treatments-xml/data/03/81/A2/0381A239FFF6FFD47E8DFA0CFBF8FE7A.xml

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<mods:title>A revision of Gerrhopilus inornatus (Squamata: Gerrhopilidae) reveals a multi-species complex</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U. S. A</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2023-01-26</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,422,1518,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,422,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,422,1518,1581]" box="[151,281,1555,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<figureCitation box="[151,281,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,198,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral views of heads for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group having 20 midbody scale rows. A, B holotype of Gerrhopilus inornatus (BMNH 1946.1.11.80); C, D holotype of Gerrhopilus slapcinskyi (BPBM 18944)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571487/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1A, B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1060,1623,1678]" box="[151,578,1623,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,578,1623,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[151,574,1623,1647]" page="384" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1888">
<taxonomicName authority="Boulenger, 1888: 384" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="384" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,574,1623,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[151,346,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typhlops inornatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[352,574,1623,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="343 - 346" refId="ref18890" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1888) Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. H. O. Forbes in New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 1 (5), 343 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460739" type="journal article" year="1888">Boulenger, 1888: 384</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,1060,1654,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitation author="Vidal, N. &amp; Marin, J. &amp; Morini, M. &amp; Donnellan, S. &amp; Branch, W. R. &amp; Thomas, R. &amp; Vences, M. &amp; Wynn, A. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Hedges, S. B." box="[151,853,1654,1678]" page="560" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2010">
<taxonomicName authority="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges, 2010: 560" authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityPageNumber="560" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,853,1654,1678]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[151,378,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Vidal, N. &amp; Marin, J. &amp; Morini, M. &amp; Donnellan, S. &amp; Branch, W. R. &amp; Thomas, R. &amp; Vences, M. &amp; Wynn, A. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Hedges, S. B." box="[384,853,1654,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="558 - 561" refId="ref19595" refString="Vidal, N., Marin, J., Morini, M., Donnellan, S., Branch, W. R., Thomas, R., Vences, M., Wynn, A., Cruaud, C. &amp; Hedges, S. B. (2010) Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters, 6, 558 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2010.0220" type="journal article" year="2010">
Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges, 2010: 
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<emphasis box="[859,879,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Vidal, N. &amp; Marin, J. &amp; Morini, M. &amp; Donnellan, S. &amp; Branch, W. R. &amp; Thomas, R. &amp; Vences, M. &amp; Wynn, A. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Hedges, S. B." box="[884,1057,1654,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="558 - 561" refId="ref19595" refString="Vidal, N., Marin, J., Morini, M., Donnellan, S., Branch, W. R., Thomas, R., Vences, M., Wynn, A., Cruaud, C. &amp; Hedges, S. B. (2010) Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters, 6, 558 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2010.0220" type="journal article" year="2010">
Vidal 
<emphasis box="[946,990,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1724,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="H. O. Forbes" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="530" location="Central Province" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,267,1724,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus box="[151,260,1724,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[272,440,1724,1751]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
.11.80, collected by 
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at “Sogere Camp” [Sogeri, 
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a.s.l.
</elevation>
], 
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, 
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1724,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,322,1796,1822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A 
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<emphasis box="[351,487,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gerrhopilus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
characterized by the unique combination of having a rounded snout in lateral view; LSR = 20 at midbody; TSR = 374–375; loreal absent; supralabial imbrication pattern T-V; subocular scale one; presubocular scale absent; a sharp, protruding tail spine that is white; 2–3 glands in the prefrontal, 
<quantity box="[1323,1394,1868,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 in</quantity>
the supraocular, 
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the ocular, 
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the preocular, 0 in the frontal, 
<quantity box="[977,1051,1904,1930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2 in</quantity>
the subocular; L/W = 36.4–47.8; TL/SVL = 
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<specimenCount box="[373,496,1940,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
and 
<quantity box="[551,643,1940,1966]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="0.03">0.030 in</quantity>
<specimenCount box="[649,755,1940,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
; and a uniformly dark venter. Its size is small for this species group (
<tableCitation box="[231,315,1976,2002]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[151,244,552,578]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Mensural and count data for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group. Forward slashes separate counts on the right and left sides, respectively." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,588,2012,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Comparisons with other species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2010" box="[596,848,2012,2038]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[596,848,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wallach" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1103,1264,2012,2038]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fredparkeri">
<emphasis box="[1103,1264,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">G. fredparkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1280,1380,2012,2038]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hades">
<emphasis box="[1280,1380,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">G. hades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[151,285,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis box="[151,285,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having 20 longitudinal scale rows at midbody (vs 
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wallach" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[963,1126,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fredparkeri">
<emphasis box="[963,1126,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. fredparkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1250,1351,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hades">
<emphasis box="[1250,1351,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. hades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It is further distinguished from 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wallach" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[625,787,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fredparkeri">
<emphasis box="[625,787,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. fredparkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its lower number of transverse scale rows (374–375 vs 
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wallach" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[229,389,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fredparkeri">
<emphasis box="[229,389,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. fredparkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[475,574,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hades">
<emphasis box="[475,574,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. hades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having 20–22 longitudinal scale rows behind the head (vs 
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1327,1427,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hades">
<emphasis box="[1327,1427,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. hades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and more and smaller glands in the center of the preocular (22–24 vs 
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[1040,1140,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hades">
<emphasis box="[1040,1140,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. hades</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and from 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[1274,1407,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis box="[1274,1407,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a single postocular on each side of the head (vs two in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[854,987,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis box="[854,987,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and lacking a presubocular (vs present in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[180,312,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis box="[180,312,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,552,366,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Redescription of the 
<typeStatus box="[442,545,367,393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Female, with ventral cut ~70% of way down body; body soft around ventral cut. L = 
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, SVL = 
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, TL = 
<quantity box="[562,649,402,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
, HW = 
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, SN = 
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, SW = 3.0 mm, PSN = 1.0 mm, RW = 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
, EW = 
<quantity box="[280,368,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
, W = 
<quantity box="[433,521,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
, VW = 
<quantity box="[606,694,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
, TW = 
<quantity box="[777,864,439,465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, L/W = 47.8, TL/SVL = 0.026. Head slightly wider than neck. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Snout anterior to lower jaw angled slightly ventrally. Rostral moderately large (RW/HW = 0.41), oval dorsally, lateral margins convex, posterior border extending approximately half way between naris and eye, posterior margin straight; ventrally surface papillose, with sides slightly diverging anteriorly and posterior margin straight. Nasals separated dorsally by prefrontal (
<figureCitation box="[1048,1136,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,198,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral views of heads for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group having 20 midbody scale rows. A, B holotype of Gerrhopilus inornatus (BMNH 1946.1.11.80); C, D holotype of Gerrhopilus slapcinskyi (BPBM 18944)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
); superior nasal large, with slightly sinuous posterior margin, concave dorsally, convex ventrally (
<figureCitation box="[928,1013,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[170,1419,198,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral views of heads for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group having 20 midbody scale rows. A, B holotype of Gerrhopilus inornatus (BMNH 1946.1.11.80); C, D holotype of Gerrhopilus slapcinskyi (BPBM 18944)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). External naris semicircular, oriented obliquely, close to rostral, anterior half covered by inferior nasal; superior nasal suture extending anterodorsally from naris to rostral; inferior nasal suture complete, contacting second supralabial well posterior to latter’s contact with first supralabial. Prefrontal, frontal, and supraoculars subequal in size, larger than parietals and interparietal, which are also subequal in size. Preocular large, triangular; larger than ocular but smaller than superior nasal. Ocular large, smaller than preocular, extending dorsally well above preocular, extending ventrally to ~2/3 depth of preocular, bordered posteroventrally by subocular of less than half its size. Eye obscure, with indistinct margin and small pupil, situated above widest point of ocular and approximately midway along its height, anterior half covered by preocular plate in lateral view. Four postoculars bordering ocular and subocular between parietal and fourth supralabial. Four supralabials, third the largest, all with long axis oblique to long axis of body, first approximately rectangular. Supralabial imbrication pattern T-V, posterior border of second supralabial overlaps anteroventral margin of preocular, that of third supralabial overlaps anteroventral margin of subocular and ends at level of rear margin of preocular. Mental hexagonal, wider than long, projecting slightly beyond curve of lower jaw and fitting into notch on upper lip when mouth is closed. Infralabials two on each side, second much longer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Longitudinal scale rows 22 behind head, 20 at midbody, and 20 anterior to vent; transverse scale rows 375, 
<specimenCount pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="intercalary">six intercalary</specimenCount>
scales along vertebral row; subcaudals 12; dorsocaudals 15; apical region with sharp, transverse, slightly downturned spine that extends well past last scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rostral, nasals, and preoculars densely covered in pale glands; oculars with 2 (R) and 0 (L) glands, preoculars with 22 (R) and 23 (L), supraoculars with 2 (R) and 3 (L), prefrontal with 2; frontal and suboculars without glands.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
In preservative, 136–137 years after its preservation, dorsum dark brown (black in life, cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1233,1424,1339,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="343 - 346" refId="ref18890" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1888) Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. H. O. Forbes in New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 1 (5), 343 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460739" type="journal article" year="1888">Boulenger, 1888</bibRefCitation>
), gradually fading laterally to slightly paler brown on venter; no sharp distinction between dorsal and ventral coloration; each dorsal scale uniformly dark; each ventral scale slightly darker anteriorly. Anterior third of rostral, area around nares, first two supralabials, mental, and center of throat to five scales behind mental pale straw yellow; third and fourth supralabials pale straw yellow with brown along dorsal margins. Head glands pale straw yellow; tail spine and adjacent scales white, spine with corneus brown tip. Iris dark gray, obscure; pupil pale gray.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,319,1554,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Variation.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectionCode="R" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="USNM 213488" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-intercalary="1" typeStatus="holotype">
The sole additional specimen (
<specimenCode box="[682,861,1555,1581]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="Museum">USNM 213488</specimenCode>
) differs from the 
<typeStatus box="[1069,1167,1555,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">holotype</typeStatus>
in being male, slightly shorter (L = 
<quantity box="[295,392,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="171.0">171 mm</quantity>
, SVL = 
<quantity box="[489,585,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="166.0">166 mm</quantity>
, TL = 
<quantity box="[663,731,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
, 
<tableCitation box="[744,827,1591,1617]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[151,244,552,578]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Mensural and count data for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group. Forward slashes separate counts on the right and left sides, respectively." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1</tableCitation>
), relatively wider (W = 
<quantity box="[1107,1196,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
, L/W = 36.4), with a longer tail (TL/SVL = 0.030), and in having 20-20-20 longitudinal scale rows, with no reduction from the head to midbody. It has 374 transverse scale rows, 
<specimenCount box="[694,859,1663,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="intercalary">ten intercalary</specimenCount>
scales, 17 subcaudals, 16 dorsocaudals, the third supralabial extending posterior to the posterior margin of the preocular, the eye half covered by the preocular, oculars with 6 (
<collectionCode box="[326,347,1735,1761]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</collectionCode>
) and 2 (L) glands, preocular with 22 (
<collectionCode box="[776,797,1735,1761]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R</collectionCode>
) and 24 (L), supraoculars with 2 on each side, prefrontal with 3, frontal with 0, and suboculars with 2 glands on each side. It is obvious that variation between these 
<specimenCount pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
is minimal. The pale straw yellow on the chin extends to four scales behind mental; base of the tail spine is black, and the tip is white
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,353,1878,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from Sogeri (
<geoCoordinate box="[652,737,1879,1905]" degrees="9.42" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="555" value="-9.42">9.42° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[749,861,1879,1905]" degrees="147.42" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="555" value="147.42">147.42° E</geoCoordinate>
) and from 
<quantity box="[983,1040,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
N of Sogeri at McDonald’s Corner, 
<geoCoordinate box="[151,261,1915,1941]" degrees="9.3849" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="5" value="-9.3849">9.3849° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[271,395,1915,1941]" degrees="147.427" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="147.427">147.427° E</geoCoordinate>
(
<figureCitation box="[408,475,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[181,1408,456,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-148@5.[179,1408,453,1045]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of southern Papua New Guinea showing collecting localities for Gerrhopilus inornatus (star), G. flavinotatus (diamond), G. lorealis (hexagon), G. papuanorum (square), G. polyadenus (open circles), G. slapcinskyi (filled circle), and G. wallachi (triangle)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Given the imprecision of named 19 
<superScript attach="left" box="[876,889,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">th</superScript>
Century collecting localities, these are effectively the same location.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7571487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571487/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[152,255,1787,1811]" targetBox="[170,1419,198,1748]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,1787,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,280,1787,1811]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Dorsal and lateral views of heads for members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2010" box="[821,1047,1787,1811]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[821,1047,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group having 20 midbody scale rows. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,199,1823,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A, B</emphasis>
holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2010" box="[328,555,1823,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[328,555,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH 1946.1.11.80); 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[806,855,1823,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C, D</emphasis>
holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="2023" box="[984,1226,1823,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="slapcinskyi">
<emphasis box="[984,1226,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gerrhopilus slapcinskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BPBM 18944).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,1893,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,300,1893,1919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecology.</emphasis>
USNM 213488 was collected under tin in a rubber plantation of very mature trees, near a stream.The native habitat around Sogeri is now highly disturbed but would have been lower-elevation hill forest, as still can be found in nearby Varirata National Park (
<figureCitation box="[601,691,1965,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,1317,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-552@6.[152,1436,1317,1744]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitats for members of the Gerrhopilus inornatus Group. A Forest at Varirata National Park, very near the type locality of G. inornatus (photo M. O’Shea); B the hills around Bunisi and Siyomu from which G. papuanorum was collected (photo F. Kraus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7571495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7571495/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,1893,2028]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,150,429]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,2001,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus box="[373,471,2001,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2010" box="[509,650,2002,2028]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis box="[509,650,2002,2028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally catalogued as BMNH 88.3.21.6 and noted as collected by and purchased from H.O. Forbes, who maintained a camp at Sogeri from 
<date box="[1027,1182,150,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1885-10">October 1885</date>
to 
<date box="[1219,1342,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1886-04">April 1886</date>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, H. O." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="401 - 415" refId="ref19000" refString="Forbes, H. O. (1888) On attempts to reach the Owen Stanley Peak. The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 4, 401 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14702548808554987" type="journal article" year="1888">Forbes 1888</bibRefCitation>
), during which period the specimen would have been collected. The USNM specimen was collected by C. Ross on 
<date box="[250,426,222,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1978-03-25">25 March 1978</date>
. The 
<typeStatus box="[488,586,223,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[797,998,223,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="343 - 346" refId="ref18890" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1888) Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. H. O. Forbes in New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 1 (5), 343 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460739" type="journal article" year="1888">Boulenger (1888)</bibRefCitation>
, within three years of its collection, as uniformly black. Twenty-nine years later 
<bibRefCitation author="de Rooij, N." box="[618,797,259,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18970" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, II: Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 334 pp." type="book" year="1917">de Rooij (1917)</bibRefCitation>
noted the specimen to be black above and a little lighter below, showing the typical pattern of fading I have seen in snakes of this complex..
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1436,150,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Subsequent to the original description, the 
<typeStatus box="[700,798,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
was reported on only by 
<bibRefCitation author="de Rooij, N." box="[1103,1290,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18970" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, II: Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 334 pp." type="book" year="1917">de Rooij (1917)</bibRefCitation>
. The second specimen (USNM 213488) was, however, examined by 
<bibRefCitation author="Wallach, V." box="[783,959,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="107 - 118" refId="ref19774" refString="Wallach, V. (1996) Two new blind snakes of the Typhlops ater species group from Papua New Guinea (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Russian Journal of Herpetology, 3, 107 - 118." type="journal article" year="1996">Wallach (1996)</bibRefCitation>
. All subsequent treatments of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan &amp; Hedges" authorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gerrhopilus inornatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been based on specimens from some of the species described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>