237 lines
30 KiB
XML
237 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="A26A9BAD0917D1801C4E20EA30D8AD93" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3851.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5e639fea-f2a5-4151-9914-307ec6cc8335" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286921" ID-ZooBank="9840D64B-F08C-44E7-B2DC-4818F8FFDD4F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460882659438" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Twomey, Evan, Delia, Jesse & Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago" docDate="2014" docId="664887B1FFF2FF92FF7CFA22D1F7FDD5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03851p087.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3851 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum Lynch & Duellman 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="9A71FFC9FFD9FFBFFFEBFFE9D376FFE8" masterDocTitle="A review of Northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698358561061" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="89F3282365FF004FAC1D163C85E04342">
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<mods:title id="65D5870F2D8583A14C61E2C47EDA4415">A review of Northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EAD084F2C567AC8B1E733D840A64239E">Twomey, Evan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9FFE8E8DABABEC2109ED26ED3650DBA0">Delia, Jesse</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE43C684BE7E8013DFFB59C12ACEEA99">Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6CD0AFD04504F349B970EB995B27DD5B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C0CB0A0E0DD240567394DCB92865084D">
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<mods:date id="7EEA92A731953366CEB99E56E4829E52">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A318E131C2E52BA41E5A8571C7DC36ED">3851</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B9CC06E33943D5857D34FCF3BB5FD016" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3851.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="664887B1FFF2FF92FF7CFA22D1F7FDD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6136435" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127669027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6136435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:664887B1FFF2FF92FF7CFA22D1F7FDD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/664887B1FFF2FF92FF7CFA22D1F7FDD5" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFF2FF94FF7CFA22D275F9EE" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF94FF7CFA22D029FA0D" blockId="43.[151,863,1483,1542]" box="[151,863,1483,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="B51681CBFFF2FF94FF7CFA22D029FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,863,1483,1509]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FF7CFA22D029FA0D" ID-CoL="6MGTN" authority="Lynch & Duellman 1973" authorityName="Lynch & Duellman" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,863,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CFA22D029FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,863,1483,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CFA22D162FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,532,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF2FF94FDC9FA22D021FA0D" author="Lynch" box="[546,855,1483,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1973) A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 16, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1973">Lynch & Duellman 1973</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF94FF7CFA04D275F9EE" blockId="43.[151,863,1483,1542]" box="[151,259,1517,1542]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFF2FF94FF7CFA04D275F9EE" box="[151,259,1517,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,589,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,589,1719]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 26. Spider predation of Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum embryos. a) A spider was located near a male and three clutches. b) The spider was lightly tapped with a blade of grass, at which point it moved towards the clutch and removed an embryo. c) The male appeared to notice the predation, and d, e) began moving over the clutch towards the spider, however, the spider continued consuming the embryo. f) Several days later it appeared that the male had abandoned his territory. The spider had built a web over all three clutches and was seen to consume embryos over the course of several nights." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286950/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figure 26</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A6FB652CFFF2FF92FF7CF9DCD1F7FDD5" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF94FF7CF9DCD186F982" blockId="43.[151,1436,1589,1703]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FF7CF9DCD1D5F9A3" authority="Lynch and Duellman 1973" authorityName="Lynch and Duellman" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,675,1589,1611]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucida">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CF9DCD2F1F9A3" box="[151,391,1589,1611]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Centrolenella pellucida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF2FF94FE65F9DCD1D5F9A3" author="Lynch" box="[398,675,1589,1611]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1973) A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 16, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1973">Lynch and Duellman 1973</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFF2FF94FD46F9DCD07DF9A3" box="[685,779,1589,1611]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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KU 143298, an adult female collected from “Rio Azuela,
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<quantity id="29199B42FFF2FF94FA82F9DCD3ABF982" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1740.0">1740 m</quantity>
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, Quito-Lago Agrio road, Provincia Napo,
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF2FF94FD62F9BDD194F982" box="[649,738,1620,1642]" name="Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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”.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF94FF7CF99BD05EF960" blockId="43.[151,1436,1589,1703]" box="[151,808,1650,1672]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CF99BD29DF960" box="[151,491,1650,1672]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FF7CF99BD22BF960" ID-CoL="4ZDG" box="[151,349,1650,1672]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyalinobatrachium</taxonomicName>
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pellucidum—
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</emphasis>
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Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch 1991
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF94FF7CF978D1C9F94F" blockId="43.[151,1436,1589,1703]" box="[151,703,1681,1703]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FF7CF978D1C9F94F" ID-CoL="3MVZY" authority="Duellman and Schulte 1993" authorityName="Duellman and Schulte" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,703,1681,1703]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CF978D2E9F94F" box="[151,415,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hyalinobatrachium lemur</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF2FF94FE4EF978D1C9F94F" author="Duellman" box="[421,703,1681,1703]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF2FF93FF7CF93DD05DFF3C" blockId="43.[151,1436,1748,2025]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FF7CF93DD2B1F905" bold="true" box="[151,455,1748,1773]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Background information.</emphasis>
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This species was described from a single adult female (
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF2FF94FBDFF93DD63BF904" author="Lynch" box="[1076,1357,1748,1773]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1973) A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 16, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1973">Lynch & Duellman 1973</bibRefCitation>
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) based on the following characters: (1) heart visible in life (at the time, a state known only in two other species of Ecuadorian centrolenids), and (2) ulnar, anal, and tarsal folds present. Twenty years later,
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<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF2FF94FB74F8F5D397F8B0" author="Duellman" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Schulte, R. (1993) New species of centrolenid frogs from northern Peru. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 155, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman and Schulte (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FEB7F8D6D109F8B0" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[348,639,1855,1880]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FEB7F8D6D109F8B0" box="[348,639,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hyalinobatrachium lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the east-Andean versant of San Martín,
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF2FF94FB6EF8A9D7CAF8BF" box="[1157,1212,1856,1879]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. They diagnosed
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FA6AF8A8D3AEF895" ID-CoL="3MVZY" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FA6AF8A8D3AEF895" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FEF0F88CD2CFF895" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[283,441,1892,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FEF0F88CD2CFF895" box="[283,441,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of skin texture (smooth in
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FC86F88CD0A6F895" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[877,976,1892,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FC86F88CD0A6F895" box="[877,976,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vs. shagreened in
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FB76F88CD64DF895" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[1181,1339,1892,1917]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FB76F88CD64DF895" box="[1181,1339,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and the extent of webbing on Finger IV (webbing more extensive in
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FCA0F860D0D9F848" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[843,943,1927,1952]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FCA0F860D0D9F848" box="[843,943,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Castroviejo-Fisher
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FB4AF860D7ADF848" box="[1185,1243,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
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(2009) reviewed the
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<typeStatus id="315A8805FFF2FF94FF2BF844D386F82D" box="[192,240,1965,1989]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
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series of both
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FE78F844D144F82D" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[403,562,1964,1989]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FE78F844D144F82D" box="[403,562,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FD8CF844D1BFF82D" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[615,713,1964,1989]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FD8CF844D1BFF82D" box="[615,713,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as well as additional fresh specimens of the former species both from
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF2FF94FF33F839D243F801" box="[216,309,2000,2025]" name="Ecuador" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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and southern
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<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF2FF94FE36F838D162F800" box="[477,532,2001,2024]" name="Peru" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. They concluded that the characters originally used to diagnose
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF2FF94FAEEF838D61BF801" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[1285,1389,2000,2025]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF2FF94FAEEF838D61BF801" box="[1285,1389,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">H. lemur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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fell within the range of variability exhibited by
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<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FD69FF70D057FF58" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[642,801,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
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<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FD69FF70D057FF58" box="[642,801,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Thus, they designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FBC6FF70D7E7FF58" ID-CoL="3MVZY" box="[1069,1169,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemur">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FBC6FF70D7E7FF58" box="[1069,1169,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. lemur</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FF7CFF54D240FF3D" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[151,310,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FF7CFF54D240FF3D" box="[151,310,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and identify the
|
||
<typeStatus id="315A8805FFF5FF93FE18FF54D125FF3D" box="[499,595,189,213]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FD67FF54D052FF3D" ID-CoL="3MVZB" box="[652,804,188,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carlesvilai">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FD67FF54D052FF3D" box="[652,804,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. carlesvilai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF5FF93FF2CFF36D3B4FDF0" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FF2CFF36D233FF10" bold="true" box="[199,325,223,248]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New data.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens have now been found in the Cainarachi valley near Tarapoto, San Martín,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF5FF93FA82FF09D6EAFF1F" box="[1385,1436,224,247]" name="Peru" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFF5FF93FF74FEEDD251FEF5" box="[159,295,260,285]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="-6.421305">6°25'16.7''S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 76°17''
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFF5FF93FE90FEEDD2BAFEF5" box="[379,460,260,285]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="5555" value="-28.5">28.5W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFF5FF93FE3DFEEDD156FEF4" box="[470,544,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2299999999999995" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="523.0">523 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A704B56FFF5FF93FDD8FEECD183FEF4" box="[563,757,260,285]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refString="Wen, A., Vasquez, N. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2012) Description of the previously unknown advertisement calls of Hyalinobatrachium fragile, H. pellucidum, and Vitreorana antisthenesi (Amphibia: Centrolenidae). Zootaxa, 3480, 80 - 87." type="journal article">
|
||
Wen
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FD87FEECD1D2FEF5" box="[620,676,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred these specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FBDAFEECD7B9FEF5" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[1073,1231,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FBDAFEECD7B9FEF5" box="[1073,1231,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. pellucidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also provided a description of the advertisement call, which is described as a single, monotone note without amplitude modulation. Also, a gravid female MNCN 45953 was collected on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFF5FF93FC46FEA5D716FE8C" box="[941,1120,332,357]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2010-03-28">28 March 2010</date>
|
||
by M. Guerra Panaijo and Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher at Puente Chino on the Tocache-Pucallpa road, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFF5FF93FB75FE99D790FE60" box="[1182,1254,367,392]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="km" value="29.0">29 km</quantity>
|
||
NE from Tingo Maria (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFF5FF93FF1AFE7DD21DFE44" box="[241,363,404,428]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="-9.135841">9°8'9.03"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BD55060FFF5FF93FE94FE7DD15AFE45" box="[383,556,404,429]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="1" value="-75.78772">75°47'15.78"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFF5FF93FDD5FE7DD1EBFE44" box="[574,669,404,428]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.147" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="1147.0">1147 m</quantity>
|
||
), Ucayali,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="96F67637FFF5FF93FCCEFE7CD02DFE44" box="[805,859,405,428]" name="Peru" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FB50FE7CD62CFE45" ID-CoL="3MVZB" box="[1211,1370,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carlesvilai">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FB50FE7CD62CFE45" box="[1211,1370,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. carlesvilai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimen was found on the upper side of a tree leaf ~
|
||
<quantity id="29199B42FFF5FF93FCFBFE51D048FE27" box="[784,830,440,464]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
above the water level. This is the first report of this species for Ucayali. The identity of this specimen was confirmed by morphology and phylogenetic analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFF5FF93FA84FE35D3C2FDF0" captionStart="FIGURE 2 a" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2 a. Phylogeny of Centrolenidae, Allophrynidae, and outgroups. Strict consensus tree of 52 most parsimonious trees (cost = 16898 steps). Values above and below branches indicate jackknife and Goodman-Bremer support, respectively. a) outgroups, Allophrynidae, Celsiella, and Hyalinobatrachium; b) Nymphargus and Centrolene; c) Vitreorana, Teratohyla, Chimerella, Espadarana, Cochranella, Sachatamia, and Rulyrana." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286923/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BA9E662FFFF5FF93FF7CF925D7A7F8B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286950/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[151,1435,589,1718]" targetPageId="44">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF5FF93FF7CF925D7A7F8B5" blockId="44.[151,1436,1740,1885]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FF7CF925D255F909" bold="true" box="[151,291,1740,1762]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Spider predation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29E14D24FFF5FF93FDEBF925D036F90A" ID-CoL="6MGTN" box="[512,832,1740,1762]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pellucidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FDEBF925D036F90A" box="[512,832,1740,1762]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
embryos. a) A spider was located near a male and three clutches. b) The spider was lightly tapped with a blade of grass, at which point it moved towards the clutch and removed an embryo. c) The male appeared to notice the predation, and d, e) began moving over the clutch towards the spider, however, the spider continued consuming the embryo. f) Several days later it appeared that the male had abandoned his territory. The spider had built a web over all three clutches and was seen to consume embryos over the course of several nights.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE5E36A7FFF5FF92FF2CF860D1F7FDD5" blockId="44.[151,1436,1929,2029]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC95EAB5FFF5FF93FF2CF860D2F1F84A" bold="true" box="[199,391,1929,1954]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Spider predation was observed in several clutches from a single male’s territory at the San Jose locality mentioned above. During a brief visit to the study stream on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFF5FF93FC01F844D7F4F82E" box="[1002,1154,1965,1990]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2011-05-15">15 May 2011</date>
|
||
a male was encountered brooding a newly deposited clutch at 22:57. We returned again on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFF5FF93FC75F83CD775F837" box="[926,1027,2001,2029]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">May 24th</date>
|
||
, finding that the male had sired an additional 2 clutches all positioned next to each other on the lower surfaces of a leaf. At 22:00 a small spider was observed on the same leaf as the male and his egg clutches (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFF4FF92FC94FF55D0A7FF3D" box="[895,977,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,589,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,589,1719]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 26. Spider predation of Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum embryos. a) A spider was located near a male and three clutches. b) The spider was lightly tapped with a blade of grass, at which point it moved towards the clutch and removed an embryo. c) The male appeared to notice the predation, and d, e) began moving over the clutch towards the spider, however, the spider continued consuming the embryo. f) Several days later it appeared that the male had abandoned his territory. The spider had built a web over all three clutches and was seen to consume embryos over the course of several nights." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286950/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
for the following sequence). We lightly tapped the spider with a blade of grass on the abdomen. The spider then moved towards the oldest clutch, immediately removed an embryo from the clutch with its chelicerae and began consuming the embryo. The male, who was positioned on the opposite side of the clutches, moved over the eggs towards the spider with roughly half of his body positioned over two clutches. The male remained in this position for ca. 2 minutes, even when the spider came in contact with the male’s hind limb. After ca. 2 min the male moved back on top of a clutch and began brooding while the spider continued consuming the embryo. We returned to this site again on
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFF4FF92FB5CFE7DD678FE45" box="[1207,1294,404,429]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1930-05">30 May</date>
|
||
, finding that the male had abandoned his territory (or was predated), and that the spider had built a web over the clutches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="76DA2A22FFF4FF92FA84FE5ED3C1FE1D" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,589,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,589,1719]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 26. Spider predation of Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum embryos. a) A spider was located near a male and three clutches. b) The spider was lightly tapped with a blade of grass, at which point it moved towards the clutch and removed an embryo. c) The male appeared to notice the predation, and d, e) began moving over the clutch towards the spider, however, the spider continued consuming the embryo. f) Several days later it appeared that the male had abandoned his territory. The spider had built a web over all three clutches and was seen to consume embryos over the course of several nights." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286950/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). The spider was observed to consume embryos during 4 nights until
|
||
<date id="9A5F1067FFF4FF92FC1BFE35D749FE1C" box="[1008,1087,476,500]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">2 June</date>
|
||
, when all embryos had either hatched or were predated. Over this period the spider was found at the nest site during both day and night, but was only observed consuming embryos at night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |