353 lines
33 KiB
XML
353 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.78.800" ID-GBIF-Dataset="824a277f-3e29-43cb-b3b4-797aa5895c03" ID-PMC="PMC3088061" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-78-15" ID-PubMed="21594154" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-78-15" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 78" ModsDocTitle="On the identity of the fossil aquatic beetles from the Tertiary localities in the southern part of the Upper Rhine Graben (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae)" checkinTime="1451250817608" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Martin, Fikacek, Hajek, Jiri & Schmied, Heiko" docDate="2011" docId="8C9D50D3909294C71742FBD6296C732D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 78: 15-25" docOrigin="ZooKeys 78" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.78.800" docTitle="Copelatus convexus Foerster 1891, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="0E71FFE5A5468A341831690CFF9AFFD7" masterDocTitle="On the identity of the fossil aquatic beetles from the Tertiary localities in the southern part of the Upper Rhine Graben (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae)" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1668166156320" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>On the identity of the fossil aquatic beetles from the Tertiary localities in the southern part of the Upper Rhine Graben (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Martin, Fikacek</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Hajek, Jiri</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Schmied, Heiko</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>78</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>15</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>25</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.78.800</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.78.800</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-78-15</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159361183" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C9D50D3909294C71742FBD6296C732D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C9D50D3909294C71742FBD6296C732D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Foerster, 1891" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">
|
||
Copelatus convexus (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1891)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="16">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figs 1-4
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Escheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Escheria convexa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexa">Escheria convexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
1891
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 359, plate XI, Figs 9a,b (original description from Brunstatt);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Handlirsch, A" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen" volumeTitle="Ein Handbuch fuer Palaeontologen und Zoologen" year="1908">Handlirsch 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 767 (catalogue).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Hydrobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrobius convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Hydrobius convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Theobald, N" journalOrPublisher="G. Thomas, Nancy" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théobald">Theobald</normalizedToken>
|
||
1937
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 168, plate XII, Fig. 29 (transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Hydrobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrobius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hydrobius</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recorded from Kleinkems);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="World Catalogue of Insects. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera)" year="1999">Hansen (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 319, catalogue).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="www site on wikispecies">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">WWW site on Wikispecies.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copelatus_convexus</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Neotype, by present designation (NHMB): R91 (imprint) + R74 (counter-imprint) from the locality of Kleinkems (SW Germany, ca. Eocene-Oligocene boundary): fossil of the whole beetle in dorsal view, head, pronotum and elytra almost completely preserved; appendages missing.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="redescription">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Redescription.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Body oblong-oval, broadest in basal third of elytra. Head relatively broad; compound eyes large, not exceeding body outline; clypeus rounded. Pronotum broadest between posterior angles, lateral margins regularly, moderately curved. Mesoscutellar shield well preserved, broadly triangular. Base of elytra as broad as pronotal base; lateral margins of elytra moderately curved. Only mesocoxae, part of metathoracic anepisternum, and probably part of apical abdominal ventrite perceptible from ventral part of body (Figs 1-4).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Surface sculpture. Pronotum with distinct longitudinal median impression, and poorly perceptible short longitudinal striolae on disc. Elytra with 12 moderately impressed longitudinal striae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Measurements. TL: 6.3 mm, TL-h: 5.6 mm, TW: 3.2 mm. EL: 5.2 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Figures 1-6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1891). 1-4 neotype (1, 3 NHMB R91; 2, 4 NHMB R74) 5 original illustrations of the holotype by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
6 drawing of the specimen NHMB R91 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Theobald, N" journalOrPublisher="G. Thomas, Nancy" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théobald">Theobald</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1937)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="notes on the type material">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Notes on the type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Theneotype corresponds well with the original description and drawings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the following characters: (i) general body shape; (ii) shape of the pronotum with projecting anterior angles; (iii) elytra with large number of longitudinal striae [preserved only in posterior portion of elytra in the holotype and their number is therefore estimated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be at least 10; 12 striae are present in the specimen from Kleinkems]; (iv) shape and proportion of the scutellar shield [much wider than long]; (v) body size [TL = 6.5 mm, EL = 4.3 mm, TW = 3.8 mm for the specimen from Brunstatt according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. The body proportions differ slightly between both specimens (the specimen from Brunstatt is relatively wider), but this may easily have been caused by deformation during the fossilization process or by the inaccuracy of the drawings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
which is quite usual for historic authors (e.g., compare the drawings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Theobald, N" journalOrPublisher="G. Thomas, Nancy" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théobald">Theobald</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1937)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in Figs 6 and 12 with the actual appearance of the respective fossils)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="17" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Moreover,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foerster, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="333 - 594" title="Die Insekten des " Plattigen Steinmergels " von Brunnstatt" volume="5" year="1891">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that his fossil resembles the dytiscid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Agabus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agabus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agabus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in most characters and did not assign it to the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Dytiscidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" rank="family">Dytiscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
merely because of its ventral morphology which was reconstructed by him as resembling that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Corydiidae" genus="Polyphaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polyphaga" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Polyphaga</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5). It seems that
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Theobald, N" journalOrPublisher="G. Thomas, Nancy" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théobald">Theobald</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1937)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster’s">Foerster's</normalizedToken>
|
||
types as he mentioned certain details which are absent in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster’s">Foerster's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1891) original publication,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="18" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
his opinion about the conspecificity therefore also has to be considered as a strong argument.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The reasons provided above together with the same age, geological origin and geographical proximity of both outcrops (Brunnstatt and Kleinkems) provide strong support for the conspecificity of both specimens mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Theobald, N" journalOrPublisher="G. Thomas, Nancy" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" title="Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Théobald">Theobald</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1937)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As the specimen from Brunstatt (i.e., the holotype) is lost, we consider it adequate to designate the specimen from Kleinkems as the neotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="generic attribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Generic attribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The preserved characters of the ventral morphology, i.e. the narrow metathoracic anepisternum arising from the median coxal cavity and the anepisterno-metaventral suture directed lateroposteriad correspond closely with the ventral morphology of the
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Dytiscidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rank="family">Dytiscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see, e.g., Fig. 7.6.1 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balke, M" editor="Beutel, RG" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="90 - 116" title="Dytiscidae Leach, 1915" volumeTitle="Handbook of zoology. A natural history of the phyla of the animal kingdom. Volume IV. Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 38. Coleoptera, Beetles. Volume 1: Morphology and systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim.)" year="2005">Balke (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The hydrodynamic body shape, large eyes, broad mesoscutellar shield, medium body size and distinct elytral striae enable us to classify the specimen without any doubt as belonging to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Erichson, 1832 of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Dytiscidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rank="family">Dytiscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently pantropical in its distribution and contains more than 400 described species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nilsson, AN" journalOrPublisher="World Catalogue of Insects" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 395" title="Dytiscidae (Coleoptera)." volume="3" year="2001">Nilsson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterised by longitudinal elytral striae whose number has been used to group the species into species groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="179 - 1003" title="On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae" volume="2" year="1882">Sharp 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); only a few species have smooth elytra (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hajek, J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="437 - 443" title="Copelatus sibelaemontis sp. nov. from the Moluccas, delineated based on morphology and DNA sequence data (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)." volume="50" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hájek">Hajek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the presence and number of elytral striae provides only limited evidence of phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balke, M" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="866 - 880" title="MtDNA phylogeny and biogeography of Copelatinae, a highly diverse group of tropical diving beetles (Dytiscidae)." volume="32" year="2004">Balke et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the species groups delimited by number and position of elytral striae are frequently used as a tool for better orientation within the genus (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guignot, F" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Serie 8 vo (Sciences Zoologiques)" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="659 - 995" title="Revision des hydrocanthares d'Afrique (Coleoptera Dytiscoidea). 3." volume="90" year="1961">Guignot 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gueorguiev, VB" journalOrPublisher="Izvestiya na Zoologicheskiya Institut s Muzey (Sofia)" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="5 - 45" title="Essai de classification des coleopteres Dytiscidae. I. Tribus Copelatini (Colymbetinae)." volume="28" year="1968">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guéorguiev">Gueorguiev</normalizedToken>
|
||
1968
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nilsson, AN" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="11 - 48" title="A check list of Copelatus Erichson 1832 species (Coleoptera Dytiscidae) from Afrotropical and Madagascan regions with a review of published penis drawings." volume="10" year="1997">Nilsson et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The European species previously classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
have elytra without striae and have been transferred to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Liopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Liopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dejean,1833 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balke, M" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="7" pageNumber="22" pagination="866 - 880" title="MtDNA phylogeny and biogeography of Copelatinae, a highly diverse group of tropical diving beetles (Dytiscidae)." volume="32" year="2004">Balke et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; they are not closely related to the fossil dealt with in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="comparison with other copelatus species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Comparison with other Copelatus species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Altogether five species of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are known:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus aphroditae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphroditae">Copelatus aphroditae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Balke, 2003 from Baltic amber (Eocene),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus predaveterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="predaveterus">Copelatus predaveterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Miller, 2003 from Dominican amber (Miocene) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, K" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="809 - 815" title="The unusual occurrence of aquatic beetles in amber, Copelatus aphroditae Balke, n. sp. and C. predaveterus Miller, n. sp., (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Copelatinae)" volume="105" year="2003">Miller and Balke 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus fossilis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">Copelatus fossilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Říha">Řiha</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1974,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ponomarenkoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ponomarenkoi">Copelatus ponomarenkoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Říha">Řiha</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1974 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus stavropolitanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stavropolitanus">Copelatus stavropolitanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Říha">Řiha</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1974 from the Miocene deposit of Stavropol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Říha">Řiha</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The differences between all known species are summarized in Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Table 1. List of fossil species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their basic morphological characteristics and their age. Body measurements in italics are estimated from usual TL/EL ratio in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Copelatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Species</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Period</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Body length</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Number of elytral striae</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Species group (Nilsson 2001; Miller and Balke 2003)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus aphroditae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphroditae">Copelatus aphroditae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus aphroditae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aphroditae">Copelatus aphroditae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus fossilis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossilis">Copelatus fossilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus erichsoni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erichsoni">Copelatus erichsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ponomarenkoi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ponomarenkoi">Copelatus ponomarenkoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus irinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irinus">Copelatus irinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus predaveterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="predaveterus">Copelatus predaveterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus trilobatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilobatus">Copelatus trilobatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus stavropolitanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stavropolitanus">Copelatus stavropolitanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus nigrolineatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrolineatus">Copelatus nigrolineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all known fossil and extant species of the genus in the presence of 12 longitudinal striae on each elytron.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, Series 2" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="179 - 1003" title="On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae" volume="2" year="1882">Sharp (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected a group characterized by 12 discal striae (group 7) for a single species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus interruptus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interruptus">Copelatus interruptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sharp, 1882 which is, however, currently classified in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Exocelina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exocelina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exocelina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Broun, 1886 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nilsson, AN" journalOrPublisher="Latissimus" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="33 - 34" title="ExocelinaBroun, 1886 is the valid name of PapuadytesBalke, 1998." volume="23" year="2007">Nilsson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this recent species has elytra with numerous short striolae rather than
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
striae, see, e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wewalka, G" editor="Jaech, MA" journalOrPublisher="Water beetles of New Caledonia, part 1. Monographs on Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="45 - 128" title="Dytiscidae: Copelatinae (Coleoptera)" volume="3" year="2010">Wewalka et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be provisionally classified in a separate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group. However, it is necessary to point out that the counting of the precise number of lateral elytral striae is problematic in compressed fossils as the imprint of the submarginal stria may coincide with the lateral margin of the body or with the epipleuron. Therefore, we cannot rule out that a short submarginal stria was present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
although it is not perceptible in the fossil. In this case,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus convexus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexus">Copelatus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
would belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus simoni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">Copelatus simoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nilsson, AN" journalOrPublisher="World Catalogue of Insects" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 395" title="Dytiscidae (Coleoptera)." volume="3" year="2001">Nilsson (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |