463 lines
61 KiB
XML
463 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="BACDE9800BB9117FBC3616CC8CDDC163" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole fervens F. Smith" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>543</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>109</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872344" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BACDE9800BB9117FBC3616CC8CDDC163" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BACDE9800BB9117FBC3616CC8CDDC163" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="F. Smith" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens F. Smith</taxonomicName>
|
||
Figs 76, 88c
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="fervens" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="fervens">fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
Smith, F. 1858: 176 (s.) SINGAPORE (BMNH). Lectotype (s.) (CASENT0901520) designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 322.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="pungens" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="pungens">pungens</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis pungens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pungens">Solenopsis pungens</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London Zoology" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="36 - 50" title="Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo. [part]." volume="6" year="1861">Smith 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 48. INDONESIA, Menado, Sulawesi (A.R. Wallace). Combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidologeton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidologeton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidologeton</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="441 - 476" title="On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species." url="10.1080/00222933208673595" volume="10" year="1932">Donisthorpe 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 469; in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 328. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype (s.) designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 198.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="javana" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="javana">javana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javana">Pheidole javana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr, 1867: 66 (s.w.) INDONESIA, Batavia [Jakarta], Java. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects Monograph" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 109" title="The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1967">Wilson and Taylor 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 45. Lectotype (s.) designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="cavannae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="cavannae">cavannae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cavannae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavannae">Pheidole cavannae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery 1887: 464 (footnote) (s.) NEW CALEDONIA. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" editor="Sarasin, F" journalOrPublisher="C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="393 - 437" title="Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des iles Loyalty." volumeTitle="Nova Caledonia A, Zoologie" year="1914">Emery 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 401. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects Monograph" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 109" title="The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1967">Wilson and Taylor 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 45.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="dharmsalana" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="dharmsalana">dharmsalana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana var. dharmsalana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="javana" variety="dharmsalana">Pheidole javana var. dharmsalana</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="165 - 249" title="Myrmicinae nouveaux de l'Inde et de Ceylan." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13792" volume="10" year="1902 c">Forel 1902c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 184, 198 (s.) INDIA, Dharmsala (Sage). [Also described as new by Forel 1902: 546]. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 320. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype (s.) designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 198.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="amia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="amia">amia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole amia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amia">Pheidole amia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Mitteilungen" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="45 - 61" title="H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Formicidae (Hym.)." volume="1" year="1912">Forel 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 60 (s.w.) TAIWAN, Takao [Kaohsiung]. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 197.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="dolenda" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="dolenda">dolenda</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana var. dolenda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="javana" variety="dolenda">Pheidole javana var. dolenda</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Mitteilungen" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="45 - 61" title="H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Formicidae (Hym.)." volume="1" year="1912">Forel 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 60 (s.w.) TAIWAN, Akau. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 320. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 198.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="nigriscapa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="nigriscapa">nigriscapa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="oceanica" subspecies="nigriscapa">Pheidole oceanica subsp. nigriscapa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi, 1928: 48 (s.w.) SAMOA, Apia, Upolu (H. Swale). Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects Monograph" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 109" title="The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1967">Wilson and Taylor 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 45.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="tahitiana" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="tahitiana">tahitiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica var. tahitiana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="oceanica" subspecies="nigriscapa" variety="tahitiana">Pheidole oceanica subsp. nigriscapa var. tahitiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Santschi [in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheesman, LE" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="514 - 525" title="A contribution towards the insect fauna of French Oceania - Part III. Formicidae." url="10.1080/00222932808672914" volume="2" year="1928">Cheesman and Crawley 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]: 516. FRENCH POLYNESIA, Tahiti. Unavailable name; material referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects Monograph" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 109" title="The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1967">Wilson and Taylor 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 45.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="desucta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="desucta">desucta</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana var. desucta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="javana" variety="desucta">Pheidole javana var. desucta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wheeler, W.M. 1929: 2 (s.w.q.) CHINA, Back Liang. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 320. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Tropics Monograph Series" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 154" title="A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="2" year="2001 a">Eguchi 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 53. Lectotype designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="soror" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="soror">soror</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana var. soror" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="javana" variety="soror">Pheidole javana var. soror</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique (Bruxelles)" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="361 - 388" title="Fourmis du Japon et de Formose." volume="77" year="1937">Santschi 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 369 (s.w.) TAIWAN, Hokuto. Subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world." year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 330. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 198.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="azumai" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="azumai">azumai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="st." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole nodus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="stage" species="nodus" stage="azumai">Pheidole nodus st. azumai</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gessellschaft or Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="273 - 279" title="Quelques fourmis japonaises inedites." volume="18" year="1941">Santschi 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 274 (s.w.) JAPAN, Tennooji, Osaka. Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; lectotype designated:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 198.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis among introduced pheidole">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Diagnosis among introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Color yellowish brown to dark brown. MajorHW 1.13-1.44, HL 1.13-1.56, SL 0.80-0.95, CI 92-100, SI 61-71 (n=15,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Tropics Monograph Series" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 154" title="A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="2" year="2001 a">Eguchi 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Head square to subquadrate (Fig. 7); rugoreticulate on posterolateral lobes and laterad of frontal carinae (Fig. 13a), but frons dominated by long, well-organized and parallel longitudinal rugae (Fig. 13b). Antennal scrobes indistinct to moderately impressed, but frontal carinae always forming a border capable of accepting the antennal scape (Fig. 13c). Frontal carinae relatively longer, extend 4/5 distance of head before terminating (Fig. 14). Promesonotum in profile with two convexities (Fig. 5), the large anterior dome in addition to a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.52-0.63, HL 0.66-0.73, SL 0.77-0.87, CI 79-88, SI 133-154 (n=16,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Tropics Monograph Series" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 154" title="A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="2" year="2001 a">Eguchi 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation or rugulae above eye level. Posterior head margin weakly convex to flat in full-face view (Fig. 45). Antennal scapes long (e.g. Fig. 39), but not surpassing the posterior head margin by more than 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
eye length. Promesonotum in profile with two convexities, the large anterior dome (Fig. 43a) in addition to a distinct prominence on the posterior slope (Fig. 43b). Promesonotal prominence relatively flat (Fig. 49a). Metanotal depression relatively deep (Fig. 49b). Petiole and postpetiole glossy to very weakly sculptured laterally (Fig. 48). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium to large sized species with long limbs. It belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade along with its Australasian congeners
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cariniceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariniceps">Pheidole cariniceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole hospes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hospes">Pheidole hospes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole impressiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressiceps">Pheidole impressiceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The major workers have strong cephalic rugulae that become reticulated towards the posterior of the head and the minor workers have completely glossy heads with very long antennal scapes. Majors and minors of the species can be separated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole noda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noda">Pheidole noda</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the postpetiole which is not swollen compared to the petiole (Fig. 3), and the promesonotum which has the large anterior dome in addition to a distinct prominence on the posterior slope (Fig. 5, major; Fig. 43, minor). The minors of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be separated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their larger size and longer antennal scapes (Fig. 39). The majors are easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the very sculptured head (Fig. 13).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Among species treated here,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most easily confused with its close relative,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the characters used to separate these two are subtle. For both subcastes, the promesonotal prominence is flatter in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 49a, minor; Fig. 63a, major) compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 50a, minor; Fig. 64a, major). The eyes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
minors (Fig. 65) are relatively smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
minors (Fig. 66), especially in comparison to antennal segment 10. The propodeal spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
are weaker, narrower, and more downcurved in majors of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 63b) compared to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 64b). Readers are referred to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi (2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for characters used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
from their Asian congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
In the Pacific Island region
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often confused with the nearly identical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is native to that region. The carinae between eye and mandible are branching and reticulated in the majors of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 67), versus parallel and not reticulated in those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 68). This character was erroneously reversed in the key provided in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 398" title="Ants of Fiji." volume="132" year="2012">Sarnat and Economo (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The minors are more difficult to separate, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
the length of propodeal spine is equal to or less than the diameter of propodeal spiracle (Fig. 69), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is greater (Fig. 70).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
For such a ubiquitous species across its native and introduced range, very little is known about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is a synanthropic species with a high tolerance for disturbance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="171 - 172" title="The first North American record for the ant Pheidolefervens Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="72" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but can also thrive under some degree of canopy cover (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morrison, LW" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="243 - 256" title="Community organization in a recently assembled fauna: the case of Polynesian ants." url="10.1007/BF00327909" volume="107" year="1996">Morrison 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 398" title="Ants of Fiji." volume="132" year="2012">Sarnat and Economo 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Fiji, where it is likely a recent colonizer, it was collected most frequently in human dominated landscapes between 0-800 m, although several collections were also made from primary forest at low elevations. In Hawaii, where it is definitely an introduced species, it is more abundant locally in wet regions than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruner, DS" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="35 - 40" title="Two ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to the Hawaiian Islands." volume="74" year="2003">Gruner et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and occurs in the hot lowlands only below 900 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, NJ" editor="Williams, DF" journalOrPublisher="Westview Press, Boulder" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="11 - 22" title="Distribution and impact of alien ants in vulnerable Hawaiian ecosystems." volumeTitle="Exotic ants Biology, impact, and control of introduced species" year="1994">Reimer 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Philippines,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in irrigated lowlands (rice fields) where it is characterized as dominant species capable of displacing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis geminata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminata">Solenopsis geminata</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the dry season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Way, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="467 - 476" title="Ants in tropical irrigated rice: distribution and abundance, especially of Solenopsisgeminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1017/S0007485300042218" volume="88" year="1998">Way et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Japan it occurs in open land grading to forest
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">edge</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harada, Y" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="125 - 134" title="Comparison of ant fauna among different habitats of Yaku-shima Island, southern Japan." volume="64" year="2009">Harada et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ogata, K" journalOrPublisher="Konchu to Shizen (Nature and Insects)" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="17 - 22" title="Taxonomy and biology of the genus Pheidole of Japan." volume="16" year="1981">Ogata 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
recruits in large numbers to bait and forages both on the ground and on vegetation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarnat, EM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 398" title="Ants of Fiji." volume="132" year="2012">Sarnat and Economo 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Baiting experiments on Pacific Islands found that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can act as a numerically and behaviorally dominant species capable of excluding other invasive ant species (including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anoplolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplolepis gracilipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Anoplolepis gracilipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Nylanderia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nylanderia bourbonica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bourbonica">Nylanderia bourbonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium bicarinatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinatum">Tetramorium bicarinatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from baits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morrison, LW" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="243 - 256" title="Community organization in a recently assembled fauna: the case of Polynesian ants." url="10.1007/BF00327909" volume="107" year="1996">Morrison 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although foragers can be slow to discover food resources, once found they can recruit in large numbers and displace competing species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morrison, LW" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia (Berlin)" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="243 - 256" title="Community organization in a recently assembled fauna: the case of Polynesian ants." url="10.1007/BF00327909" volume="107" year="1996">Morrison 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Experiments in China suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can provide some degree of biotic resistance to the Red Imported Fire Ant (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis invicta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by acting in groups to dismember the limbs of individual fire ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, Y-C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="614 - 621" title="Interspecific competition between Solenopsisinvicta and two native ant species, Pheidolefervens and Monomoriumchinense." url="10.1603/EC10240" volume="104" year="2011">Chen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="171 - 172" title="The first North American record for the ant Pheidolefervens Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="72" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the California population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
was polydomous, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Passera, L" editor="Williams, DF" journalOrPublisher="Westview Press, Boulder, CO" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="23 - 43" title="Characteristics of tramp species." volumeTitle="Exotic ants: Biology, impact, and control of introduced species" year="1994">Passera (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the Hawaii population is unicolonial and polygynous, but detailed colony-level studies of the species are required to verify these claims.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wittenborn, D" journalOrPublisher="NeoBiota" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="47 - 64" title="Characteristics of exotic ants in North America." url="10.3897/neobiota.10.1047" volume="10" year="2011">Wittenborn and Jeschke (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attributed their assertion that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
practices dependent colony founding to
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Harris et al. (2005a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but we were unable to find any reference to colony foundation in that report and cannot substantiate their evidence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
as native to a broad expanse of the Indo-Malay region spanning from India east to the Philippines and south to the islands west of New Guinea. This is a broad and admittedly arbitrary boundary, but a more precise circumscription of the native range requires a population-level analysis outside the scope of the present study. In particular, it is difficult to ascertain the extent of its range into the Pacific Island region prior to the Anthropocene. The only known occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
from New Guinea was a single record from the westernmost part of the island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="256 - 258" title="Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia. [part c]." volume="24" year="1887 b">Emery 1887b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). East of New Guinea, however, the species is established on nearly all islands of the Pacific, including those which were uninhabited by any ant prior to human arrival. Although it is quite possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
reached some of these islands without human assistance - especially those between Taiwan and mainland Japan - we treat these as introduced populations. And although established on Mauritius, the species is rarely encountered there and is currently known from only two localities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The only record of introduction in North America is a California population that established nests in cracks of roads and along the sides of buildings in a two-block area of downtown Los Angeles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="171 - 172" title="The first North American record for the ant Pheidolefervens Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="72" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been collected from greenhouses in the Netherlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boer, P" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam)" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="121 - 129" title="Exotic ants in The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="68" year="2008">Boer and Vierbergen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is frequently intercepted by quarantine inspections (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, DF" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="601 - 609" title="The diversity and origin of exotic ants arriving in New Zealand via human-mediated dispersal." url="10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00270.x" volume="12" year="2006">Ward et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be a dominant species where it is locally abundant. Although few studies have measured the effect of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
on native ecosystems, we predict that it could negatively impact native arthropods. We were unable to find documentation on the effect of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
on agricultural systems, but it can be among the most abundant ant species in irrigated lowland crop systems such as rice fields.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be an indoor nuisance species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects Monograph" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 109" title="The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="14" year="1967">Wilson and Taylor 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is not a risk for structural damage. According to New Zealand records, the species is among the most commonly intercepted ants in that country (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, DF" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="601 - 609" title="The diversity and origin of exotic ants arriving in New Zealand via human-mediated dispersal." url="10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00270.x" volume="12" year="2006">Ward et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sixty-
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">nine</pageBreakToken>
|
||
percent of the interceptions were in freight from Fiji (> 92% from the Pacific Islands). Interceptions were mostly in fresh produce (69%) and cut flowers (8%).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also intercepted multiple times in air
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="passengers’">passengers'</normalizedToken>
|
||
luggage and shipping containers. The species could become more globally widespread in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |