box="[310,397,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, respectively, was f: 102.8, 14.3; m: 108.9, 15.3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE152631198D55EFFE340E6C" author="PALMQVIST, P. & MENDOZA, A. & ARRIBAS & AND D. R." box="[249,417,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref13679" refString="PALMQVIST, P., M. MENDOZA, A. ARRIBAS, AND D. R. GRoCKE. 2002. Estimating the body mass of Pleistocene canids: discussion of some methodological problems and a new ' taxon free' approach. Lethaia 35: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="2002">Palmqvist 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Condylobasal length (mm) from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1526311919540FFF450E4C" box="[109,208,267,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
||
was 154, whereas it was 140 from 7+ female skulls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311902542FFE950E2C" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[118,256,299,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref13893" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1938. The jackals of S. W. Asia and S. E. Europe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 108: 37 - 40." type="journal article" year="1938">Pocock 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE15263118225479FED10CF6" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE15263118225479FED10CF6" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE15263118225479FDBB0EF9" blockId="4.[342,558,381,407]" box="[342,558,381,407]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE15263118225479FDBB0EF9" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,381,407]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118225479FDBB0EF9" bold="true" box="[342,558,381,407]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE15263119EC54C5FC870D56" blockId="4.[109,792,449,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263119EC54C5FEB40EB6" box="[152,289,449,472]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119EC54C5FEB40EB6" box="[152,289,449,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in North and East Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A7EAE1526311BFA54E5FD590E96" box="[654,716,481,504]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[110,145,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[336,1296,1183,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-541@4.[336,1296,1183,1824]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Canis aureus includes subspecies that may belong to C. anthus or C. lupus. The map shows the likely ranges of the following subspecies, 1, C. a. algirensis; 2, C. a. anthus; 3, C. a. aureus; 4, C. a. bea; 5, C. a. cruesmanni; 6, C. a. ecsedensis; 7, C. a. indicus; 8, C. a. lupaster (dispersed stars on map); 9, C. a. moreotica (isolated records presented as blue dots on map); 10, C. a. naria; 11, C. a. riparius; 12, C. a. soudanicus; 13, C. a. syriacus; 14, C. a. subspecies undetermined." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573464/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). They range from sea level in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE152631182F5705FE370D76" box="[347,418,513,536]" name="Eritrea" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE15263118B45705FD800D76" box="[448,533,513,536]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="3500.0">3,500 m</quantity>
|
||
in the Bale Mountains of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE15263119195725FF530D56" box="[109,198,545,568]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE152631198C5725FEDB0D56" box="[248,334,545,568]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE152631181B5725FE300D56" box="[367,421,545,568]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263118C75725FDB90D56" author="PRATER, S." box="[435,556,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref13929" refString="PRATER, S. 1971. The book of Indian animals. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, India." type="book" year="1971">Prater 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311B4C5725FC970D56" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[568,770,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE15263119EC5745FED10CF6" blockId="4.[109,792,449,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE15263119CE5745FE920D36" box="[186,263,577,600]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Dalmatia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263118C85745FDBC0D36" box="[444,553,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118C85745FE5B0D36" box="[444,462,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118945745FDBC0D36" box="[480,553,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is documented from the Holocene (Sommer and Benecke 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311B1A5765FD600D16" author="MALEZ, V." box="[622,757,609,632]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref12924" refString="MALEZ, V. 1984. The zooarcheological data as the base of colonizing the Markova cave on the island of Hvar. Pp. 617 - 621 in 9 th Yugoslavian speleological congress proceedings, Yugoslavia (in Croatian)." type="proceedings" year="1984">
|
||
Malez
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1526311BCB5765FD600D16" box="[703,757,609,632]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.03936" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="1984.0">1984</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263119195785FEF30DF6" author="RUTKOWSKI, R." box="[109,358,641,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="0141236" refId="ref14165" refString="RUTKOWSKI, R., ET AL. 2015. A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS One 10: e 0141236." type="journal article" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the ancient Mediterranean populations have persisted and merged with jackals coming from Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263119C557C5FEE10DB6" author="FABBRI, E." box="[177,372,705,728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="187 - 199" refId="ref11007" refString="FABBRI, E., ET AL. 2014. Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps). Conservation Genetics 15: 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="2014">Fabbri et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263118F057C5FDE30DB6" author="RUTKOWSKI, R." box="[388,630,705,728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="0141236" refId="ref14165" refString="RUTKOWSKI, R., ET AL. 2015. A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS One 10: e 0141236." type="journal article" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The expanding population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE152631184257E5FE370D96" box="[310,418,737,760]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631184257E5FEDD0D96" box="[310,328,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631182C57E5FE370D96" box="[344,418,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">auerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe is due to natural longdistance dispersal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263118345605FD9D0C76" author="ARNOLD, J. & HUMER, M. & HELTAI, D. & MURARIU, N. & SPASSOV & AND K." box="[320,520,769,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref10148" refString="ARNOLD, J., A. HUMER, M. HELTAI, D. MURARIU, N. SPASSOV, AND K. HaCKLANDER. 2012. Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe. Mammal Review 42: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2012">Arnold et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311B6C5605FC9D0C76" author="RUTKOWSKI, R." box="[536,776,769,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="0141236" refId="ref14165" refString="RUTKOWSKI, R., ET AL. 2015. A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS One 10: e 0141236." type="journal article" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263119195625FF4C0C56" box="[109,217,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119195625FFEA0C56" box="[109,127,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119E45625FF4C0C56" box="[144,217,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
expanded from southeastern Europe to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1526311BEF5625FD6F0C56" box="[667,762,801,824]" name="Hungary" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the late 1800s (Tóth et al. 2009). In the late 20th century, the expansion was rapid and is still ongoing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311B595665FC850C16" author="KRYsTUFEK, B. & D. MURARIU & AND C." box="[557,784,865,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="109 - 114" refId="ref12368" refString="KRYsTUFEK, B., D. MURARIU, AND C. KURTONUR. 1997. Present distribution of the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions. Mammal Review 27: 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="1997">Kryštufek et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE15263119195685FEA10CF6" author="ARNOLD, J. & HUMER, M. & HELTAI, D. & MURARIU, N. & SPASSOV & AND K." box="[109,308,897,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref10148" refString="ARNOLD, J., A. HUMER, M. HELTAI, D. MURARIU, N. SPASSOV, AND K. HaCKLANDER. 2012. Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe. Mammal Review 42: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2012">Arnold et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE152630183F56D6FAA80DAC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE152631183F56D6FBFE0D6C" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE152631183F56D6FDAF0C82" blockId="4.[331,570,978,1004]" box="[331,570,978,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE152631183F56D6FDAF0C82" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[331,570,978,1004]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631183F56D6FDAF0C82" bold="true" box="[331,570,978,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE15263119EC5112FBFE0D6C" blockId="4.[109,792,1046,1133]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,203,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The fossil record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE152631181D5112FE610B43" box="[361,500,1046,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631181D5112FE610B43" box="[361,500,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is limited with many fossils that are controversial as to their specific attribution. A right lower carnassial from a Paleolithic
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE15263118C55152FD9B0B03" box="[433,526,1110,1133]" name="Lebanon" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
cave may be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311BDA5152FC7B0F8C" authority="(Hooijer 1961)" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[686,1006,203,1133]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311BDA5152FC8D0B03" box="[686,792,1110,1133]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311A2555CFFC760F8C" author="HOOIJER, D. A." box="[849,995,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref11829" refString="HOOIJER, D. A. 1961. The fossil vertebrates of Ksar'Akil, a Paleolithic rockshelter in Lebanon. Zoologische Verhandelingen 49: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1961">Hooijer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fossil remains attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311C4D55CFFA300F8C" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1337,1445,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311C4D55CFFA300F8C" box="[1337,1445,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dating from the Upper Pleistocene were found in North Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311CD355EFFCE80E4C" author="SAVAGE, R. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="237 - 271" refId="ref14245" refString="SAVAGE, R. J. 1977. Evolution in carnivorous mammals. Paleontology 20: 237 - 271." type="journal article" year="1977">Savage 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Palestinian fossils attributed to this species have been reattributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311A9C542FFA940E2C" authority="(Kurten 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Kurten" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1000,1281,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A9C542FFBCA0E2C" box="[1000,1119,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311D05542FFB6D0E2C" author="KURTEN, B." box="[1137,1272,299,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref12407" refString="KURTEN, B. 1974. A history of coyote-like dogs (Canidae, Mammalia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 140: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1974">Kurten 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and hence might be a separate species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311D7D544FFB0A0E0C" author="SPASSOV, N." box="[1033,1183,331,354]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="44 - 56" refId="ref14459" refString="SPASSOV, N. 1989. The position of jackals in the Canis genus and lifehistory of the golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Bulgaria and the Balkans. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, Sofia 1: 44 - 56." type="journal article" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reliable fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311CFD544FFA660E0C" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1417,1523,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CFD544FFA0E0E0C" box="[1417,1435,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CDF544FFA660E0C" box="[1451,1523,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been found in the Pleistocene of Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311CE8546FFCE80ECC" author="SPASSOV, N." pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="44 - 56" refId="ref14459" refString="SPASSOV, N. 1989. The position of jackals in the Canis genus and lifehistory of the golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Bulgaria and the Balkans. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, Sofia 1: 44 - 56." type="journal article" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311AE1548FFC680ECC" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[917,1021,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311AE1548FFC320ECC" box="[917,935,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311AC1548FFC680ECC" box="[949,1021,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have arrived in sub-Saharan Africa after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311A0B54AFFB860EAC" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[895,1043,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A0B54AFFB860EAC" box="[895,1043,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311D3254AFFB200EAC" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[1094,1205,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D3254AFFB200EAC" box="[1094,1205,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have a fossil record in eastern and southern Africa from 500,000 to 2.5 million years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311A2554EFFC500D6C" author="EWER, R. F." box="[849,965,491,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="97 - 120" refId="ref10976" refString="EWER, R. F. 1956. The fossil carnivores of the Transvaal caves: Canidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 126: 97 - 120." type="journal article" year="1956">Ewer 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311AA754EFFBCE0D6C" author="SAVAGE, R. J." box="[979,1115,491,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="237 - 271" refId="ref14245" refString="SAVAGE, R. J. 1977. Evolution in carnivorous mammals. Paleontology 20: 237 - 271." type="journal article" year="1977">Savage 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE1526301A885735FD9E0C4C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1526311A885735FAAB0D25" blockId="4.[1020,1342,561,587]" box="[1020,1342,561,587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE1526311A885735FAAB0D25" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,561,587]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A885735FAAB0D25" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,561,587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1526311A075771FC490C62" blockId="4.[840,1523,629,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The dental formula is i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/4, m 2/3, total 42 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13432A7EAE1526311A255791FC050DC2" box="[849,912,661,684]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[840,875,1366,1387]" captionTargetBox="[873,1491,200,1353]" captionTargetId="figure-736@3.[873,1491,200,1353]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Canis aureus aureus (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, [FMNH] #103909) from Maimana, Fariab, Afghanistan, 2,900 feet. Greatest length of skull is 177 mm. Photograph by Bruce Patterson used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Of 31
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311A9A5791FBE90DC2" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1006,1148,661,684]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A9A5791FBE90DC2" box="[1006,1148,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skulls, 13% had broken teeth (van Valkenburgh 2009). Baculum length is
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1526311D9F57B1FADF0DA2" box="[1259,1354,693,716]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="62.7">62.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311C2E57B1FA760DA2" author="DIXSON, A. F." box="[1370,1507,693,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref10722" refString="DIXSON, A. F. 1995. Baculum length and copulatory behaviour in carnivores and pinnipeds (Grand Order Ferae). Journal of Zoology (London) 235: 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1995">Dixson 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but 2 bacula of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A8657D1FB100D82" box="[1010,1157,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311D5A57D1FB100D82" baseAuthorityName="Kurten" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1070,1157,725,748]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">lupaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were 70 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1526311C6D57D1FAF00D82" box="[1305,1381,725,748]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="73.0">73 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Osborn and Helmy 1980).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1526301A075611FE710E8C" blockId="4.[840,1523,629,1132]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,802]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Male and female skulls can be differentiated but cranial measures overlap (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311D575631FB5F0C22" author="STOYANEV, S." box="[1059,1226,821,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref14502" refString="STOYANEV, S. 2012. Craniometric differentiation of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Pp. 39 - 47 in International symposium on hunting, modern aspects of sustainable management of game populations, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia." type="proceedings" year="2012">Stoyanev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differentiation was not dependent on age or collection site. Only juveniles below the age of 6 months could be differentiated from adults.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311CFE5671FA660CE2" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1418,1523,885,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CFE5671FA090CE2" box="[1418,1436,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CDF5671FA660CE2" box="[1451,1523,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1526311AF75691FC4A0CC2" box="[899,991,917,940]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
did not differ from European or Asian skulls and encompassed both African and Dalmatian jackals, but skulls from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311AFC56D1FBE80C82" baseAuthorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[904,1149,981,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311AFC56D1FBE80C82" box="[904,1149,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Canis aureus lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were larger, longer, and broader (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311A2556F1FC670B62" author="STOYANEV, S." box="[849,1010,1013,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref14502" refString="STOYANEV, S. 2012. Craniometric differentiation of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Pp. 39 - 47 in International symposium on hunting, modern aspects of sustainable management of game populations, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia." type="proceedings" year="2012">Stoyanev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Croatian skulls were of a shorter length and broader (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311AC45111FBC00B42" author="STOYANEV, S." box="[944,1109,1045,1068]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref14502" refString="STOYANEV, S. 2012. Craniometric differentiation of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Pp. 39 - 47 in International symposium on hunting, modern aspects of sustainable management of game populations, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia." type="proceedings" year="2012">Stoyanev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Bulgarian skulls, age could be assessed in 223 of 228 from craniometrics differences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1526311CE45131FCE80B02" author="STOYANEV, S." pageId="4" pageNumber="18" refId="ref14502" refString="STOYANEV, S. 2012. Craniometric differentiation of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Pp. 39 - 47 in International symposium on hunting, modern aspects of sustainable management of game populations, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia." type="proceedings" year="2012">Stoyanev 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Across 7 populations, sexual dimorphism in skull length and canine diameter was significant for East African and northern Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE14263019AB55EFFED00E6C" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[223,325,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE14263019AB55EFFF640E6C" box="[223,241,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE142630198955EFFED00E6C" box="[253,325,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not north African, north central African, Middle Eastern, Pakistani, or southern Indian animals (Van Valkenburgh and Wayne 1994). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301B77542FFD170E2C" box="[515,642,299,322]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mean organ weights (g,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301980544FFE800E0C" box="[244,277,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301852544FFEA60E0C" box="[294,307,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">n</emphasis>
|
||
) for adult females and males, respectively, were: heart, 71.0 (7.35, 3), 79.2 (14.02, 4); liver, 297.7 (14.52, 3), 365.5 (72.06, 4); paired kidneys, 45.7 (8.73, 3), 64.0 (4.37, 4); spleen, 75.3 (21.1, 3), 43.0 (10.61, 3); lungs, 64.7 (11.47, 3), 85.7 (18.87, 3—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE142630186954CFFE410E8C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[285,468,459,482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF076673AE152631191A5229FC8A08F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573464" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573464/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" startId="4.[110,145,1837,1858]" targetBox="[336,1296,1183,1824]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE152631191A5229FC8A08F4" blockId="4.[109,1524,1837,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631191A5229FF38082C" bold="true" box="[110,173,1837,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263118BD522AFDD2082D" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[457,583,1838,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118BD522AFDD2082D" box="[457,583,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes subspecies that may belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311ABD522AFBB1082D" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[969,1060,1838,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311ABD522AFBB1082D" box="[969,1060,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. anthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311D30522AFB01082D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1092,1172,1838,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D30522AFB01082D" box="[1092,1172,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The map shows the likely ranges of the following subspecies, 1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631180B524FFE1A080E" box="[383,399,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118E8524FFE3D080E" box="[412,424,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118C0524FFD87080E" box="[436,530,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">algirensis</emphasis>
|
||
; 2,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B43524FFDD2080E" box="[567,583,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B20524FFDF5080E" box="[596,608,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311B18524FFD39080E" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1820" box="[620,684,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B18524FFD39080E" box="[620,684,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">anthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 3,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311BA5524FFD74080E" box="[721,737,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B9A524FFD6F080E" box="[750,762,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311A72524FFCD3080E" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[774,838,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A72524FFCD3080E" box="[774,838,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A18524FFCE9080E" box="[876,892,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311AFC524FFC01080E" box="[904,916,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311AD5524FFC51080E" box="[929,964,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">bea</emphasis>
|
||
; 5,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311A9D524FFC6C080E" box="[1001,1017,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D71524FFB84080E" box="[1029,1041,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D69524FFB18080E" box="[1053,1165,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">cruesmanni</emphasis>
|
||
; 6,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311DC7524FFB56080E" box="[1203,1219,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311DBB524FFB4E080E" box="[1231,1243,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D93524FFAD9080E" box="[1255,1356,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">ecsedensis</emphasis>
|
||
; 7,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311C06524FFA17080E" box="[1394,1410,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CFA524FFA0F080E" box="[1422,1434,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311CD3524FFA79080E" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1833" box="[1447,1516,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311CD3524FFA79080E" box="[1447,1516,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 8,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119F1526CFF000813" box="[133,149,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119D5526CFF380813" box="[161,173,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263119CC526CFE920813" baseAuthorityName="Kurten" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[184,263,1896,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119CC526CFE920813" box="[184,263,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">lupaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(dispersed stars on map); 9,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B6E526CFDBF0813" box="[538,554,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B42526CFDD70813" box="[566,578,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311B3A526CFD3B0813" box="[590,686,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">moreotica</emphasis>
|
||
(isolated records presented as blue dots on map); 10,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311DC4526CFB550813" box="[1200,1216,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311DB8526CFB4D0813" box="[1228,1240,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311D97526CFA820813" authorityName="Wroughton" authorityYear="1916" box="[1251,1303,1896,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311D97526CFA820813" box="[1251,1303,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">naria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 11,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311C33526CFAC20813" box="[1351,1367,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311C17526CFAFA0813" box="[1379,1391,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1526311C0F526CFA5D0813" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[1403,1480,1896,1917]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1526311C0F526CFA5D0813" box="[1403,1480,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">riparius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 12,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119195282FFE808F5" box="[109,125,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119FD5282FF0008F5" box="[137,149,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263119D55282FE9808F5" box="[161,269,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">soudanicus</emphasis>
|
||
; 13,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE152631184A5282FE5708F5" box="[318,450,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE15263118065282FE5708F5" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[370,450,1926,1947]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syriacus">syriacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 14,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE15263118875282FDB408F5" box="[499,545,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="18">C. a.</emphasis>
|
||
subspecies undetermined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE14263019EC54EFFD9E0C4C" blockId="5.[109,793,203,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE142630199554EFFEDA0D6C" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[225,335,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE142630199554EFFF660D6C" box="[225,243,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE142630187354EFFEDA0D6C" box="[263,335,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be immobilized for handling up to 55 min with
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301982570FFED20D4C" box="[246,327,523,546]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="mg" value="130.0">130 mg</quantity>
|
||
ketamine hydrochloride and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301BF4570FFD510D4C" box="[640,708,523,546]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="mg" value="15.0">15 mg</quantity>
|
||
promazine hydrochloride (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301832572FFE690D2C" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[326,508,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1426301B4B572FFD090D2C" box="[575,668,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="female">3 female</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1426301BA4572FFC8D0D2C" box="[720,792,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="male">4 male</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301919574FFF4F0D0C" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[109,218,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301919574FFFEA0D0C" box="[109,127,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE14263019E6574FFF4F0D0C" box="[146,218,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, doses of
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301821574FFE500D0C" box="[341,453,587,610]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="mg" value="47.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="15.0">15–80 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg of ketamine hydrochloride generated recovery times of 32–300 min with no apparent side effects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE14263019B7578FFEEC0DCC" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[195,377,651,674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Time to immobilization was 2–3 min (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE142630190257AFFEA60DAC" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[118,307,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trapped jackals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of a mixture of medetomide
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301BEA57CFFD630D8C" box="[670,758,715,738]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="mg" value="0.09">0.09 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg and ketamine
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE142630187057EFFEDA0C6C" box="[260,335,747,770]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="mg" value="2.8">2.8 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg and time to immobilization was an average of 5.0 min (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301858560FFE6E0C4C" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[300,507,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE14263019BB5659FAA80DAC" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE14263019BB5659FD230C19" blockId="5.[207,694,861,887]" box="[207,694,861,887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE14263019BB5659FD230C19" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,861,887]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE14263019BB5659FD230C19" bold="true" box="[207,694,861,887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE14263019EC56A5FD2E0B96" blockId="5.[109,793,929,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE14263019EC56A5FE8A0CD6" box="[152,287,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Ontogeny.—</emphasis>
|
||
The estimated weight from a captive born litter of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE14263019C756C5FE810CB6" box="[179,276,961,984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE142630183A56C5FE0C0CB6" box="[334,409,961,984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="male">2 male</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE14263018D656C5FDA10CB6" baseAuthorityName="Hooijer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[418,564,961,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE14263018D656C5FDA10CB6" box="[418,564,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
neonates was
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301BAD56C5FC8D0CB6" box="[729,792,961,984]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.89" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="189.0">189 g</quantity>
|
||
(Moehlman and Hofer 1997). A male pup weight at day 8 was
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE14263019195105FF3E0B76" box="[109,171,1025,1048]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="249.0">249 g</quantity>
|
||
, day 13:
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE142630187A5105FED90B76" box="[270,332,1025,1048]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="500.0">500 g</quantity>
|
||
, and at day 15:
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE14263018825105FDA00B76" box="[502,565,1025,1048]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="590.0">590 g</quantity>
|
||
. A female pup at day 5 weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE142630199D5125FEBF0B56" box="[233,298,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.95" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="295.0">295 g</quantity>
|
||
, and at day 21 weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301B345125FDEA0B56" box="[576,639,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="g" value="670.0">670 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301BE65125FC9D0B56" author="SEITZ, V. A." box="[658,776,1057,1080]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="747 - 771" refId="ref14265" refString="SEITZ, V. A. 1959. Beobachtungen an Handaufgezogenen Goldschakalen (Canis aureus aligirensis). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 16: 747 - 771." type="journal article" year="1959">Seitz 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pups are blind at birth with eye opening at 8–11 days and tooth eruption at 11 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE142630182F5165FE470B16" author="SEITZ, V. A." box="[347,466,1121,1144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="747 - 771" refId="ref14265" refString="SEITZ, V. A. 1959. Beobachtungen an Handaufgezogenen Goldschakalen (Canis aureus aligirensis). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 16: 747 - 771." type="journal article" year="1959">Seitz 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wandry 1975). In captivity, canine teeth erupted at 28 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE14263018BB5185FDD70BF6" author="SEITZ, V. A." box="[463,578,1153,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="747 - 771" refId="ref14265" refString="SEITZ, V. A. 1959. Beobachtungen an Handaufgezogenen Goldschakalen (Canis aureus aligirensis). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 16: 747 - 771." type="journal article" year="1959">Seitz 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and pups emerged from the den box at approximately 4 weeks (Wandry 1975). At 13 months of age a female had her 1st litter and hence was reproductively mature at 11 months of age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301B4351E5FD3E0B96" author="SEITZ, V. A." box="[567,683,1249,1272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="747 - 771" refId="ref14265" refString="SEITZ, V. A. 1959. Beobachtungen an Handaufgezogenen Goldschakalen (Canis aureus aligirensis). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 16: 747 - 771." type="journal article" year="1959">Seitz 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE14263019EC5005FE190856" blockId="5.[109,793,929,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In the Serengeti,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE14263018255005FE210A76" box="[337,436,1281,1304]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the pups are born and remain in underground dens until they are 3 weeks old during which time their mother spends most of her time with them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301BD05045FF360A16" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pups emerge at approximately 3 weeks of age and in addition to nursing, eat regurgitated food (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301B265085FC9D0AF6" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[594,776,1409,1432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some families have helpers which are offspring from the previous year’s litter. During pregnancy, the female is provisioned by her mate and while she is lactating she is provisioned by her mate and the “helpers” which are her older offspring (Moehlman and Hofer 1997). One of us (PDM) has observed that helpers also provision the pups which are their full siblings. They are weaned at 8–10 weeks of age and stay within several hundred meters of the den until they are 10 weeks old. At 14 weeks of age they are well coordinated and start to forage with the adults. They will continue to receive some food from their parents until they are 8 months old. Even when they are helpers (11–18 months) they may infrequently receive food from their parents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE14263019BF5225FEE80856" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[203,381,1825,1848]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE14263019EC5245FAF00E6C" blockId="5.[109,793,929,1912]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Adults can be distinguished from juveniles by frontoparietal ridges that are fused posteriorly to the frontoparietal suture creating a high sagittal ridge (Osborn and Helmy 1980). Tooth wear can be used to age
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301D3955EFFAF40E6C" authority="(Raichev 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Raichev" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1101,1377,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D3955EFFBCA0E6C" box="[1101,1119,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D1855EFFB210E6C" box="[1132,1204,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301DB755EFFAC00E6C" author="RAICHEV, E." box="[1219,1365,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="276 - 280" refId="ref13971" refString="RAICHEV, E. 2011. Effect of shooting on the structure of population of golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Sarnena Sredna Gora Mountain. Agricultural Science and Technology 3: 276 - 280." type="journal article" year="2011">Raichev 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1426301A07540FFAA80DAC" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301A07540FFB870E4D" bold="true" box="[883,1042,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
—In the Serengeti mating typically occurs from October to December (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301DF0542FFAAD0E2C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1156,1336,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C3C542FFAEB0E2C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1352,1406,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and birth from December to March (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D02544FFABF0E0C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1142,1322,331,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301C17544FFA320E0C" box="[1379,1447,331,354]" name="Egypt" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, litters have been observed in March, April, and May (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C2C546FFA770EEC" author="FLOWER, S. S." box="[1368,1506,363,386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="369 - 450" refId="ref11090" refString="FLOWER, S. S. 1932. Notes on the recent mammals of Egypt, with a list of the species recorded from that kingdom. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1932: 369 - 450." type="journal article" year="1932">Flower 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301A1B548FFC320ECC" box="[879,935,395,418]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
reproductive behavior begins in February–March (Jhala and Moehlman 2004) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301D9F54AFFABD0EAC" box="[1259,1320,427,450]" name="Israel" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
between October and March (Golani and Keller 1975; Ginsberg and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C0D54CFFCEB0D6C" author="Ginsberg, J. R., AND D. W. Macdonald (eds.)" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref11380" refString="Ginsberg, J. R., AND D. W. Macdonald (eds.). 1990. Foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. An action plan for the conservation of canids. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland." type="book" year="1990">Macdonald 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301AC454EFFBA70D6C" box="[944,1074,491,514]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pups are present year-round (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C0354EFFCEB0D4C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gestation is about 63 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301DA5570FFAFC0D4C" author="SHELDON, J. W." box="[1233,1385,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref14398" refString="SHELDON, J. W. 1992. Wild dogs: the natural history of the non-domestic Canidae. Academic Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1992">Sheldon 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Litter size ranges from 1 to 9, average 5.7 (Moehlman and Hofer 1997). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301A12574FFC5F0D0C" box="[870,970,587,610]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an average of 2 pups emerged from the natal den at 3 weeks (Wyman 1967). Lactation lasts for 8–10 weeks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301A25578FFB930DCC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[849,1030,651,674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Six females captured in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301C40578FFAEF0DCC" box="[1332,1402,651,674]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
in June to August were not lactating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D0657AFFAB90DAC" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[1138,1324,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE14263D1D2657F9FC8D0BCC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE1426321D2657F9FEEB0ACC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1426301D2657F9FB7D0C79" blockId="5.[1106,1256,765,791]" box="[1106,1256,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE1426301D2657F9FB7D0C79" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,765,791]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D2657F9FB7D0C79" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1426301A075644FA210B96" blockId="5.[840,1523,832,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301A075644FB0E0C36" bold="true" box="[883,1179,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301DA75645FAA30C36" box="[1235,1334,833,856]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, densities up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1426301C915645FC1D0C16" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
per km
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301A97565BFC7E0C03" attach="left" box="[995,1003,863,877]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
may occur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D0A5665FAA60C16" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1150,1331,865,888]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C315665FAEE0C16" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1349,1403,865,888]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301CF85665FA570C16" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1420,1474,865,888]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In northern Dalmatia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301D5D5685FBEE0CF6" box="[1065,1147,897,920]" name="Croatia" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, territory density was 0.61–1.15 groups per
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301AB456A5FB960CD6" box="[960,1027,929,952]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301D70569BFB990CC3" attach="left" box="[1028,1036,927,941]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D6F56A5FB080CD6" author="KROFEL, M." box="[1051,1181,929,952]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="259 - 264" refId="ref12316" refString="KROFEL, M. 2008. Survey of golden jackals (Canis aureus L.) in northern Dalmatia, Croatia: preliminary results. Natura Croatia 17: 259 - 264." type="journal article" year="2008">Krofel 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in southern Dalmatia density was 6–7 groups per
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301DF156C5FB590CB6" box="[1157,1228,961,984]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301DB856BBFB410CA3" attach="left" box="[1228,1236,959,973]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D9356C5FAF80CB6" author="KROFEL, M." box="[1255,1389,961,984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="201 - 204" refId="ref12283" refString="KROFEL, M. 2007. Golden jackals (Canis aureus L.) on the Peljesac Peninsula (southern Dalmatia, Croatia). Natura Croatica 16: 201 - 204." type="journal article" year="2007">Krofel 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301CD356C5FA7A0CB6" box="[1447,1519,961,984]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, juveniles comprised 47% of captured
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301DA856E5FC1C0B76" authority="(Fuller et al. 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Fuller" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301DA856E5FAFC0C96" box="[1244,1385,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301C0C56E5FCEB0B76" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Serengeti, maximum longevity is about 14 years (Moehlman and Hofer 1997). In captivity, individuals have lived up to 18 years 10 months (Weigl 2005). Sex ratio at approximately 3 weeks when pups emerge from the den is 1:0.8 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301A255185FCCB0BF6" box="[849,862,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 33), surviving at age 14 weeks (1:0.8,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301C505185FAA40BF6" box="[1316,1329,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 44), helping as juveniles at approximately 52 weeks (1:1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301C6B51A5FAB90BD6" box="[1311,1324,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), and reproductive adults (1:1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D5451C5FBB80BB6" box="[1056,1069,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 46—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301DF651C5FAA10BB6" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1154,1332,1217,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sex ratio is equal for all age groups and sex ratio is equal for helpers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1426301A075004FBEF0AD6" blockId="5.[840,1523,832,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301A075004FC7F0A76" bold="true" box="[883,1002,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—Tolerance of dry habitats and an omnivorous diet allow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301AB65025FBC00A56" box="[962,1109,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301AB65025FBC00A56" box="[962,1109,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
access to a wide variety of habitats (Jhala and Moehlman 2008). They normally live in open grassland habitat but also occur in deserts, woodlands, mangroves, and agricultural and rural habitats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301D885085FAA10AF6" box="[1276,1332,1409,1432]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301C005085FA660AF6" box="[1396,1523,1409,1432]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jhala and Moehlman 2008)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1426331A0750C5FD1D0D6C" blockId="5.[840,1523,832,1912]" lastBlockId="6.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In the Serengeti,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301D4A50C5FB390AB6" box="[1086,1196,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D4A50C5FBC50AB6" box="[1086,1104,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301D1150C5FB390AB6" box="[1125,1196,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintains year-round exclusive territories of 0.5–7.0 km
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301DF350DBFB1A0A83" attach="left" box="[1159,1167,1503,1517]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301DD650E5FAC10A96" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1186,1364,1505,1528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301CE350E5FA7E0A96" box="[1431,1515,1505,1528]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301C9F50DBFCC80976" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301C9F50DBFA660A83" attach="left" box="[1515,1523,1503,1517]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
Ngorongoro (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970), but will make excursions beyond these territorial boundaries to gain access to fresh carcasses. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301D0E5345FB590936" box="[1146,1228,1601,1624]" name="Algeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, seasonal territories as may be as small as
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301A855365FBD90916" box="[1009,1100,1633,1656]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="0.39">0.39 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301D38535BFBC10903" attach="left" box="[1100,1108,1631,1645]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301D1C5365FB670916" author="KHIDAS, K." box="[1128,1266,1633,1656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="361 - 375" refId="ref12114" refString="KHIDAS, K. 1990. Contribution a la connaissance du chacal dore. Facteurs modulant l'organisation sociale et territorial de la sous-espece algerienne (Canis aureus algirensis Wagner, 1841). Mammalia 54: 361 - 375." type="journal article" year="1990">Khidas 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Territories are within larger home ranges. Home range size of radiocollared individuals in some locales can vary according to habitat and age. An adult pair in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1426301AAD53C5FBB709B6" box="[985,1058,1729,1752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1426301AAD53C5FBB709B6" box="[985,1058,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Acacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
woodland in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301DCA53C5FA9709B6" box="[1214,1282,1729,1752]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
had a home range of
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301A3C53E5FC070996" box="[840,914,1761,1784]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="2.4">2.4 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301AE653DBFC0F0983" attach="left" box="[914,922,1759,1773]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7EFD72AE1426301ABA53E5FBA20996" box="[974,1079,1761,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" type="juvenile">2 juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||
females had home ranges of 5.6 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301CB053E5FCFF0876" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.17" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="21.7">21.7 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301A1E53FBFCE70863" attach="left" box="[874,882,1791,1805]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301AF15205FBD00876" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[901,1093,1793,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although range size over a 16-month period in the Bale Mountains of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1426301DEB5225FB6D0856" box="[1183,1272,1825,1848]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301CF55225FCFF0836" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.805" metricValueMax="4.82" metricValueMin="0.79" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="28.05" valueMax="48.2" valueMin="7.9">7.9 to 48.2 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301A1E523BFCE70823" attach="left" box="[874,882,1855,1869]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
for adults and from
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1426301D3F5245FB660836" box="[1099,1267,1857,1880]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" metricValueMax="6.4799999999999995" metricValueMin="2.42" pageId="5" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="44.5" valueMax="64.8" valueMin="24.2">24.2 to 64.8 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1426301D87523BFB6E0823" attach="left" box="[1267,1275,1855,1869]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="19">2</superScript>
|
||
for subadults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1426301CEE5245FC540816" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="19" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subadults may have larger home ranges as they explore and search for a mate and a territory. Home ranges of individuals within a social group tend to overlap (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE17263318ED540FFDB70E4C" author="KHIDAS, K." box="[409,546,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="361 - 375" refId="ref12114" refString="KHIDAS, K. 1990. Contribution a la connaissance du chacal dore. Facteurs modulant l'organisation sociale et territorial de la sous-espece algerienne (Canis aureus algirensis Wagner, 1841). Mammalia 54: 361 - 375." type="journal article" year="1990">Khidas 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331B46540FFC9C0E4C" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[562,777,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE17263319F9542FFE9E0E2C" box="[141,267,299,322]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, breeding pairs defend an average of 37.3 ha of cover but not the peripheral foraging areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331B24544FFC840E0C" author="JAEGER, M. M. & R. K. PANDIT & AND E." box="[592,785,331,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="768 - 775" refId="ref11906" refString="JAEGER, M. M., R. K. PANDIT, AND E. HAQUE. 1996. Season differences in territorial behavior by golden jackals in Bangladesh: howling versus confrontation. Journal of Mammalogy 77: 768 - 775." type="journal article" year="1996">Jaeger et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331919546FFF370EEC" author="JAEGER, M. M. & HAQUE, P. & SULTANA & AND R. L." box="[109,162,363,386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref11857" refString="JAEGER, M. M., E. HAQUE, P. SULTANA, AND R. L. BRUGGERS. 2007. Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agroecosystems of Bangladesh. Mammalia 71: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a male and female had home ranges of 1.1 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1726331BB5546FFC9F0EEC" box="[705,778,363,386]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" unit="km" value="0.6">0.6 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1726331A7D546DFC840E19" attach="left" box="[777,785,361,375]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">2</superScript>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331988548FFE260ECC" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[252,435,395,418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331893548FFDB10ECC" box="[487,548,395,418]" name="Israel" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, home and core ranges (km
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE17263319EC54ADFF350ED9" attach="right" box="[152,160,425,439]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">2</superScript>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE17263319B854AFFEA70EAC" box="[204,306,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE17263319B854AFFEA70EAC" box="[204,306,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near villages were about one-third of those in more natural areas (mean,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE17263318F054CFFE310E8C" box="[388,420,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">SD</emphasis>
|
||
): home, 6.6 (4.5) versus 21.2 (9.3); core, 1.2 (0.9) versus 3.5 (1.6—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE17263318C954EFFDEC0D6C" author="ROTEM, G. & BERGER, R. & KING, P. B." box="[445,633,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="132 - 136" refId="ref14072" refString="ROTEM, G., H. BERGER, R. KING, P. B. (KUTIEL) [SIC], AND D. SALTZ. 2011. The effect of anthropogenic resources on the space-use patterns of golden jackals. Journal of Wildlife Management 78: 132 - 136." type="journal article" year="2011">Rotem et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE17263319EC570FFF260DEC" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In the Serengeti, territories are maintained for up to 8 years albeit with changes in boundaries and size through time. Both members of the pair mark and defend the territory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331BD1574FFF370DEC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="20" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE17263319EC578FFD190B4C" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE17263319EC578FFF580DCD" bold="true" box="[152,205,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE172633187C578FFE1F0DCC" box="[264,394,651,674]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, rodents are the most common food (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE172633190257AFFEAB0DAC" author="JAEGER, M. M. & HAQUE, P. & SULTANA & AND R. L." box="[118,318,683,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref11857" refString="JAEGER, M. M., E. HAQUE, P. SULTANA, AND R. L. BRUGGERS. 2007. Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agroecosystems of Bangladesh. Mammalia 71: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2007">Jaeger et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE172633189857AFFDD90DAC" box="[492,588,683,706]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, rodents comprise 59.3% of the diet with brown hares (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331B7657CFFD2F0D8C" box="[514,698,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331B7657CFFD2F0D8C" box="[514,698,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Lepus europaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 20.1%) and plants (primarily fruit, 19.7%) as the next most common components (Markov and Lanszki 2012). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BCF819AE1726331B2A560FFD590C4C" box="[606,716,779,802]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Rajasthan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331BAD560FFC860C4C" box="[729,787,779,802]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, rodents make up 45% of the diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331885562FFD7D0C2C" author="MUKHERJEE, S. & GOYAL, A. J. T. & AND M. R. P." box="[497,744,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="405 - 411" refId="ref13438" refString="MUKHERJEE, S., S. P. GOYAL, A. J. T. J OHNSINGH, AND M. R. P. LEITE PITMAN. 2004. The importance of rodents in the diet of jungle cat (Felis chaus), caracal (Caracal caracal) and golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Zoology (London) 262: 405 - 411." type="journal article" year="2004">Mukherjee et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331919564FFF540C0C" box="[109,193,843,866]" name="Algeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mammals comprise about a one-third of the diet with 17–24% poultry and 12–27% insects depending on location (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331902568FFEC20CCC" author="AMROUN, N. & P. GIRAUDOUX & AND P." box="[118,343,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="247 - 254" refId="ref10093" refString="AMROUN, N., P. GIRAUDOUX, AND P. DELLATRE. 2006. A comparative study of the diets of two sympatric carnivores - the golden jackal (Canis aureus) and the common genet (Genetta genetta) - in Kabylia, Algeria. Mammalia 70: 247 - 254." type="journal article" year="2006">Amroun et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE17263318E0568FFE460CCC" box="[404,467,907,930]" name="Israel" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, domestic carrion may form a significant component of the diet along with fruit, birds, small mammals, and invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE172633188256CFFD7C0C8C" author="BORKOWSKI, J. & A. ZALEWSKI & AND R." box="[502,745,971,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="106 - 118" refId="ref10311" refString="BORKOWSKI, J., A. ZALEWSKI, AND R. MANOR. 2011. Diet composition of golden jackals in Israel. Annales Zoologici Fennici 48: 106 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">Borkowski et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE172633191956EFFF7A0B6C" box="[109,239,1003,1026]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 12 stomachs contained primarily carrion, poultry, and vegetation but no rodents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE17263318CB510FFDEE0B4C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[447,635,1035,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE17263319EC512FFD670AAC" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE172633199C512FFEC60B2C" box="[232,339,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE172633199C512FFF6F0B2C" box="[232,250,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE172633187F512FFEC60B2C" box="[267,339,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically hunt smaller prey like rodents and birds, using their hearing to locate rodents in the grass and then pouncing on them by leaping through the air, or digging out rodents from their burrows. However, single animals will also hunt Thomson’s gazelle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE17263318F451AFFDDC0BAC" box="[384,585,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Eudorcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomsonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE17263318F451AFFDDC0BAC" box="[384,585,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Eudorcas tomsonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) fawns. They have been observed to hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates that are sometimes 4–5 times their body weight (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970; Eisenberg and Lockhart 1972).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331BC6500FFC8D0A4C" box="[690,792,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331BC6500FFD510A4C" box="[690,708,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331BA4500FFC8D0A4C" box="[720,792,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Bale,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE17263319B9502FFEBF0A2C" box="[205,298,1323,1346]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, may be more solitary than elsewhere in the range, with individuals having been observed foraging alone on 87% of occasions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE172633184B506FFD810AEC" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[319,532,1387,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is likely because food resources were widely dispersed and rarely concentrated enough for jackals to forage in groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331B6750AFFD770AAC" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[531,738,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE17263319EC50CFFBAE0D2C" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1922]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In the Serengeti, mated pairs will hunt cooperatively and regularly kill Thomson Gazelle fawns and occasionally adults; pairs have a higher kill rate than individuals (Wyman 1967;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331919532FFF78092C" author="KRUUK, H." box="[109,237,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" refId="ref12349" refString="KRUUK, H. 1972. The spotted hyena. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1972">Kruuk 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE172633198E532FFE0D092C" author="ROSEVEAR, D. R." box="[250,408,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" refId="ref14043" refString="ROSEVEAR, D. R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1974">Rosevear 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cooperative hunting permits them to harvest much larger prey in areas where they are available Temu et al. 2017. In the Ngorongoro Crater,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331B39536FFD2109EC" box="[589,692,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331B39536FFD2109EC" box="[589,692,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pairs cooperatively killed Thomson’s gazelle fawns and occasionally killed adult Thomson’s gazelle. Individuals successfully hunted Abdim’s storks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE172633186953CFFE5D098C" box="[285,456,1739,1762]" class="Aves" family="Ciconiidae" genus="Ciconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ciconiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abdimii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE172633186953CFFE5D098C" box="[285,456,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Ciconia abdimii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and during Wildebeest calving season consumed the abundantly available placentas. There was one observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE172633184A520FFE32084C" box="[318,423,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE172633184A520FFE32084C" box="[318,423,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cooperatively killing and eating a bat-eared fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331864522FFE4E082C" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[272,475,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Otocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331864522FFE4E082C" box="[272,475,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Otocyon megalotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Temu et al. 2017). Golden jackals consumed significantly more grams of food per hour of foraging when compared with sympatric Silver-backed jackals (Temu et al. 2016). In some areas, particularly where food resources are clumped, aggregations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DAD55EFFAD50E6C" box="[1241,1344,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DAD55EFFB7E0E6C" box="[1241,1259,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D8C55EFFAD50E6C" box="[1272,1344,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may occur, such as 14 jackals on a carcass in Ngorongoro (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970) and aggregations of 5–18 jackals scavenging on carcasses of large ungulates in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331C66544FFADC0E0C" box="[1298,1353,331,354]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Y. V. Jhala, in litt.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AF3546FFC660EEC" box="[903,1011,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AF3546FFC660EEC" box="[903,1011,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will cache excess food (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331D11548FFB0B0ECC" box="[1125,1182,395,418]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they will kill poultry as well as young and weak sheep and goats (Jhala and Moehlman 2004), and will venture into human habitation at night to feed on garbage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331AFA54EFFBC60D6C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[910,1107,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Golan Heights, 1.5–1.9% of domestic calves are killed by predators, primarily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331CF2570FFBA30D2C" authority="(Yom-Tov et al. 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Yom-Tov" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CF2570FFA0D0D4C" box="[1414,1432,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CDF570FFA660D4C" box="[1451,1523,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(Yom-Tov et al. 1995)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1726331A07574FFAC00C6C" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In the Serengeti,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D41574FFB350D0C" box="[1077,1184,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D41574FFBD20D0C" box="[1077,1095,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D2C574FFB350D0C" box="[1112,1184,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scavenges the kills of spotted hyenas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AD3576FFBCD0DEC" authority="crocuta" box="[935,1112,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AD3576FFBCD0DEC" box="[935,1112,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Crocuta crocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and lions (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D9C576FFAE00DEC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1256,1397,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D9C576FFAE00DEC" box="[1256,1397,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Panthera leo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and leopards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AFC578FFBA80DCC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[904,1085,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AFC578FFBA80DCC" box="[904,1085,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Panthera pardus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331AF857AFFBA90DAC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[908,1084,683,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Serengeti during the dry season,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C57CFFC240D8C" box="[840,945,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C57CFFCCF0D8C" box="[840,858,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A1D57CFFC240D8C" box="[873,945,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have access to free standing water and can tolerate dry habitats (Moehlman and Jhala 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1726331A07560FFC5A0A6C" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A07560FFB1C0C4D" bold="true" box="[883,1161,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—In the Serengeti, blood of 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C562FFC750C2C" box="[840,992,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C562FFC750C2C" box="[840,992,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males was negative for leptospirosis, canine distemper, canine brucellosis, rabies, rinderpest, African horse sickness, and rift valley fever. Both individuals had titers for canine adenovirus and canine coronavirus. The older male was positive for canine parvovirus (Karesh
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1726331A3C56CFFC0B0C8C" box="[840,926,971,994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0546" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="1990.0">1990 in</quantity>
|
||
litt.). In 1994 during an outbreak of distemper, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C56EFFC210B6C" box="[840,948,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C56EFFCCF0B6C" box="[840,858,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A1D56EFFC210B6C" box="[873,948,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tested positive for canine distemper virus (Roelke-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331A3C510FFB810B4C" author="PARKER, M. E." box="[840,1044,1035,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="441 - 445" refId="ref14010" refString="ROELKE- PARKER, M. E., ET AL. 1996. A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo). Nature 379: 441 - 445." type="journal article" year="1996">Parker et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 2011, samples collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331CDF510FFCE20B2C" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CDF510FFA280B4C" box="[1451,1469,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CBA510FFCE20B2C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pups were positive for canine distemper virus, but only 1 death was observed (Olarte-Castillo et al. 2015). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331CDF514FFA670B0C" box="[1451,1522,1099,1122]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1987–1988) testing for canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine distemper virus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D7C518FFB200BCC" box="[1032,1205,1163,1186]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Ehrlichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D7C518FFB200BCC" box="[1032,1205,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Ehrlichia canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and rabies indicated that 9 of 16 individuals were positive for CPV-2; all were negative for canine distemper virus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DFC51CFFB710B8C" box="[1160,1252,1227,1250]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Ehrlichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DFC51CFFB710B8C" box="[1160,1252,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">E. canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and rabies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331C0B51CFFC2B0A6C" author="ALEXANDER, K. A. & KAT, R. K. & WAYNE & AND T. K." pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="486 - 491" refId="ref9978" refString="ALEXANDER, K. A., P. W. KAT, R. K. WAYNE, AND T. K. FULLER. 1994. Serologic survey of selected canine pathogens among free-ranging jackals in Kenya. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30: 486 - 491." type="journal article" year="1994">Alexander et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1726331A07500FFC5D0A8C" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331AE5500FFC5A0A4C" box="[913,975,1291,1314]" name="Israel" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a serological survey indicated the presence of canine distemper virus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D44502FFB130A2C" box="[1072,1158,1323,1346]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Ehrlichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D44502FFB130A2C" box="[1072,1158,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">E. canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DB6502FFA3E0A2C" box="[1218,1451,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Leshimania infantum.</emphasis>
|
||
Blood smears in one individual revealed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DB8504FFC550AEC" authority="(Shamir et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Shamir" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Hepatazoon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DB8504FFA040A0C" box="[1228,1425,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Hepatazoon canis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331CD2504FFC220AEC" author="SHAMIR, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="66 - 72" refId="ref14292" refString="SHAMIR, M., ET AL. 2001. Antibodies to selected canine pathogens and infestation with intestinal helminths in golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Israel. Veterinary Journal 162: 66 - 72." type="journal article" year="2001">Shamir et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AB9506FFB090AEC" box="[973,1180,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Leshimania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AB9506FFB090AEC" box="[973,1180,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Leshimania tropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also known from Israeli jackals (Talmi-Frank et al. 2010). Six of 8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D85508FFACE0ACC" box="[1265,1371,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D85508FFA960ACC" box="[1265,1283,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331C67508FFACE0ACC" box="[1299,1371,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were positive for
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A0550AFFBCF0AAC" box="[881,1114,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Toxoplasmosis gondii</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331DD850AFFA0F0AAC" box="[1196,1434,1451,1474]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331CD850AFFC2D0A8C" author="DUBEY, J. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="195 - 203" refId="ref10757" refString="DUBEY, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Toxoplasmosis in sand cats (Felis margarita) and other animals in the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in the United Arab Emirates and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, the State of Qatar. Veterinary Parasitology 172: 195 - 203." type="journal article" year="2010">Dubey et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1726321A0750EFFD780D6C" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1922]" lastBlockId="7.[109,793,203,1442]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A0750EFFB96096C" box="[883,1027,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A0750EFFB96096C" box="[883,1027,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331D5850EFFBE5096C" box="[1068,1136,1515,1538]" name="Serbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had an infection rate of 46 out of 447 jackals (10.3%) of at least one helminth species and in total 12 species were identified: 2 trematodes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331C35532FFA51092C" baseAuthorityName="Goeze" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1345,1476,1579,1602]" class="Trematoda" family="Diplostomatidae" genus="Alaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostomida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331C35532FFA51092C" box="[1345,1476,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Alaria alata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C534FFB0D090C" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[840,1176,1611,1634]" class="Trematoda" family="Opisthorchiidae" genus="Pseudamphistomum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="truncatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C534FFB0D090C" box="[840,1176,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Pseudamphistomum truncatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 3 nematodes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331C31534FFA79090C" baseAuthorityName="Werner" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1349,1516,1611,1634]" class="Secernentea" family="Ascarididae" genus="Toxocara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ascaridida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331C31534FFA79090C" box="[1349,1516,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Toxocara canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C536FFBA709EC" baseAuthorityName="Ercolani" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[840,1074,1643,1666]" class="Secernentea" family="Ancylostomatidae" genus="Ancylostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="caninum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C536FFBA709EC" box="[840,1074,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Ancylostoma caninum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D1C536FFB6B09EC" authorityName="Molin" authorityYear="1857" box="[1128,1278,1643,1666]" class="Secernentea" family="Gongylonematidae" genus="Gongylonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D1C536FFB6B09EC" box="[1128,1278,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Gongylonema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 7 cestodes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331CDF536FFC2609CC" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1780" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pisiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CDF536FFC2609CC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Taenia pisiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AB0538FFB1909CC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[964,1164,1675,1698]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hydatigena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AB0538FFB1909CC" box="[964,1164,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Taenia hydatigena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DEA538FFAED09CC" authority="multiceps" box="[1182,1400,1675,1698]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Multiceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="multiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DEA538FFAED09CC" box="[1182,1400,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Multiceps multiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331CFD538FFC0209AC" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Multiceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="serialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CFD538FFC0209AC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Multiceps serialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331ADE53AFFA0809AC" authority=", Macrocanthorynchus" authorityName="Macrocanthorynchus" box="[938,1437,1707,1730]" class="Cestoda" family="Mesocestoididae" genus="Mesocestoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331ADE53AFFB3309AC" box="[938,1190,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Mesocestoides lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DCE53AFFA0809AC" box="[1210,1437,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Macrocanthorynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CDD53AFFC07098C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">hirudinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331ABB53CFFADE098C" authority="(Cirovic et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Cirovic" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[975,1355,1738,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Onicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331ABB53CFFBF1098C" box="[975,1124,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Onicola canis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331D0153CEFAD5098C" author="CIROVIC, D., I. & PAVLOVIC, A. & PENEZIC, Z. & AND S." box="[1141,1344,1738,1763]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="28 - 33" refId="ref10404" refString="CIROVIC, D., I. PAVLOVIC, A. PENEZIC, Z. KULIsIC, AND S. SELAKOVIC. 2015. Levels of infection of intestinal helminth species in the golden jackal Canis aureus from Serbia. Journal of Helminthology 89: 28 - 33." type="journal article" year="2015">Ćirović et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331C0153CFFA26098C" box="[1397,1459,1739,1762]" name="Israel" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fecal samples had
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331AA653EFFBD9086C" baseAuthorityName="Ercolani" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[978,1100,1771,1794]" class="Secernentea" family="Ancylostomatidae" genus="Ancylostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="caninum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331AA653EFFBD9086C" box="[978,1100,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">A. caninum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DF453EFFC1D084C" authority="(Shamir et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Shamir" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Cestoda" family="Dilepididae" genus="Dipylidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="caninum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DF453EFFACE086C" box="[1152,1371,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Dipylidium caninum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331C1F53EFFCE8084C" author="SHAMIR, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="66 - 72" refId="ref14292" refString="SHAMIR, M., ET AL. 2001. Antibodies to selected canine pathogens and infestation with intestinal helminths in golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Israel. Veterinary Journal 162: 66 - 72." type="journal article" year="2001">Shamir et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331AC6520FFB81084C" box="[946,1044,1803,1826]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fecal samples from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331D81520FFAC8084C" box="[1269,1373,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331D81520FFA92084C" box="[1269,1287,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331C61520FFAC8084C" box="[1301,1373,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331CE7520FFA79084C" box="[1427,1516,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Coccida</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C522FFC4B082C" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1882" box="[840,990,1835,1858]" class="Secernentea" family="Ancylostomatidae" genus="Ancyclostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C522FFC4B082C" box="[840,990,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Ancyclostoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A99522FFBC3082C" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[1005,1110,1835,1858]" class="Arachnida" family="Psoroptidae" genus="Psoroptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A99522FFBC3082C" box="[1005,1110,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Psoroptes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DE2522FFB7E082C" box="[1174,1259,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Onicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DE2522FFB7E082C" box="[1174,1259,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">T. canis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(W. B. Karesh, in litt.). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331A1B524FFC47080C" box="[879,978,1867,1890]" name="Romania" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Rumania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the roundworm,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331DDF524FFAE2080C" box="[1195,1399,1867,1890]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichinellidae" genus="Trichinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichocephalida" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="britovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331DDF524FFAE2080C" box="[1195,1399,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Trichinella britovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1726331A3C526FFB1708EC" authority="(Blaga et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Blaga" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[840,1154,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A3C526FFCCF08EC" box="[840,858,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1726331A1C526FFC2508EC" box="[872,944,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1726331AB4526FFBE208EC" author="BLAGA, R. & GHERMAN, D. & SEUCOM, V. & COZMA & AND P." box="[960,1143,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="20" pagination="457 - 459" refId="ref10261" refString="BLAGA, R., C. GHERMAN, D. SEUCOM, V. COZMA, AND P. BOIREAU. 2008. First identification of Trichinella sp. in golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Romania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 457 - 459." type="journal article" year="2008">Blaga et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331DD8526FFAB108EC" box="[1196,1316,1899,1922]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1726331C2D526FFA7A08EC" box="[1369,1519,1899,1922]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="20">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Ministries of Health (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE16263218F155CFFDBD0F8C" author="BERDYEVA, A. T." box="[389,552,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref10238" refString="BERDYEVA, A. T. 1998. Dracunculiasis eradication in Turkmenistan. Country Report by the Ministry of Health, Turkmenistan." type="book" year="1998">Berdyeva 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; L. M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321BF455CFFE250E6C" author="ISAEV INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref12719" refString="L. M. ISAEV INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY. 1998. Dracunculiasis eradication in Uzbekistan. Country Report to the Ministry of Health, Uzbekistan." type="book" year="1998">Isaev Institute of Medical Parasitology 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B2155EFFD2A0E6C" box="[597,703,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B2155EFFDF20E6C" box="[597,615,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B0355EFFD2A0E6C" box="[631,703,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be infected with the guinea worm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218CE540FFD4C0E4C" box="[442,729,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Dracunculiasis medinensis</emphasis>
|
||
; thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321919542FFF430E2C" box="[109,214,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321919542FFFEA0E2C" box="[109,127,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219FA542FFF430E2C" box="[142,214,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
potentially can infect water sources. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321BF8542FFD2B0E2C" box="[652,702,299,322]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a subadult male had 2 ectoparasitic species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B7E544FFC840E0C" box="[522,785,331,354]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B7E544FFC840E0C" box="[522,785,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Dermacentor reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321919546FFE900EEC" box="[109,261,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Isodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321919546FFE900EEC" box="[109,261,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Isodes ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 1 endoparasitic species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B24546FFE060ECC" authority="(Lapini et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Lapini" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Trematoda" family="Heterophyidae" genus="Metagonimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="yokogawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B24546FFF2E0ECC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Metagonimus yokogawai</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE16263219BF548FFE1D0ECC" author="LAPINI, L. & MOLINARI, L. & DORIGO, G. & ARE & AND P." box="[203,392,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="169 - 186" refId="ref12529" refString="LAPINI, L., P. MOLINARI, L. DORIGO, G. ARE, AND P. BERALDO. 2009. Reproduction of the golden jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus I. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1835) in Julian Pre-Alps, with new data on its range-expansion in the High-Adriatic Hinterland. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 60: 169 - 186." type="journal article" year="2009">Lapini et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218A6548FFDAC0ECC" box="[466,569,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218A6548FFE710ECC" box="[466,484,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321885548FFDAC0ECC" box="[497,569,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321B0E548FFD5C0ECC" box="[634,713,395,418]" name="Tunisia" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
had 72 tapeworms,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632198654AFFD900EAC" baseAuthorityName="Batsch" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[242,517,427,450]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Echinococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632198654AFFD900EAC" box="[242,517,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Echinococcus granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while 4 others had fecal evidence of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE16263218F754CFFDCD0E8C" author="LAHMAR, S." box="[387,600,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="323 - 331" refId="ref12433" refString="LAHMAR, S., ET AL. 2009. Echinococcus in the wild carnivores and stray dogs of northern Tunisia: the results of a pilot survey. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 103: 323 - 331." type="journal article" year="2009">Lahmar et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The protozoan,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632191954EFFE8C0D6C" box="[109,281,491,514]" class="Labyrinthulea" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bigyra" rank="species" species="gibsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632191954EFFE8C0D6C" box="[109,281,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Babesia gibsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, may use
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218F154EFFE790D6C" box="[389,492,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218F154EFFE790D6C" box="[389,492,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B2954EFFD480D6C" author="PATTON, W. S." box="[605,733,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="274 - 280" refId="ref13729" refString="PATTON, W. S. 1910. Preliminary report on a new piroplasm (Piroplasma gibsoni sp. nov.) found in the blood of the hounds of the Madras Hunt and subsequently discovered in the blood of the jackal Canis aureus. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 3: 274 - 280." type="journal article" year="1910">Patton 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263219EC570FFD7C0D8C" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219EC570FFE200D4D" bold="true" box="[152,437,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—In East Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B06570FFC950D4C" box="[626,768,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B06570FFC950D4C" box="[626,768,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632186C572FFE250D2C" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[280,432,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632186C572FFE250D2C" box="[280,432,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C. mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321892572FFDCF0D2C" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[486,602,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321892572FFDCF0D2C" box="[486,602,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C. adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Skull characters indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321874574FFEFE0D0C" box="[256,363,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321874574FFE870D0C" box="[256,274,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321856574FFEFE0D0C" box="[290,363,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more carnivorous than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321BD7574FFC8D0D0C" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[675,792,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321BD7574FFC8D0D0C" box="[675,792,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C. adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and less carnivorous than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218FE576FFE970DCC" authority="(van Valkenburgh and Wayne 1994)" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218FE576FFDB70DEC" box="[394,546,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C. mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
(van Valkenburgh and Wayne 1994)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE162632185B578FFE1A0DCC" box="[303,399,651,674]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
, dietary overlap between sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632191957AFFF430DAC" box="[109,214,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632191957AFFFEA0DAC" box="[109,127,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219F957AFFF430DAC" box="[141,214,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and red foxes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218F557AFFD800DAC" authority="vulpes" box="[385,533,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218F557AFFD800DAC" box="[385,533,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is high at 73% as both primarily eat small mammals <
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE16263218BE57CFFE6C0D8C" box="[458,505,715,738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" unit="g" value="50.0">50 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B7D57CFFD4C0D8C" author="LANSZKI, J. & M. HELTAI & AND L." box="[521,729,715,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="1647 - 1656" refId="ref12474" refString="LANSZKI, J., M. HELTAI, AND L. SZABo. 2006. Feeding habits and trophic niche overlap between sympatric golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Pannonian ecoregion (Hungary). Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 1647 - 1656." type="journal article" year="2006">Lanszki et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263219EC57EFFDE40BCC" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In East Africa, spotted hyenas will kill and feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321BA757EFFF0F0C4C" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321BA757EFFD700C6C" box="[723,741,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B8057EFFF0F0C4C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE16263219D8560FFEBB0C4C" author="KRUUK, H." box="[172,302,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref12349" refString="KRUUK, H. 1972. The spotted hyena. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1972">Kruuk 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE162632184B560FFE4F0C4C" author="KINGDON, J." box="[319,474,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref12154" refString="KINGDON, J. 1977. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in East Africa. Volume IIIA: carnivores. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1977">Kingdon 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Serengeti,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321BDB560FFC8D0C4C" box="[687,792,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321BDB560FFD540C4C" box="[687,705,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321BA4560FFC8D0C4C" box="[720,792,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
give a “warning yowl” when spotted hyenas approach their dens. The adult jackals then chase the hyenas and bite them on the rump or genitals. Honey badgers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218A1566FFD350CEC" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[469,672,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263218A1566FFD350CEC" box="[469,672,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Mellivora capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been observed near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321872568FFEF90CCC" box="[262,364,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321872568FFE8D0CCC" box="[262,280,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321850568FFEF90CCC" box="[292,364,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dens, but have always been chased away by the parents and helpers. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE16263218DB56AFFE7D0CAC" box="[431,488,939,962]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, striped hyenas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321BE856AFFF340C8C" authority="hyaena" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Hyaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321BE856AFFF340C8C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Hyaena hyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) may prey on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632183056CFFE380C8C" box="[324,429,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632183056CFFEC30C8C" box="[324,342,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632181156CFFE380C8C" box="[357,429,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Y. V. Jhala, in litt.) and pythons (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE162632190256EFFE8A0B6C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[118,287,1003,1026]" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" genus="Python" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632190256EFFE8A0B6C" box="[118,287,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Python molurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) can be major predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B5B56EFFD3D0B6C" author="SINGH, A. N." box="[559,680,1003,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="31 - 32" refId="ref14358" refString="SINGH, A. N. 1983. A study of diverse prey species of python (Python molurus) with special reference to its interaction with jackal (Canis aureus). Tigerpaper 10: 31 - 32." type="journal article" year="1983">Singh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321BAF56EFFC810B6C" box="[731,788,1003,1026]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263219D9510FFE860B4C" box="[173,275,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219D9510FFF2A0B4C" box="[173,191,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219BF510FFE860B4C" box="[203,275,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
approaches human habitation it may be killed by feral domestic dogs and death due to road kills increased during its breeding season (Y. V. Jhala, in litt.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B6E514FFD140B0C" box="[538,641,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B6E514FFDB90B0C" box="[538,556,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B4D514FFD140B0C" box="[569,641,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be killed as a side effect of predator control programs when it scavenges poisoned carcasses (Moehlman and Jhala 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263219EC51AFFEEB0ACC" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219EC51AFFED50BAD" bold="true" box="[152,320,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Miscellaneous.</emphasis>
|
||
—Capture methods include rubber-padded, steel, foot-hold traps, cage-type live traps, large box traps, and Victor steel traps with off-set jaws (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B3151EFFC850A6C" author="POCHE, R. M. & EVANS, P. & SULTANA, M. E. & HAGUE, R. & STERNER & AND M. A." box="[581,784,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="259 - 270" refId="ref13838" refString="POCHE, R. M., S. J. EVANS, P. SULTANA, M. E. HAGUE, R. STERNER, AND M. A. SIDDIQUE. 1987. Notes on the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Bangladesh. Mammalia 51: 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1987">Poché et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321919500FFEA10A4C" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[109,308,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321832500FFDB30A4C" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[326,550,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B4E500FFC9D0A4C" author="ROTEM, G. & BERGER, R. & KING, P. B." box="[570,776,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="132 - 136" refId="ref14072" refString="ROTEM, G., H. BERGER, R. KING, P. B. (KUTIEL) [SIC], AND D. SALTZ. 2011. The effect of anthropogenic resources on the space-use patterns of golden jackals. Journal of Wildlife Management 78: 132 - 136." type="journal article" year="2011">Rotem et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differences in white markings on throat and chest may allow individual identification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE162632180B504FFDA00A0C" author="MACDONALD, D. W." box="[383,565,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref12786" refString="MACDONALD, D. W. 1979. The flexible social system of the golden jackal, Canis aureus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 17 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Macdonald 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unique facial scars and naturally notched ears can be used to identify individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321903508FFEBC0ACC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[119,297,1419,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321843508FFEF80ACC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[311,365,1419,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE162632181350D2FD2309BF" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE162632181350D2FD8A0A9E" blockId="7.[359,543,1494,1520]" box="[359,543,1494,1520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE162632181350D2FD8A0A9E" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[359,543,1494,1520]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE162632181350D2FD8A0A9E" bold="true" box="[359,543,1494,1520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263219EC531EFD2309BF" blockId="7.[109,793,1562,1745]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
As of
|
||
<date id="FFC6103BAE16263219AD531EFEC8095F" box="[217,349,1562,1585]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" value="2000-03">March 2000</date>
|
||
, approximately 193
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B42531EFD56095F" box="[566,707,1562,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B42531EFD56095F" box="[566,707,1562,1585]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were in Indian zoos (Jhala and Moehlman 2004).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321B4C533EFD37093F" box="[568,674,1594,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B4C533EFDDF093F" box="[568,586,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321B2E533EFD37093F" box="[602,674,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been raised in captivity for behavioral studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321B4A535EFD26091F" author="SEITZ, V. A." box="[574,691,1626,1649]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="747 - 771" refId="ref14265" refString="SEITZ, V. A. 1959. Beobachtungen an Handaufgezogenen Goldschakalen (Canis aureus aligirensis). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 16: 747 - 771." type="journal article" year="1959">Seitz 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wandry 1975). Individuals were housed in a kennel of
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1626321B2B537EFD3609FF" box="[607,675,1658,1681]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="225.0">225 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE1626321BD7537CFD3E09E8" attach="left" box="[675,683,1656,1670]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">2</superScript>
|
||
which included 5 separate and interconnected areas/cages. Each cage had a large box with a tunnel-like entrance (Wandry 1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE16263D1801520CFC8D0BCC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1626321801520CFD85084C" blockId="7.[373,528,1800,1826]" box="[373,528,1800,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE1626321801520CFD85084C" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,1800,1826]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321801520CFD85084C" bold="true" box="[373,528,1800,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263219EC524FFC8D08CC" blockId="7.[109,792,1867,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219EC524FFDB1080C" box="[152,548,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE16263219EC524FFEE3080D" bold="true" box="[152,374,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Grouping behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE16263218E5524FFDB1080C" box="[401,548,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">Canis aureus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are typically monogamous but can potentially be socially flexible depending on demography and food resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE16263218A8528FFD0608CC" author="MACDONALD, D. W." box="[476,659,1931,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="17 - 38" refId="ref12786" refString="MACDONALD, D. W. 1979. The flexible social system of the golden jackal, Canis aureus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 17 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Macdonald 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321BD7528FFC8D08CC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[675,792,1931,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1626321A3C55CFFAA60DCC" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
1983,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AE555CFFC520F8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[913,967,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AAE55CFFB850F8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[986,1040,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D5755CFFB790F8C" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[1059,1260,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Moehlman and Hofer 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AFE55EFFBCE0E6C" author="ADMASU, E. & THIRGOOD, A. & BEKELE & AND K. M." box="[906,1115,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref9932" refString="ADMASU, E., S. J. THIRGOOD, A. BEKELE, AND K. M. LAURENSON. 2004. Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian highlands. African Journal of Ecology 42: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2004">Admasu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The basic social unit is the breeding pair and some offspring from the previous year’s litter may remain with the parents and help to raise the current littler of pups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321A25544FFB910E0C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[849,1028,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D67544FFBDC0E0C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1043,1097,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D2C544FFB1B0E0C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1112,1166,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321DB7544FFAB20E0C" box="[1219,1319,331,354]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321C47544FFA090E0C" box="[1331,1436,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321C47544FFAD00E0C" box="[1331,1349,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321C27544FFA090E0C" box="[1363,1436,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually form long-term pair bonds which can last for up to 6 years. The bonded pair is territorial and both male and female mark within and on the boundaries of their territory and defend their territories against intruders. Same sex aggression is the norm with the territorial male attacking intruding males and females attacking intruding females. The pair hunt together, share food, and cooperatively rear their young (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321DD1572FFACD0D2C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1189,1368,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321C13572FFA080D2C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1383,1437,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321CD8572FFA770D2C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1452,1506,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moehlman and Hofer (1997) give average group size as 2.5 (Serengeti,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321AB3576FFBB80DEC" box="[967,1069,619,642]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), similar to average group size (3;
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321CDB576FFA290DEC" box="[1455,1468,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7) in Velavadar N. P.,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321D6C578FFBC50DCC" box="[1048,1104,651,674]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Y. V. Jhala, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1626321A0757AFFB580BCC" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321A0757AFFAB40DAC" box="[883,1313,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321A0757AFFBE10DAD" bold="true" box="[883,1140,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Reproductive behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321DFA57AFFAB40DAC" box="[1166,1313,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">Canis aureus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a strong pair bond which normally lasts for its lifetime (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321C4C57CFFA790D8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1336,1516,715,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321A3C57EFFCE80C6C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[840,893,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AFF57EFFC550C6C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[907,960,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mating involves a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes (Golani and Mendelssohn 1971; Golani and Keller 1975). Pups are born in an underground den and normally emerge at about 3 weeks of age. Once pups emerge from the den they are fed solid food by adults regurgitating to them in addition to nursing. The origin of the dens can vary. Some authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321A3C56AFFC720CAC" author="ROSEVEAR, D. R." box="[840,999,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14043" refString="ROSEVEAR, D. R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1974">Rosevear 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) report the use of existing aardvark
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321C0356AFFCE60C8C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Oryceropus afer</emphasis>
|
||
or warthog
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321D7256CFFB080C8C" box="[1030,1181,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321D7256CFFB080C8C" box="[1030,1181,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Phacochoerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
burrows, but in the Serengeti this is unlikely as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321D6456EFFBED0B6C" box="[1040,1144,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321D6456EFFBB70B6C" box="[1040,1058,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321D4556EFFBED0B6C" box="[1073,1144,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
den openings are too small for either of these species (Jhala and Moehlman 2004). Earthen dens may have 1–3 openings and are typically about
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1626321C3E512FFA1B0B2C" box="[1354,1422,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 m</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4C809B1EAE1626321A3C514FFC350B0C" box="[840,928,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 m</quantity>
|
||
deep (Jhala and Moehlman 2004). Pups may be moved to different dens 2–4 times during their first 14 weeks of development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AF8518FFBAF0BCC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[908,1082,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D33518FFBE90BCC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1095,1148,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321DFD518FFB2B0BCC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1161,1214,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1626321A0751AFFB180A8C" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE1626321AFB51AFFC640BAC" box="[911,1009,1195,1218]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321A8851AFFBF10BAC" box="[1020,1124,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321A8851AFFB9B0BAC" box="[1020,1038,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321D6851AFFBF10BAC" box="[1052,1124,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically produces litters once a year during the wet season (December to February) when the large migratory herds of wildebeest (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321DD151EFFA0A0A6C" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1189,1439,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Connochaetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321DD151EFFA0A0A6C" box="[1189,1439,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Connochaetes taurinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), zebra (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321A25500FFC690A4C" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[849,1020,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321A25500FFC690A4C" box="[849,1020,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Equus burchelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Thomson’s gazelles are present on the short-grass plains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D6C502FFB2E0A2C" author="MADDOCK, L." box="[1048,1211,1323,1346]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref12872" refString="MADDOCK, L. 1979. The " migration " and grazing succession. Pp. 104 - 129 in Serengeti, dynamics of an ecosystem (A. R. E. Sinclair and M. Norton-Griffiths, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1979">Maddock 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321C28502FFA530A2C" box="[1372,1478,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321C28502FFAFB0A2C" box="[1372,1390,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321C0A502FFA530A2C" box="[1406,1478,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has pups, food items ranging in size from dung beetles to Thomson’s gazelle fawns are abundant.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE1626321DFC506FFB610AEC" box="[1160,1268,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321DFC506FFB0F0AEC" box="[1160,1178,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321DD8506FFB610AEC" box="[1196,1268,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also scavenges at carcasses of wildebeest and zebra that are killed by larger predators, mainly spotted hyenas (van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AFF50CFFBAE0A8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[907,1083,1483,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D3C50CFFBE80A8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1096,1149,1483,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE1626321A0750EFFAA0086C" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In the Serengeti since mated pairs are monogamous with long-term bonds, sequential litters are full siblings as confirmed by genetic analysis of microsatellite DNA (P. D. Moehlman, in litt.). The male provisions the female while she is pregnant and both the male and the helpers (the previous years pups) provide the female with food while she is lactating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321C4D538FFA7909CC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1337,1516,1675,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321A3C53AFFCE809AC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[840,893,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321AFD53AFFC2B09AC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[905,958,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Moehlman and Hofer 1997). The presence of helpers correlates significantly with a higher pup survival (Macdonald and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321A0153EFFBB1086C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[885,1060,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D4753EFFB77086C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1075,1250,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">Moehlman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE1626321D8453EFFAB0086C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[1264,1317,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="21" refId="ref13145" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143 - 163 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE16263D1A07520FFE3B0D0C" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[109,793,203,1186]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE1626321A07520FFBBB084D" bold="true" box="[883,1070,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="21">Communication.</emphasis>
|
||
—Territories are maintained indirectly by scent marking and vocalizations. Both members of a pair use a raised-leg urination posture to scent mark grass tufts, bushes, and trees at nose height. Urination with a raised rear leg instead of squatting is considered to be a ‘marking posture’ and indicates that the individual is a territory holder and on its territory. Marking, for example “raised-leg” urinations indicate that an individual is a territory holder and on its territory. When a territorial male or female leaves their area they do not “mark.” Both the boundary and the area within a territory are “marked.” When foraging with their mate, territorial individuals mark at twice the frequency as when they are foraging alone. When travelling together they mark the same spot in tandem (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D19A454CFFE100E8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[208,389,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18E254CFFE590E8C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[406,460,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13094" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. Pp. 64 - 86 in Ecological aspects of social evolution (D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of scent from both members of the pair may advertise to potential intruders that they are both actively in residence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1B6E570FFD590D4C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[538,716,523,546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such scent marks are considered to play an important role in territorial defense (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1988574FFE080D0C" author="ROSEVEAR, D. R." box="[252,413,587,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref14043" refString="ROSEVEAR, D. R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1974">Rosevear 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D19EC576FFC900B4C" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Affiliative behaviors like greeting ceremonies, grooming, and group vocalizations are common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B62578FFDE90DCC" box="[534,636,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B62578FFDBD0DCC" box="[534,552,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B40578FFDE90DCC" box="[564,636,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
social interactions (Van Lawick and van Lawick-Goodall 1970; Golani and Keller 1975). Vocalization consists of a complex howl repertoire beginning with 2–3 simple low-pitch howls and culminating in a high-pitched staccato of calls. In the Serengeti, individuals give reciprocal howls to locate their mates and family members. Families also occasionally group howl in response to neighboring family howls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1825566FFD950CEC" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[337,512,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar functions accrue to howling in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1866568FFE040CCC" box="[274,401,907,930]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, for territory maintenance and advertisement of dominance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18E356AFFDC20CAC" author="JAEGER, M. M. & R. K. PANDIT & AND E." box="[407,599,939,962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="768 - 775" refId="ref11906" refString="JAEGER, M. M., R. K. PANDIT, AND E. HAQUE. 1996. Season differences in territorial behavior by golden jackals in Bangladesh: howling versus confrontation. Journal of Mammalogy 77: 768 - 775." type="journal article" year="1996">Jaeger et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B1B56AFFD4D0CAC" box="[623,728,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B1B56AFFD140CAC" box="[623,641,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1BE456AFFD4D0CAC" box="[656,728,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a “rumble growl” and “predator bark” when potential predators like spotted hyenas approach a den with pups. Pups respond to these vocalizations by running into the den (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1B32510FFD600B4C" author="MOEHLMAN, P. D." box="[582,757,1035,1058]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13031" refString="MOEHLMAN, P. D. 1983. Socioecology of silverbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis aureus). Pp. 423 - 453 in Advances in the study of mammalian behavior (J. F. Eisenberg and D. G. Kleiman, eds.). American Society of Mammalogists Special Publications, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1983">Moehlman 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D19EC512FFC8D0BCC" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D19EC512FFE390B2D" bold="true" box="[152,428,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Miscellaneous behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1899512FFDA10B2C" box="[493,564,1067,1090]" name="Kenya" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B3C512FFD4A0B2C" box="[584,735,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B3C512FFD4A0B2C" box="[584,735,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was active during the day, as well as at dawn and dusk but not in the middle of the night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1827516FFD850BEC" author="FULLER, T. K. & BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. & KAT, B. VAN & VALKENBURGH & AND R. K." box="[339,528,1131,1154]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref11150" refString="FULLER, T. K., A. R. BIKNEVICIUS, P. W. KAT, B. VAN VALKENBURGH, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1989. The ecology of three sympatric jackal species in the Rift Valley of Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 27: 313 - 323." type="journal article" year="1989">Fuller et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1B3D516FFD5D0BEC" box="[585,712,1131,1154]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it preferred the cover of sugarcane during the day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1B24518FFC9D0BCC" author="JAEGER, M. M. & HAQUE, P. & SULTANA & AND R. L." box="[592,776,1163,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref11857" refString="JAEGER, M. M., E. HAQUE, P. SULTANA, AND R. L. BRUGGERS. 2007. Daytime cover, diet and space-use of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in agroecosystems of Bangladesh. Mammalia 71: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2007">Jaeger et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE19263D180351D9FAF20E4C" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE19263D180351D9FAF20E4C" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D180351D9FD9A0B99" blockId="8.[375,527,1245,1271]" box="[375,527,1245,1271]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE19263D180351D9FD9A0B99" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,1245,1271]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D180351D9FD9A0B99" bold="true" box="[375,527,1245,1271]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D19EC5025FD350956" blockId="8.[109,793,1313,1944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The diploid chromosome number (2N) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B195025FD680A56" box="[621,765,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B195025FD680A56" box="[621,765,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 78 (Wurster and Benirschke 1968). A total of 12–24 microsatellite loci from Israeli
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D181F5065FE400A16" box="[363,469,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D181F5065FE400A16" box="[363,469,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generated expected levels of heterozygosity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D186F5085FE4F0AF6" author="COHEN, T. M. & KING, A. & OLEV, A. & OLDO, A. & AND G. K." box="[283,474,1409,1432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref10554" refString="COHEN, T. M., R. KING, A. D OLEV, A. B OLDO, A. L ICHTER- PELED, AND G. K. BAR- GAL. 2013. Genetic characterization of populations of the golden jackal and the red fox in Israel. Conservation Genetics 14: 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="2013">Cohen et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Serbian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B1C5085FD450AF6" box="[616,720,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B1C5085FDEF0AF6" box="[616,634,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1BFC5085FD450AF6" box="[648,720,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mitochondrial DNA has no variation and nuclear variability is low (Zachos et al. 2009). The mitochondrial DNA control regions are variable across
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D183F50E5FE2D0A96" box="[331,440,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D183F50E5FE2D0A96" box="[331,440,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1B7050E5FDF70A96" box="[516,610,1505,1528]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1B0650E5FD2C0A96" box="[626,697,1505,1528]" name="Serbia" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1BBE50E5FC8C0A96" box="[714,793,1505,1528]" name="Croatia" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Dalmatia and Slavonia), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D18D95305FE4B0976" box="[429,478,1537,1560]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
and most genetically distinct in the population from Dalmatia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18A15325FD050956" author="FABBRI, E." box="[469,656,1569,1592]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="187 - 199" refId="ref11007" refString="FABBRI, E., ET AL. 2014. Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps). Conservation Genetics 15: 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="2014">Fabbri et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D19EC5345FEC809B6" blockId="8.[109,793,1313,1944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
A melanistic individual occurred in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1B5A5345FDEC0936" box="[558,633,1601,1624]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ambarli and Bilgin 2012). Other melanistic and piebald forms are known (Muller-Using 1975;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18245385FE4709F6" author="JERDON, T. C." box="[336,466,1665,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" refId="ref11950" refString="JERDON, T. C. 1984. A hand book of the mammals of India. Mittal Publishers, Delhi, India." type="book" year="1984">Jerdon 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hybridization with domestic dogs may occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D183453A5FE1A09D6" box="[320,399,1697,1720]" name="Croatia" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18D453A5FDC809D6" author="GALOV, A." box="[416,605,1697,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="150450" refId="ref11207" refString="GALOV, A., ET AL. 2015. First evidence of hybridization between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris) as revealed by genetic markers. Royal Society Open Science 2: 150450." type="journal article" year="2015">Galov et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but not in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1B9553A5FC8D09D6" box="[737,792,1697,1720]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Yumnam et al. 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D19EC53E5FAF20E4C" blockId="8.[109,793,1313,1944]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1522,203,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Genetic data suggest that
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D18CD53E5FDC40996" box="[441,593,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
C. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D188E53E5FDC40996" baseAuthorityName="Kurten" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[506,593,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupaster">lupaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
represents an ancient wolf lineage that most likely colonized Africa prior to the northern hemisphere radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D18B85225FD3C0856" author="RUENESS, E. K." box="[460,681,1825,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="16385" refId="ref14126" refString="RUENESS, E. K., ET AL. 2011. The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS One 6: e 16385." type="journal article" year="2011">Rueness et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1BEB5245FF750816" author="BARDELEBEN, C. & R. L. MOORE & AND R. K." pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="815 - 831" refId="ref10196" refString="BARDELEBEN, C., R. L. MOORE, AND R. K. WAYNE. 2005. A molecular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclear loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 815 - 831." type="journal article" year="2005">Bardeleben et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D18FD5265FE670816" box="[393,498,1889,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D18FD5265FE0E0816" box="[393,411,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D18DE5265FE670816" box="[426,498,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in a wolf-like clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D19BB5285FEF208F6" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1847" box="[207,359,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D19BB5285FEF208F6" box="[207,359,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Canis adustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D18035285FD9B08F6" baseAuthorityName="van Valkenburgh and Wayne" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[375,526,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mesomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D18035285FD9B08F6" box="[375,526,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. mesomelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1B695285FD3208F6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[541,679,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="familiaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1B695285FD3208F6" box="[541,679,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. familiaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1BC25285FC8708F6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[694,786,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1BC25285FC8708F6" box="[694,786,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1A3C55CFFC230F8C" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[840,950,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1A3C55CFFC230F8C" box="[840,950,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. latrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1AB355CFFBCE0F8C" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[967,1115,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1AB355CFFBCE0F8C" box="[967,1115,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Cuon alpinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1DE855CFFAA90F8C" box="[1180,1340,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1DE855CFFAAD0F8C" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1180,1336,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lycaon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pictus">Lycaon pictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A phylogeny of living canids based on 22 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial loci produced a similar wolf-like clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1DD5540FFAC20E4C" author="PERINI, F. A. & C. A. M. RUSSO & AND C. G." box="[1185,1367,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="311 - 322" refId="ref13787" refString="PERINI, F. A., C. A. M. RUSSO, AND C. G. SCHRAGO. 2010. The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 311 - 322." type="journal article" year="2010">Perini et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2F72F10AE19263D1D5E5459FBEE0CD6" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3626570AE19263D1D5E5459FBEE0CD6" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D1D5E5459FA840E19" blockId="8.[1066,1297,349,375]" box="[1066,1297,349,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading id="D08F8197AE19263D1D5E5459FA840E19" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,349,375]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1D5E5459FA840E19" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,349,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D1A0754A5FAC00DB6" blockId="8.[840,1523,417,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1A0754A5FB970ED6" box="[883,1026,417,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1A0754A5FB970ED6" box="[883,1026,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Canis aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is fairly common throughout its range and is listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List as “Least Concern” with at least 80,000 individuals on the Indian continent and an unknown number in Africa (Jhala and Moehlman 2008). This species is not listed in CITES. In the European Union,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1C6F5745FA140D36" box="[1307,1409,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1C6F5745FAB80D36" box="[1307,1325,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1C4D5745FA140D36" box="[1337,1409,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as an Annex V species and should be legally protected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1CF45765FC2C0DF6" author="RUTKOWSKI, R." pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="0141236" refId="ref14165" refString="RUTKOWSKI, R., ET AL. 2015. A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS One 10: e 0141236." type="journal article" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Trouwborst et al. 2015). As the expansion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1CDB5785FCE00DD6" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1CDB5785FCE00DD6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a natural long-range dispersal, it should not be considered an alien invasive species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1D2857C5FAD10DB6" author="RUTKOWSKI, R." box="[1116,1348,705,728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="0141236" refId="ref14165" refString="RUTKOWSKI, R., ET AL. 2015. A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS One 10: e 0141236." type="journal article" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC736FBAE19263D1A0757E5FBEE0CD6" blockId="8.[840,1523,417,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In the Serengeti–Ngorongoro ecosystem the population may be in decline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1A9E5605FB200C76" author="DURANT, S. & M. E & CRAFT, R. & HILBORN, S. & BASHIR, J. & HANDO & AND L." box="[1002,1205,769,792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="1490 - 1500" refId="ref10812" refString="DURANT, S., M. E. CRAFT, R. HILBORN, S. BASHIR, J. HANDO, AND L. THOMAS. 2011. Long-term trends in carnivore abundance using distance sampling in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 1490 - 1500." type="journal article" year="2011">Durant et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but it is still at a relatively high density (0.5 individuals per km
|
||
<superScript id="7C0D9BB3AE19263D1DB3561BFB5A0C43" attach="left" box="[1223,1231,799,813]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">2</superScript>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36F766BAE19263D1C765625FAC50C56" box="[1282,1360,801,824]" name="Greece" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the population has been declining from at least 1975 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B0AAE19263D1D8C5645FA760C36" author="GIANNATOS, G. & MARINOS, P. & MARAGOU & AND G." box="[1272,1507,833,856]" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" pagination="145 - 149" refId="ref11337" refString="GIANNATOS, G., Y. MARINOS, P. MARAGOU, AND G. CATSADORAKIS. 2005. The status of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 145 - 149." type="journal article" year="2005">Giannatos et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In areas where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C784D78AE19263D1A875665FBC80C16" box="[1011,1117,865,888]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1A875665FB900C16" box="[1011,1029,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90CEAE9AE19263D1D615665FBC80C16" box="[1045,1117,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="22">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perceived as a threat to livestock, it is often killed in indiscriminate predator control programs (Moehlman and Jhala 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |